Reading and Writing Text and Discourse

Guy Cook

"Discourse can be anything from a grunt or single expletive, through short conversations and scribbled notes, a novel, or a lengthy legal case."

Incompleteness

(not always - depends on text) overlapping, interruption, hesitation, incoherence, incomplete utterance, false starts, etc.

Bound Morpheme

- a word element attached to a root word (the main part of a word) to give it another meaning - cannot function independently as a word Examples: affixes (prefixes and suffixes)

MORPHOLOGY

- the study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to other words in the same language - analyses the structure of words and parts of words, such as root words, prefixes, and suffixes

Discourse

-Intrapersonal activity/transaction between the speaker and the hearer -Written as well as spoken

H.G. Widdowson Discourse Analysis

-Knowing what a sentence means is one thing, but knowing what is meant by an utterance is another -So the term discourse is taken here to refer both to what a text producer meant by a text and what a text means to the receiver.

Properties of a Well-written Text

-Organization -Coherence and Cohesion -Proper Mechanics -Appropriate Language Use

Cornbleet and Carter The Language of Speech and Writing

-Text can be used for both written and spoken language. -It usually refers to a stretch, an extract or complete piece of writing or speech. -Texts generally adhere to broad conventions and rules which determine the language and structure used in particular text types

Characteristics of a text (SWCCCRA)

Self-contained Well-formed Hang together (cohesive) Make sense (coherent) Have a clear communicative purpose Are recognisable text types Are appropriate to their contexts of use

COMMON TYPES OF CONTEXT CLUES

Synonyms Antonyms Definition Examples Explanation

Conclusion

Text becomes a connected discourse when we read

Scott Thornburry

Text in general are self-contained, well-formed, hang together (cohesive), make sense (coherent), have a clear communicative purpose, recognizable text types, appropriate to their context of use.

CONTEXT CLUES

are words, phrases, and sentences that surround an unfamiliar word and help you recognize the meaning of an unknown word

Free Morpheme

can function independently as a word

COMPOUND WORDS

combination of two different words

Personal contacts between agents

discourse

Spontaneous speech particular with the help of verbal and nonverbal means

discourse

Use of such sentences Meaning is derived through the reader's interaction with the text discourse.

discourse

form of a sound

discourse

Discursus

discourse is derived from the latin word which means conversation or speech.

Prosodics

intonation, stress, tone, emotion, etc,. degree of formality (connected speech)

MORPHEME

is the smallest grammatical unit in a language. In other words, it is the smallest meaningful unit of a language.

Text/ sentence

message coded in auditory or visual medium

DERIVATIONAL SUFFIXES

modify either the part of speech or the actual meaning of a word

TWO VARIETIES OF SUFFIXES

modify the grammatical class of words by signaling a change in number, tense, degrees of comparison, and so on, but they do not shift the base form into another word class

Pragmatics

shared knowledge, conventions, turntaking, (purpose)

Context (SpRe Ge StaBa SitPriKnow)

speakers, relationship, gender, status, background, (familiarity of) situation, prior knowledge, (conceptual context)

graphic form

text

indirect (processed) speech

text

made up of sentences. Meaning is not found in text.

text

no personal contacts between agents

text

texere

text is derived from the latin word which means "to weave"

Setting

where, when, visual contact, gesture (paralanguage) (perceptual context)