A&P final

How many homologous chromosome pairs are present in most human cells? 4 18 23 46

23

An electrically neutral atom with an atomic number of 8 and a mass number of 17 has: 8 protons. 9 electrons. 8 neutrons. 17 protons.

8 protons

What are two organ systems that are involved in the excretion of wastes from the body? cardiovascular and nervous *muscular and skeletal *endocrine and nervous * digestive and urinary * cardiovascular and skeletal

Digestive and urinary

A cell or organ that responds to the directions of the control center in a negative feedback loop is termed a(n): stimulus. effector. receptor. regulator.

Effector

Which statement best describes enzyme function? One enzyme can work on thousands of different substrates. Enzymes can perform catabolic reactions only. Enzymes speed chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy. Enzymes chemically alter both the reactants and products.

Enzymes speed chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.

What do fibroblasts contribute to bone repair? Fibroblasts form new collagen fibers to bridge the gap between bone fragments. Fibroblasts direct the transition from primary bone to secondary bone. Fibroblasts secrete hyaline cartilage to form a soft callus. Fibroblasts form the hematoma that involves a mass of blood cells.

Fibroblasts form new collagen fibers to bridge the gap between bone fragments.

Select the simplest sugar: sucrose lactose glucose starch

Glucose

Thomas is deaf, but can feel the vibrations of music through sensory receptors in his skin called: dermal papillae. tactile (Meissner) corpuscles. lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles. melanocytes.

Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles

What is the major function of the lymphatic system? secrete hormones to regulate body processes such as growth and reproduction eliminate nitrogen-containing metabolic wastes from the body return leaked fluids back to the cardiovascular system break down food into absorbable units produce offspring

Retune leaked fluids back to the cardiovascular system

Which of the following is found in the urinary system and is composed of multiple layers of strechable cells? transitional epithelium pseudostratified columnar epithelium simple columnar epithelium simple squamous epithelium

Transitional epithelium

Melanin is produced upon exposure to: wind. heat. UV radiation. cold.

UV radiation

Which dietary requirement for bone health can be made in response to skin exposure to UV light? vitamin C vitamin D vitamin K calcium ions

Vitamin D

Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains ________. e lowest possible energy usage a relatively stable internal environment, within limits a static state with no deviation from preset points a dynamic state within an unlimited range, depending on circumstances

a relatively stable internal environment, within limits

Simple squamous epithelium is found lining the: urinary bladder. air sacs of the lungs. uterine tubes of a female. nasal cavity.

air sacs in the lungs

The study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships to one another is called * irritability * homeostasis *physiology *negative feedback * anatomy

anatomy

What structure stands hairs on end, causing piloerection? dermal papillae epidermal ridges arrector pili muscle epithelial root sheath

arrector pili muscle

What part of a neuron conducts electrical signals away from the cell body? soma axon neuroglial cell dendrite

axon

Which of the following occurs if body temperature rises above normal? The activity of melanocytes increases. Evaporative cooling decreases. Blood flow to the dermis increases. Sweat gland activity decreases.

blood flow to the dermis increases

What do ligaments connect together? bones muscles bone and muscle cartilage and bone

bones

Bone, or osseous, tissue provides protection for our vital organs since the inorganic ground substance is: calcium phosphate crystals. mostly water, dissolved solutes, and proteins. collagen fibers. both collagen and elastic fibers.

calcium phosphate crystals

What is NOT a function of the plasma membrane? communication with other cells structural support catalyze macromolecules into subunits isolate the cell from its surroundings

catalyze macromolecules into subunits

What is the smallest level of structural organization in the human body? organ level chemical level tissue level cellular level

chemical level

What are the two major methods by which cells communicate to coordinate their functions? effectors and responses temperature gradients and pressure gradients chemical messengers and/or electrical signals positive feedback loops and negative feedback loops

chemical messengers and/or electrical signals

What forms the basis for the body's steroids? testosterone glucose triglyceride cholesterol

cholesterol

Tightly coiled DNA molecules present during cell division are known as: chromosomes. the nucleoplasm. the nucleosome. the nuclear envelope.

chromosomes

A process that requires energy to move a substance against its concentration gradient is called: active transport. passive transport. facilitated transport. osmosis.

Active transport

Why is articular cartilage necessary for long bones? Articular cartilage is the site of lengthwise growth in young children and adolescents. Articular cartilage lines all inner surfaces of the bone. Articular cartilage allows bones to rub together with reduced friction at joints. Articular cartilage houses red bone marrow for hematopoiesis.

Articular cartilage allows bones to rub together with reduced friction at joints.

Most cells in the epidermis arise from mitotic activity in stratum: lucidum. basale. corneum. granulosum.

Basale

The process of digesting food breaks large food particles into smaller particles. This example is best described as a(n): exchange reaction. catabolic reaction. anabolic reaction. neutralization reaction.

Catabolic reaction

Why are collagen fibers a critical component of bone? Collagen fibers act as "glue" to bind components together. Collagen fibers help bone resist torsion and tensile forces. Collagen fibers help the bone resist compression. Collagen fibers help trap water in the ECM.

Collagen fibers act as "glue" to bind components together.

What general tissue type binds, supports, transports nutrients and insulates the body? nervous muscle connective epithelial

Connective

What process divides the cytosol, organelles, and proteins? cytokinesis mitosis prophase synthesis

Cytokinesis

What is the role of DNA helicase during the S phase of interphase? DNA helicase unwinds the two strands of DNA. DNA helicase catalyzes the addition of nucleotides to the new DNA strands. DNA helicase removes the RNA primer and replaces it with DNA. DNA helicase builds RNA primers on the existing DNA strands.

DNA helicase unwinds the two strands of DNA

What is a major function of the respiratory system? *return excess tissue fluid to the cardiovascular system * deliver oxygen to the blood and remove carbon dioxide from the body *produce vitamin D and retain water * digest food and absorb nutrients into the blood

Deliver oxygen to the blood and remove carbon Dioxide from the body

What statement best describes dense regular collagenous connective tissue? Dense regular collagenous connective tissue contains bundles of collagen fibers arranged haphazardly. Dense regular collagenous connective tissue contains parallel bundles of elastic fibers. Dense regular collagenous connective tissue forms tendons and ligaments. Dense regular collagenous connective tissue is found in the dermis of the skin.

Dense regular collagenous connective tissue forms tendons and ligaments.

Simple diffusion requires: a concentration gradient. the use of energy. protein channels. carrier proteins.

concentration gradient

Which of the following is the strongest bond? ionic single covalent hydrogen double covalent

double covalent

What type of protein fiber, commonly found in the extracellular matrix, is extensible? elastic reticular collagen keratin

elastic

Which of the following processes are functionally opposite to one another? endocytosis and exocytosis phagocytosis and pinocytosis simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion osmosis and simple diffusion

endocytosis and exocytosis

The most superficial component of the skin is the dermis. hypodermis. loose connective tissue. epidermis

epidermis

The region of skin that provides a tough barrier against pathogens and trauma is the: subcutaneous layer. dermis. hypodermis. epidermis.

epidermis

Tommy fell and skinned his knee. The scrape did not bleed. He must have only damaged the: subcutaneous layer. epidermis. dermis. hypodermis

epidermis

What structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length? epiphyseal or growth plate osteon lacunae epiphyseal line

epiphyseal plate

What type of blood cell transports oxygen throughout the body? platelet leukocyte erythrocyte osteoblast

erythrocyte

What is NOT one of the three main parts of a cell? cytoplasm nucleus extracellular fluid plasma membrane

extracellular fluid

What is the building block of a lipid? glucose fatty acid glycogen nucleic acid

fatty acid

The permanent replacement of normal tissue by scar tissue is called: fibrosis. necrosis. apoptosis. inflammation.

fibrosis

While eating, you move your forearm and hand from the plate of food toward your face. Classify the movement occurring at the elbow joint. inversion flexion extension abduction

flexion

What of the following best summarizes the principle of complementarity of structure and function? maintenance of a stable internal environment structure drives function function follows structure form follows function

form follows function

The triplet codes in DNA needed to specify a specific polypeptide chain are found in the: cytoplasm. gene. codon of mRNA. anticodon of tRNA.

gene

Thick skin lacks: hair follicles. stratum granulosum. stratum lucidum. sweat glands.

hair follicles

What part of the hair is removed during shaving? hair medulla hair matrix hair follicle hair shaft

hair shaft

Blood cells are made in the red bone marrow of bones, a process known as: Bone resorption. hematopoiesis. osteoporosis. ossification.

hematopoiesis

A cell is placed into a 3% dextrose solution. At that concentration, the solution is isotonic to the cell. If the concentration of dextrose in the solution is increased to 5%, the cell is now in a(n): hypotonic solution. less concentrated solution. hypertonic solution. isotonic solution.

hypertonic solution

When you go outside on a hot summer day, your body temperature heats up above the normal range. Receptors in your brain detect the change in body temperature. The brain activates nerve cells that send messages to sweat glands, causing the body temperature to fall as the sweat evaporates from the skin. What part of this feedback loop is the stimulus?

increased body temperature

Which of the following increases the rate of a reaction? cold temperatures absence of a catalyst increased reactant concentration solid reactants

increased reactant concentration

Atoms that satisfy the octet rule are said to be: inert. reactive. isotopes. ions.

inert

While walking through the parking lot to her car, Tara stepped in chewing gum. She medially rotated her foot toward the midline of the body to see the gum, performing: protraction. inversion. eversion. opposition.

inversion

Which of the following cells are arranged in layers, or strata, in the epidermis? keratinocyte dendritic (Langerhans) cell Merkel cell melanocyte

keratinocyte

Synovial membranes: line the passages of hollow organs that open to the outside of the body. line the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal body cavities. line the cavities surrounding freely movable joints. are hard due to the presence of keratin.

lines the cavities of freely movable joints (joint cavities)

Where is simple columnar epithelium located? lining of the nasal cavity lining the esophagus lining of the small intestine forming the air sacs of the lungs

lining of the small intestine

Bones with a diaphysis and epiphyses are classified as short bones. long bones. flat bones. irregular bones.

long bones

What stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)? high blood calcium ion levels high levels of vitamin D low blood calcium ion levels high levels of vitamin C

low blood calcium ion levels

What organelle degrades old, worn-out organelles and cell components? peroxisome Golgi apparatus rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) lysosome

lysosome

Most of a cell's DNA is located in its: nucleus. Golgi apparatus. ribosomes. lysosomes.

nucleus

Which of the following activities represents a physiological study? making a section through the kidney to observe its interior observing how the heart contracts to pump blood viewing muscle tissue through a microscope examining the surface of a bone studying how the layers of the skin are organized

observing how the heart contracts to pump blood

What cells contribute to the process of calcification during intramembranous ossification? osteoblasts keratinocytes osteoclasts osteocytes

osteoblasts

Bone resorption requires the activity of: osteoblasts. osteoclasts. osteocytes. chondrocytes.

osteoclasts

On the pH scale, which number has the highest concentration of hydrogen ions pH 1 pH 5 pH 7 pH 10

pH 1

Which pH represents a solution that has the highest concentration of hydroxide ions? pH 1 pH 7 pH 10 pH 14

pH 14

What hormone promotes an increase in the activity of osteoclasts? testosterone parathyroid hormone (PTH) calcitonin estrogen

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

It is wise to study anatomy alongside with physiology because ________. it makes for more efficient use of students' and teachers' time to understand anatomy requires complete understanding of physiology physiology is dependent in function based on the structure of the anatomy anatomy and physiology are practically the same thing

physiology is dependent un function based on the structure of the anatomy

Hydrogen bonds may occur between: polar molecules. nonpolar covalent molecules. ions. metals.

polar molecules

A fatty acid that contains two or more double covalent bonds is: hydrogenated. polyunsaturated. monounsaturated. saturated.

polyunsaturated

In the following chemical reaction, what is NaCl? NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O acid water reactant product

product

Which organelle produces protein? ribosomes peroxisomes lysosomes mitochondria

ribosomes

One of the functional characteristics of life is excitability or responsiveness. This refers to ________. indigestible food residues stimulating the excretory system sensing changes in the environment and then reacting or responding to them the nervous system causing all living things to sometimes experience anger the necessity for all organisms to reproduce

sensing changes in the environment and then reacting or responding to them

You examine a tissue slide through the microscope and recognize one layer of cells that are mostly tall and elongated. You determine this tissue to be: simple columnar epithelium. stratified columnar epithelium. simple cuboidal epithelium. simple squamous epithelium.

simple columnar epithelium

Striated, multinucleate cells are commonly found in: skeletal muscle tissue. smooth muscle tissue. cardiac muscle tissue. both smooth and cardiac muscle tissue.

skeletal muscle tissue

Intramembranous ossification occurs in: arm and leg bones. skull bones. secondary bone. long bones.

skull bones

Which of the following movements is an example of abduction? spreading the fingers apart moving the hand toward the shoulder extreme bending of the head backwards turning the palm of the hand upward

spreading fingers apart

Thin skin lacks stratum: granulosum. corneum. spinosum. lucidum.

stratum lucidum

Which of the following best represents the functional classifications of joints ranked from least movable to most movable? synarthrosis, diarthrosis, amphiarthrosis amphiarthrosis, synarthrosis, diarthrosis diarthrosis, synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

Articular cartilage in synovial joints is avascular. Which of the following sources nourishes the cartilage with nutrients and removes metabolic byproducts? adipose tissue synovial fluid ligament tendon

synovial fluid

What lubricates movable joints such as the hip, knee, and elbow? saliva mucus synovial fluid serous fluid

synovial fluid

The type of burn that may require a skin graft is a: first-degree burn. second-degree burn. third-degree burn. partial-thickness burn.

third degree burn

The function of yellow bone marrow is: triglyceride storage. hematopoiesis. acid-base homeostasis. mineral storage.

triglyceride storage

Which organ system is lined by transitional epithelium to accommodate stretching? respiratory system urinary system digestive system muscular system

urinary system

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skin? thermoregulation protection vitamin A synthesis sensation

vitamin A synthesis

What is NOT an effect of growth hormone? Growth hormone increases the rate of mitosis in the epiphyseal plate of growing bones. Growth hormone increases the activity of osteogenic cells. Growth hormone promotes the closure of the epiphyseal plate. Growth hormone directly stimulates osteoblasts in the periosteum to promote appositional growth.

Growth hormone promotes the closure of the epiphyseal plate.

The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment is termed: homeostasis. integration. effector control. positive feedback.

Homeostasis

The four most common elements, comprising 96% of the body's mass, are: carbon, sodium, phosphorus, sulfur. oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon. chlorine, sodium, magnesium, potassium. oxygen, potassium, iron, copper.

Oxygen, potassium, iron, copper

What is the last process to occur that closes the epiphyseal plate and stops longitudinal growth? maturation proliferation ossification calcification

Proliferation

The epidermis of the skin serves as a barrier to mechanical stresses and protects us from microorganisms. Which tissue forms the epidermis? simple squamous epithelium simple columnar epithelium pseudostratified columnar epithelium stratified squamous epithelium

Psuedostratified columnar epithelium

Which type of bone is adapted to withstand stresses arriving from many directions in order to protect red bone marrow? spongy bone compact bone osteon bone lamellar bone

Spongy bone

The main function of the respiratory system is to ________. *transport oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to and from body cells and tissues *produce sperm and eggs * control body activities through hormones released into the blood * break down food and deliver the products to the blood for dispersal *supply the body with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide

Supply the body with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide

Which of the following best describes the structure of the plasma membrane? The plasma membrane is a single-layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus of the cell. The plasma membrane is a double layer of protein enclosing the plasma. The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell. The plasma membrane is composed of cristae.

The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell.

Exposure to UV radiation causes the skin to darken by increasing the production of: melanin. collagen. hemoglobin. keratin.

melanin

What type of membrane lines cavities that open to the outside of the body? synovial membrane serous membrane cutaneous membrane mucous membrane

mucous membrane

Which of the following has the greatest range of motion? nonaxial joint uniaxial joint biaxial joint multiaxial (triaxial)

multiaxial (triaxial)