Cell Division Unit 3- Part 2

mutation

- A change in the DNA sequence within a gene or chromosome of an organism.

Protein Synthesis

- the process by which amino acids are linked together to form proteins; involves ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA,messenger RNA, and various enzymes.

Benign

-Cancerous cells that do not metastasize.

Crossing Over

An exchange of genetic material from non-sister chromatids during prophase I of meiosis.

Binary Fission

Cell division by which prokaryotes reproduce; each dividing daughter cell receives a copy of the single parental chromosome; type of asexual reproduction.

Interphase

longest part of cell cycle; growth, metabolism, and preparation for division occurs, DNA replication.

Mitosis

process by which a cell divides and two identical daughter cells are produced.

Meiosis

process that consists of two cell divisions, but only one chromosome replication (sometimes called reduction division); occurs only in sex organs (gonads: testes and ovaries) to produce sex cells (gametes; sperm and eggs).

Malignant

Cancerous cells that can move to areas other than the place of origin.

Codon

A sequence of three nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid in protein synthesis

Anticodon

A specialized base triplet on one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule.

mutagen

An agent, such as a chemical, ultraviolet light, or a radioactive element,that can cause a mutation (change in DNA) in an organism.

Gamete

Haploid cells produced by an organism through meiosis used for sexual reproduction. The human gametes are the sperm and egg.

Cancer

Malignant growth resulting from uncontrolled cell division

Sister Chromatid

One half of a replicated chromosome. migrate during Anaphase of mitosis and Anaphase II of meiosis.

Haploid (n)

One half of the normal number of chromosomes found in anorganism's gametes/sex cells. ( number of chromosomes in the human sperm and egg is 23.)

Sexual Reporduction

Pattern of reproduction that involves the fusion of haploid sex cells to produce a diploid zygote that develops into a multicellular organism

Diploid (2n)

The normal number of chromosomes found in an organism'sbody/somatic cells. (For humans the number is 46.)

Differentiation

The normal process by which a less specialized cell develops or matures to become more distinct in form and function.

Transcription

The process by which messenger RNA is synthesized from a DNA template.

Cell Cycle

The process cells go through to create more cells. Includes: Interphase (G1, S, and G2), Mitosis, Cytokinesis; creates identical daughter cells; primarily for growth and repair in multicellular organisms.

DNA Replication

The process of making a copy of DNA

Tetrad

Two pair of sister chromatids of a homologous pair of chromosomes. ( align at the equator of the cell during Metaphase I of meiosis.)

Polypeptide Chain

a protein; sequence of amino acids that are folded in a specific conformation to do cellular work.

Asexual Reproduction

a single parent cell produces cells genetically identical to itself.

Cytokinesis

division of plasma membrane resulting in two daughter cells; last phase of the cell cycle.

Transfer RNA

form of RNA that brings amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis.

Messenger RNA

form of RNA that is produced from DNA during transcription; travels from nucleus to ribosome in protein synthesis.