A&P Final Exam- Review Questions

Cerebellum

Loss of equilibrium and motor coordination would most likely be related to a lesion in which structure

The integumentary system has many functions, one of which is

detection of heat and touch

Cytoplasm is found

outside the nucleus but inside the plasma membrane

Threshold

In order for local potentials to trigger an action potential, the membrane must reach a level called the

Choroid plexuses

In the ventricles, CSF is produced at_____ which are composed of specialized ependymal cells surrounded by supportive connective tissues

Which of the following would increase the rate of mediated transport?

Increase the number of available carrier molecules

Irreversible coma

Injury to the reticular formation can result in which of the following

A substance is found to have the same effect as acetylcholinesterase, but acts at a much faster rate. What effect would this substance have at a. cholinergic synapse

It would greatly reduce synaptic communication by depleting ACh levels in the synaptic cleft

Low levels of _________ can have dire consequences on the functioning of neurons because of its role in membrane repolarization.

K+

In hyperpolarization

K+ tend to diffuse out of the cell

stratum granulosum

Keratohyalin granules are formed in the _________

From the list below, select three types of molecules that are permeable to the blood brain barrier without requiring a transport protein

Large proteins oxygen nicotine ethanol polar molecules

To which of the following organic groups does a steroid belong?

Lipid

An action potential

Occurs when the local potential reaches threshold level

Muscle tissue

Of the four primary classes of tissues, the tissue that consists of elongated fibers that are specialized to contract in response to stimulation is ________

_________ pressure is the force required to prevent the movement of water by osmosis across a selectively permeable membrane.

Osmotic

Which of the following is an example of procedural or implicit memory

Performing a choreographed dance

What occurs during hyper polarization of a neuron plasma membrane?

Potassium ions are leaving the cell

Which of the cortical areas listed below is most likely to be stimulated first when repeating a word you just heard spoken

Primary auditory cortex

Which of the following is determined by the sequence of amino acids bound by peptide bonds?

Primary structure of protein

Which of the following functions is associated with the skin?

Protection against ultraviolet radiation of the sun

Which of the following statements best describes RNA?

RNA is a single-stranded molecule

The right cerebral hemisphere

Receives sensory input from the left side of the body

Identify the functions of the integumentary system

Resistance to infection Sensation of environmental stimuli Thermoregulation

What type of neuroglial cells provide support and nutrition to sensory ganglia in the PNS?

Satellite cells

ribosomes

Skeletal muscle cells need large numbers of _________ to make the many proteins they contain.

The central nervous system includes the _________

Spinal cord

Indicate whether each statement is true or false

The cerebrum accounts for the smallest portion of total brain weight- False The cerebrum accounts for the largest portion of total brain weight- True The cerebrum is responsible for conscious thought- True The numerous folds, called gyri, serve to decrease the surface area- False

Which of the following statements concerning the epidermis is true?

The epidermis is nourished by blood vessels located in the dermis

Synapse

The junction of a neuron with another cell is a/an

Pons

The nucleus for the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) is located in the

centrioles

The organelles involved with organization of the spindle fibers are the _________

Interphase

The time between cell divisions is called _________

A tissue sample has the following characteristics: large cells with many processes, one which is very long; smaller cells scattered amongst the larger cells. Which of the following statements accurately identifies the tissue?

The tissue is nervous tissue. The large cells are neurons with dendrites and a long axon, and the smaller cells are glia

After mastering the mechanical bull at a local amusement park, Marvin decided he was ready to compete in an amateur rodeo. But during the very first event, a live bull threw Marvin to the dirt and kicked him in the side of the face. Clinicians in the emergency room diagnosed a broken jaw, and they noted that Marvin's tongue deviated to the right when they asked him to stick it out. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan was performed to detect the presence of brain or cranial nerve damage. - By recalling your knowledge of nervous system organization and cranial nerves, what indicated to clinicians that Marvin had suffered nerve damage?

The tongue protrusion test he was asked to conduct

smooth

The type of muscle found in the walls of blood vessels is _________ muscle.

A patient has been diagnosed with a condition resulting from inflammation of tissue associated with the lungs. Which statement best clarifies the condition?

There is inflammation of the pleura, the serous membranes associated with the lungs

Which of the following is not a characteristic of homeostatic variables?

They always remain at a fixed value.

Adipose tissue

This type of tissue is composed of closely packed adipocytes and forms a protective cushion around organs, insulate the body, and serves as an energy reserve

What is the permeability barrier that joins the plasma membranes of adjacent cells to form a tight seal?

Tight junction

What is a collection of similar cells and surrounding substances?

Tissue

True or False? Positive feedback mechanisms are less common in healthy individuals than negative feedback mechanisms.

True

True or False? Positive feedback mechanisms are more commonly seen in _____ individuals.

Unhealthy

Which of the following nitrogen bases is found in RNA but not DNA?

Uracil

Which of the following structures is located in the right-lower quadrant but NOT in the right iliac region?

Urinary bladder

Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding functions of the integumentary system

Vitamin D production...True Protection...True Provide structural support to underlying bones...False Excretion...True Temperature regulation...True Metabolize keratin...False Sensation...True

Gap junction

What is a small protein channel that allows the passage of ions and small molecules between cells?

Reticular formation

What is the group of loosely packed nuclei within the length of the brainstem that are involved in cyclic activities such as sleep wake cycles

Dendrite

What type of process conducts nerve impulses toward the cell body?

voltage-gated

When a sperm cell comes into contact with an egg cell, there is a change in the electrical charge across the plasma membrane and various channel proteins close. These channels would be called _________ channels.

positive feedback

When a woman is giving birth, the head of the baby pushes against her cervix and stimulates the release of the hormone oxytocin. Oxytocin travels in the blood and stimulates the uterus to contract. Labor contractions become more and more intense until the baby is expelled. This is an example of _______

dissociate or separate from one another

When ionic compounds dissolve in water, their ions

cohesiveness

When jumping into water, you notice resistance. This resistance is caused by water's _________

Convergent

When two or more presynaptic neurons synapse with single postsynaptic neuron in the CNS, a_______ pathway is formed

Pons

Which area of the brain contains areas that initiates REM sleep

Superior lobe

Which is not one of the lobes of the cerebrum

satellite cells

Which of the following is NOT a glial cell of the CNS?

Cardiovascular

Which of the following systems carries necessary compounds like oxygen and nutrients throughout the body?

Skeletal

Which organ system is the location of blood cell production?

Golgi apparatus

Which organelle packages materials for secretion from the cell?

Medulla oblongata

Which part of the brainstem contains the cardiac center, vasomotor center, and respiratory center

Tegmentum

Which part of the midbrain carries sensory tracts from the spinal cord

Stem cell

Which type of cell has the potential to differentiate to form adult cell types?

Merocrine

Which type of exocrine gland uses exocytosis to secrete its product?

Apocrine

Which type of gland discharges fragments of the gland's cells during secretion?

Cardiac muscle

Which type of muscle is found in the wall of the heart?

Nervous tissue of the CNS that is composed primarily of myelinated axons is often referred to as _________ matter.

White

An organ system is

a group of organs with a common set of functions.

Cyanide stops the production of ATP. Which of the following processes would be affected?

active transport

The type of brain waves observed in an individual who is awake but in a quiet resting state with eyes closed are _____ waves

alpha

Continuous conduction of action potentials means that

an action potential in one site generates local currents causing depolarization to threshold at the adjacent site

When a neurotransmitter binds to its receptor and increases the permeability of the postsynaptic membrane to Na+

an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) will result

Select which steps are part of the voluntary movement process.

- Initiation begins in the primary motor area of the cerebral cortex - Lower motor neurons receive messages from upper motor neurons - Smooth muscle in the skin is stimulated to contract - The cerebellum and basal nuclei coordinate the information for these movements

Which of the following are consistent with facilitated diffusion? (1) Movement is against a concentration gradient (2) Movement is with a concentration gradient (3) Involves a carrier molecule (4) Involves co transport (5) Involves counter transport (6) Exhibits competition and saturation

2,3,6

Callus

A ________ will develop in response to an area of the skin being subjected to excess friction or pressure.

Mitochondrion

A cell's ability to replenish ATP is reduced by a metabolic poison. Which organelle is being affected?

sensory or afferent neuron

A neuron that conducts pain sensations to the central nervous system would be classified as a/an ________

Membrane

A thin layer of tissue that covers an organ or lines a cavity is a _________

Which neurotransmitter is released at neuromuscular junctions?

Acetylcholine

trigeminal nerve

After suffering a head injury, a patient exhibits weak and uncoordinated movement of the jaw as well as numbness of the tongue and lower gums. Based on these symptoms, predict which nerve might have been damaged

Metabolism

All of the chemical reactions within a cell are known as cell ________

The nervous system

All of the choices are correct 1. monitors internal and external stimuli. 2. transmits information in the form of action potentials. 3. interprets or assesses information. 4. maintains homeostasis.

Match the type of brain wave with its appropriate description

Alpha waves B. Observed in a person who is awake, quiet, and resting, with eyes closed Theta Waves A. usually occur in children or in adults experiencing frustration Delta waves C. occur in deep sleep, infancy, and patients with brain disorders Corpus callosum B. The largest of the cerebral commissures

Damage to Wernicke area would result in

Aphasia

Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding subcutaneous tissue

Approximately half of the body's stored lipids are in the subcutaneous tissue...True Subcutaneous tissue is between the dermis and the epidermis....False Subcutaneous tissue attaches the skin to underlying bone and muscle tissue...True Subcutaneous tissue consists of loose connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers....True

Which of the following events is NOT a characteristic of an action potential?

As Na+ enter, the inside of the plasma membrane becomes more negative

Which of the following is correctly matched with its description?

Axons - conduct action potentials away from the cell body

Which of the following would you observe in a patient with a tumor of the cerebellum

Balance impairment

epithelial

Because it forms covering and lining layers for body structures, _________ tissue has very little extracellular matrix.

To which of the following organic groups does lactose belong?

Carbohydrate

The molecule used most frequently by cells as a fuel belongs to which of the following groups?

Carbohydrates

Which of the following type of connective tissue is mismatched with its matrix?

Cartilage - highly vascular matrix

Osteoclasts

Cells that break down bone are called _________

Which of the following is responsible for problem-solving skills?

Central nervous system

Electrolytes

Chemical substances that dissolve in water or react with water to release ions are known as ________

Which molecule determines the fluidity of the plasma membrane?

Cholesterol

Which of the following events occurs during anaphase?

Chromosomes migrate to opposite poles of the cell.

Which of the following statements concerning connective tissue is true?

Collagen fibers provide strength to dense connective tissue

Match each type of cerebral medulla fiber tract with its function

Commissural fibers - Connect one cerebral hemisphere to another Projection fibers - Connect the cerebrum to other parts of the brain and spinal cord Association fibers - Connect areas of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere

nueromodulators

Compounds classified as_____ alter synaptic transmission by changing neurotransmitter receptor numbers or affecting the breakdown and/or removal of neurotransmitter

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cerebellum

Control the heart rate

Which of the following situations occurs in electrically excitable cells?

Depolarization causes voltage-gated Na+Na+ channels to open

Which of the following is not a function of the control center within a feedback mechanism?

Detects a change in the value of a variable

In the expression "Let your fingers do the walking," which of the following anatomical terms could be substituted for "fingers?"

Digits

Place the meninges from most superficial to deep

Dura mater Arachnoid mater pia mater

negative feedback

During exercise, one generates excess heat and the body temperature rises. As a response, blood vessels dilate in the skin, warm blood flows closer to the body surface, and heat is lost. This is an example of ______

The pons is largely responsible for the control of skeletal muscle activity

False

True or False? In a myelinated fiber, only the initial segment in the trigger zone has voltage-regulated channels.

False

Association

Fibers connecting areas of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere are______ fibers

What are the three major regions of the cerebellum

Flocculonodular lobe Infundibulum Lateral Hemispheres Substantia nigra Vermis

Golgi apparatus

If you compare a cell with a manufacturing plant that exports goods, the cell's ________ could be compared to the manufacturing plant's shipping department.

antiport

In ________ ions or molecules move in opposite directions.

active transport

In _________ carrier molecules move a substance against (up) its concentration gradient.

The ante-brachial region is the

forearm

A neuron is receiving a stimulus which gets stronger and stronger. The result is

frequency of occurrence of action potentials increases

Action potentials are conducted more rapidly when transmission is

from node to node on a myelinated axon

Lack of a gag reflex would indicate dysfunction of the ______ nerve

glossopharyngeal

A tissue is a

group of cells with similar structure and function.

The absolute refractory period ends when

inactivation gates of voltage gated Na+ channels reopen

For most chemical reactions, an increase in temperature will cause the reaction rate to

increase

Experimental manipulation to increase the energy output of the cell might include

increasing the number of mitochondria

The pH value

is determined by the concentration of H+ in a solution

If 0.9% NaCl (saline) solution is isotonic to a cell, then a 0.5% saline solution

is hypotonic to the cell

During the absolute refractory period, the cell

is insensitive to further stimulation

The conversion between different states of energy (e.g. potential energy to kinetic energy)

is not 100% efficient and typically generates heat.

The dermis

is responsible for most of the skin's structural strength

Inorganic chemists study substances _________ carbon, while organic chemists study substances ________ carbon.

lacking; containing

In the process of diffusion, net movement of substances is always from a region

of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

When repolarization of a neuron is complete, the

original polarity of the neuron is restored

The function of the Golgi apparatus is

packaging and distribution of proteins and lipids

A patient has suffered a cerebral hemorrhage that has damaged the primary motor area of his right cerebral cortex. As a result the

patient cannot voluntarily move his left arm or leg

Cells that respond to ligands

possess receptor sites for specific ligands

Identify the correct sequence of the structures as they are involved in activity at a chemical synapse

presynaptic terminal; synaptic cleft; postsynaptic membrane

Why isn't an action potential transmitted from a postsynaptic membrane to a presynaptic terminal

presynaptic terminals have no acetylcholine receptors

Keratinization

produces a layer of cells that resist abrasion

According to the most current model of the plasma membrane

proteins are free to move about within a double layer of phospholipids

Proteins

provide much of the structure of body cells and tissues

Glycogen is the

storage carbohydrate in animals

In prophase

the chromosomes condense, shorten, and thicken

The parietal peritoneum is

the serous membrane that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities.

In some cells, an afterpotential occurs because

there is prolonged, elevated permeability to K+ during repolarization

True or False? Synthesis reactions are also called catabolic reactions

False

facilitated diffusion

A particular membrane transport process exhibits saturation, uses carrier molecules, but does NOT require ATP. The process is probably _________

Which of the following scenarios appropriately represents kinetic energy?

A student marking an answer on a exam paper

phagocytosis

All of the following processes can move substances out of a cell EXCEPT _________

Which of the following factors will influence the rate of chemical reactions?

All of these factors will influence the rate of chemical reactions.

A neurotransmitter is released at a synapse. Which of the following occurs last?

An action potential is produced in the postsynaptic membrane

Dermis

Blood vessels in the _________ supply epidermal cells with nutrients.

Telophase

Cytokinesis is completed at the end of this phase

Which of the following activities is associated with lysosomes?

Destruction of nonfunctional organelles

Which type of tissue forms linings or coverings?

Epithelial tissue

Which of the following descriptions of glial cells is mismatched?

Microglia - provide support for the neuron cell body

Which type of tissue is contractile?

Muscle tissue

During depolarization of the plasma membrane

Na+ moves rapidly into the cell

Which protein structure results from folding or coiling of a polypeptide chain caused by hydrogen bonds between amino acids?

Secondary structure

Which is not a function of the limbic system

Speech

catabolic and exergonic

The breakdown of glucose to yield carbon dioxide, oxygen, and ATP can be described as _______

Which of the following is NOT associated with interphase?

The cell does nothing but rest

Digestive

The gallbladder, liver, and stomach are all part of the ______system.

Lysosome

The intracellular digestive organelle of a cell is the ________

Frontal

The plane that cuts the body lengthwise and separates the body into anterior and posterior portions is called _____

Parietal lobe

The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the ______ lobe

Which of these happens first in a cholinergic synaptic transmission

The synaptic vesicles release acetylcholine

Hemidesmosomes

What attaches epithelial cells to the basement membrane?

An electrolyte is

a substance that conducts electricity when placed in solution.

The speed of an action potential depends on

all of the choices -whether an axon is myelinated or not myelinated - thickness of the myelin sheath - the diameter of the axon

Contraction of the arrector pili muscles causes the hair follicle to

become perpendicular to the skin, resulting in the hair "standing on end."

Muscle tissue is characterized by its

contractility

Normal pH for blood is 7.35 to 7.45. Maintenance of the pH in this range is

critical because enzymes work best within narrow ranges of pH

Enkephalins produce presynaptic inhibition in neurons transmitting pain signals. Increased levels of enkephalins will

decrease awareness of pain

The sensory speech area is Broca area

false

Bone

has a rich blood supply

If the broca area is damaged, the result is

hesitant and distorted speech

Mr. Miller has been hospitalized for the flu. The flu virus increases membrane permeability to K+. You would expect his cells to ______

hyperpolarize

Cartilage heals slowly after an injury because

it has few, if any, blood vessels

Sam adjusts solution A to increase its acidity. This means that the

number of hydrogen ions in the solution has increased

The hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a molecule of water are held together by _______ bonds.

polar covalent

If the charge difference across the plasma membrane is decreased

the membrane potential is more positive

Epithelial tissue is characterized by

tightly packed cells

Medial means

toward the middle or midline of the body.

When you walk up behind someone and tap their right shoulder, they will reflexively

turn their head toward the right

The brachial region is commonly known as the ____

upper arm

Organelles

vary in number and type depending on cell function

An individual hydrogen bond in a sample of water would be described as

weak and intermolecular

Gap junctions are functionally_____ synapses

electrical

Heat energy is

energy that flows between objects with different temperatures.

Monamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO inhibitors)

enhance the binding of norepinephrine to its receptors

Cephalic means

closer to the head.

Cations and anions that dissociate in water are sometimes called

electrolytes, because they can conduct an electrical current

Place cranial nerves in order of numeric name beginning with number I

1. Olfactory 2. Optic 3. Oculomotor 4. Trochlear 5. Trigeminal 6. Abducens 7. Facial 8. Vestibulocochlear 9. Glossopharyneal 10. Vagus 11. Accessory 12. Hypoglossal

Identify the material that would NOT be considered an important inorganic substances in our bodies

Glucose

_______ is a monosaccharide, whereas ________ is a polysaccharide.

Glucose; starch

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials(IPSPs) are associated with which of the following?

Hyper polarization of the plasma membrane

Chemical

Identify the type of synapse that includes a presynaptic cell, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic cell

Third ventricle

If a blockage forms in the cerebral aqueduct, where will CSF back up first

Premotor area

If a person decided to jump over a chair, which of the following areas organizes the motor functions needed to carry out this action

Longitudinal

If the esophagus were cut from superior to inferior, as it occurs in the thoracic cavity, this would be considered a ______ section.

Gap junctions

Structures that function in intercellular communication include ________

Between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater lies the______ and between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater lies the ______

Subdural space; subarachnoid space

Which of the following describes the position of the nose?

Superior to the mouth

Electrical

Synapses in which gap junctions allow ions to diffuse quickly from cell to cell are called______ synapses

A tissue has the following characteristics: abundant extracellular matrix, abundant collagen fibers, collagen fibers mainly parallel to each other. Which of the following injuries results in damage to this kind of tissue?

Tear in the tissue that attaches the gastrocnemius muscle to bone

Match the part of the diencephalon with its description

Thalamus - Largest part of the diencephalon; the sensory relay center of the brain Sub-thalamus - Immediately inferior to the thalamus; involved in controlling motor functions Epithalamus - Superior and posterior to the thalamus; contains the pineal gland Hypothalamus - Most inferior portion of the diencephalon; contains mammillary bodies; controls endocrine system

Nucleus

The ________ contains the genetic information of the cell.

If water accumulates between two sheets of glass, it is very difficult to separate them. Which of the following explanations best explains this situation?

The adhesive property of water holds the sheets of glass together

Temporal lobe

The auditory cortex is located in the

The function of acetylcholinesterase is to

break down acetylocholine in the synapse

The gluteal region is commonly known as the _____

buttock

Vitamin A, a fat-soluble vitamin, would move across the plasma membrane into the cell

by dissolving in the lipid bilayer

The minimum energy required to start a chemical reaction

can be lowered by enzymes

The absolute refractory period assures

completion of repolarization before another action potential

Electrolytes are substances that

conduct electricity when dissolved in water.

The stratum basale

contains cells that undergo mitosis to form new epidermal cells

Enzymes are proteins that increase the rate of chemical reactions by

decreasing the activation energy of the reaction