Reading and Writing Text and Discourse
Guy Cook
"Discourse can be anything from a grunt or single expletive, through short conversations and scribbled notes, a novel, or a lengthy legal case."
Incompleteness
(not always - depends on text) overlapping, interruption, hesitation, incoherence, incomplete utterance, false starts, etc.
Bound Morpheme
- a word element attached to a root word (the main part of a word) to give it another meaning - cannot function independently as a word Examples: affixes (prefixes and suffixes)
MORPHOLOGY
- the study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to other words in the same language - analyses the structure of words and parts of words, such as root words, prefixes, and suffixes
Discourse
-Intrapersonal activity/transaction between the speaker and the hearer -Written as well as spoken
H.G. Widdowson Discourse Analysis
-Knowing what a sentence means is one thing, but knowing what is meant by an utterance is another -So the term discourse is taken here to refer both to what a text producer meant by a text and what a text means to the receiver.
Properties of a Well-written Text
-Organization -Coherence and Cohesion -Proper Mechanics -Appropriate Language Use
Cornbleet and Carter The Language of Speech and Writing
-Text can be used for both written and spoken language. -It usually refers to a stretch, an extract or complete piece of writing or speech. -Texts generally adhere to broad conventions and rules which determine the language and structure used in particular text types
Characteristics of a text (SWCCCRA)
Self-contained Well-formed Hang together (cohesive) Make sense (coherent) Have a clear communicative purpose Are recognisable text types Are appropriate to their contexts of use
COMMON TYPES OF CONTEXT CLUES
Synonyms Antonyms Definition Examples Explanation
Conclusion
Text becomes a connected discourse when we read
Scott Thornburry
Text in general are self-contained, well-formed, hang together (cohesive), make sense (coherent), have a clear communicative purpose, recognizable text types, appropriate to their context of use.
CONTEXT CLUES
are words, phrases, and sentences that surround an unfamiliar word and help you recognize the meaning of an unknown word
Free Morpheme
can function independently as a word
COMPOUND WORDS
combination of two different words
Personal contacts between agents
discourse
Spontaneous speech particular with the help of verbal and nonverbal means
discourse
Use of such sentences Meaning is derived through the reader's interaction with the text discourse.
discourse
form of a sound
discourse
Discursus
discourse is derived from the latin word which means conversation or speech.
Prosodics
intonation, stress, tone, emotion, etc,. degree of formality (connected speech)
MORPHEME
is the smallest grammatical unit in a language. In other words, it is the smallest meaningful unit of a language.
Text/ sentence
message coded in auditory or visual medium
DERIVATIONAL SUFFIXES
modify either the part of speech or the actual meaning of a word
TWO VARIETIES OF SUFFIXES
modify the grammatical class of words by signaling a change in number, tense, degrees of comparison, and so on, but they do not shift the base form into another word class
Pragmatics
shared knowledge, conventions, turntaking, (purpose)
Context (SpRe Ge StaBa SitPriKnow)
speakers, relationship, gender, status, background, (familiarity of) situation, prior knowledge, (conceptual context)
graphic form
text
indirect (processed) speech
text
made up of sentences. Meaning is not found in text.
text
no personal contacts between agents
text
texere
text is derived from the latin word which means "to weave"
Setting
where, when, visual contact, gesture (paralanguage) (perceptual context)