A&P Final Exam- Review Questions
Cerebellum
Loss of equilibrium and motor coordination would most likely be related to a lesion in which structure
The integumentary system has many functions, one of which is
detection of heat and touch
Cytoplasm is found
outside the nucleus but inside the plasma membrane
Threshold
In order for local potentials to trigger an action potential, the membrane must reach a level called the
Choroid plexuses
In the ventricles, CSF is produced at_____ which are composed of specialized ependymal cells surrounded by supportive connective tissues
Which of the following would increase the rate of mediated transport?
Increase the number of available carrier molecules
Irreversible coma
Injury to the reticular formation can result in which of the following
A substance is found to have the same effect as acetylcholinesterase, but acts at a much faster rate. What effect would this substance have at a. cholinergic synapse
It would greatly reduce synaptic communication by depleting ACh levels in the synaptic cleft
Low levels of _________ can have dire consequences on the functioning of neurons because of its role in membrane repolarization.
K+
In hyperpolarization
K+ tend to diffuse out of the cell
stratum granulosum
Keratohyalin granules are formed in the _________
From the list below, select three types of molecules that are permeable to the blood brain barrier without requiring a transport protein
Large proteins oxygen nicotine ethanol polar molecules
To which of the following organic groups does a steroid belong?
Lipid
An action potential
Occurs when the local potential reaches threshold level
Muscle tissue
Of the four primary classes of tissues, the tissue that consists of elongated fibers that are specialized to contract in response to stimulation is ________
_________ pressure is the force required to prevent the movement of water by osmosis across a selectively permeable membrane.
Osmotic
Which of the following is an example of procedural or implicit memory
Performing a choreographed dance
What occurs during hyper polarization of a neuron plasma membrane?
Potassium ions are leaving the cell
Which of the cortical areas listed below is most likely to be stimulated first when repeating a word you just heard spoken
Primary auditory cortex
Which of the following is determined by the sequence of amino acids bound by peptide bonds?
Primary structure of protein
Which of the following functions is associated with the skin?
Protection against ultraviolet radiation of the sun
Which of the following statements best describes RNA?
RNA is a single-stranded molecule
The right cerebral hemisphere
Receives sensory input from the left side of the body
Identify the functions of the integumentary system
Resistance to infection Sensation of environmental stimuli Thermoregulation
What type of neuroglial cells provide support and nutrition to sensory ganglia in the PNS?
Satellite cells
ribosomes
Skeletal muscle cells need large numbers of _________ to make the many proteins they contain.
The central nervous system includes the _________
Spinal cord
Indicate whether each statement is true or false
The cerebrum accounts for the smallest portion of total brain weight- False The cerebrum accounts for the largest portion of total brain weight- True The cerebrum is responsible for conscious thought- True The numerous folds, called gyri, serve to decrease the surface area- False
Which of the following statements concerning the epidermis is true?
The epidermis is nourished by blood vessels located in the dermis
Synapse
The junction of a neuron with another cell is a/an
Pons
The nucleus for the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) is located in the
centrioles
The organelles involved with organization of the spindle fibers are the _________
Interphase
The time between cell divisions is called _________
A tissue sample has the following characteristics: large cells with many processes, one which is very long; smaller cells scattered amongst the larger cells. Which of the following statements accurately identifies the tissue?
The tissue is nervous tissue. The large cells are neurons with dendrites and a long axon, and the smaller cells are glia
After mastering the mechanical bull at a local amusement park, Marvin decided he was ready to compete in an amateur rodeo. But during the very first event, a live bull threw Marvin to the dirt and kicked him in the side of the face. Clinicians in the emergency room diagnosed a broken jaw, and they noted that Marvin's tongue deviated to the right when they asked him to stick it out. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan was performed to detect the presence of brain or cranial nerve damage. - By recalling your knowledge of nervous system organization and cranial nerves, what indicated to clinicians that Marvin had suffered nerve damage?
The tongue protrusion test he was asked to conduct
smooth
The type of muscle found in the walls of blood vessels is _________ muscle.
A patient has been diagnosed with a condition resulting from inflammation of tissue associated with the lungs. Which statement best clarifies the condition?
There is inflammation of the pleura, the serous membranes associated with the lungs
Which of the following is not a characteristic of homeostatic variables?
They always remain at a fixed value.
Adipose tissue
This type of tissue is composed of closely packed adipocytes and forms a protective cushion around organs, insulate the body, and serves as an energy reserve
What is the permeability barrier that joins the plasma membranes of adjacent cells to form a tight seal?
Tight junction
What is a collection of similar cells and surrounding substances?
Tissue
True or False? Positive feedback mechanisms are less common in healthy individuals than negative feedback mechanisms.
True
True or False? Positive feedback mechanisms are more commonly seen in _____ individuals.
Unhealthy
Which of the following nitrogen bases is found in RNA but not DNA?
Uracil
Which of the following structures is located in the right-lower quadrant but NOT in the right iliac region?
Urinary bladder
Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding functions of the integumentary system
Vitamin D production...True Protection...True Provide structural support to underlying bones...False Excretion...True Temperature regulation...True Metabolize keratin...False Sensation...True
Gap junction
What is a small protein channel that allows the passage of ions and small molecules between cells?
Reticular formation
What is the group of loosely packed nuclei within the length of the brainstem that are involved in cyclic activities such as sleep wake cycles
Dendrite
What type of process conducts nerve impulses toward the cell body?
voltage-gated
When a sperm cell comes into contact with an egg cell, there is a change in the electrical charge across the plasma membrane and various channel proteins close. These channels would be called _________ channels.
positive feedback
When a woman is giving birth, the head of the baby pushes against her cervix and stimulates the release of the hormone oxytocin. Oxytocin travels in the blood and stimulates the uterus to contract. Labor contractions become more and more intense until the baby is expelled. This is an example of _______
dissociate or separate from one another
When ionic compounds dissolve in water, their ions
cohesiveness
When jumping into water, you notice resistance. This resistance is caused by water's _________
Convergent
When two or more presynaptic neurons synapse with single postsynaptic neuron in the CNS, a_______ pathway is formed
Pons
Which area of the brain contains areas that initiates REM sleep
Superior lobe
Which is not one of the lobes of the cerebrum
satellite cells
Which of the following is NOT a glial cell of the CNS?
Cardiovascular
Which of the following systems carries necessary compounds like oxygen and nutrients throughout the body?
Skeletal
Which organ system is the location of blood cell production?
Golgi apparatus
Which organelle packages materials for secretion from the cell?
Medulla oblongata
Which part of the brainstem contains the cardiac center, vasomotor center, and respiratory center
Tegmentum
Which part of the midbrain carries sensory tracts from the spinal cord
Stem cell
Which type of cell has the potential to differentiate to form adult cell types?
Merocrine
Which type of exocrine gland uses exocytosis to secrete its product?
Apocrine
Which type of gland discharges fragments of the gland's cells during secretion?
Cardiac muscle
Which type of muscle is found in the wall of the heart?
Nervous tissue of the CNS that is composed primarily of myelinated axons is often referred to as _________ matter.
White
An organ system is
a group of organs with a common set of functions.
Cyanide stops the production of ATP. Which of the following processes would be affected?
active transport
The type of brain waves observed in an individual who is awake but in a quiet resting state with eyes closed are _____ waves
alpha
Continuous conduction of action potentials means that
an action potential in one site generates local currents causing depolarization to threshold at the adjacent site
When a neurotransmitter binds to its receptor and increases the permeability of the postsynaptic membrane to Na+
an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) will result
Select which steps are part of the voluntary movement process.
- Initiation begins in the primary motor area of the cerebral cortex - Lower motor neurons receive messages from upper motor neurons - Smooth muscle in the skin is stimulated to contract - The cerebellum and basal nuclei coordinate the information for these movements
Which of the following are consistent with facilitated diffusion? (1) Movement is against a concentration gradient (2) Movement is with a concentration gradient (3) Involves a carrier molecule (4) Involves co transport (5) Involves counter transport (6) Exhibits competition and saturation
2,3,6
Callus
A ________ will develop in response to an area of the skin being subjected to excess friction or pressure.
Mitochondrion
A cell's ability to replenish ATP is reduced by a metabolic poison. Which organelle is being affected?
sensory or afferent neuron
A neuron that conducts pain sensations to the central nervous system would be classified as a/an ________
Membrane
A thin layer of tissue that covers an organ or lines a cavity is a _________
Which neurotransmitter is released at neuromuscular junctions?
Acetylcholine
trigeminal nerve
After suffering a head injury, a patient exhibits weak and uncoordinated movement of the jaw as well as numbness of the tongue and lower gums. Based on these symptoms, predict which nerve might have been damaged
Metabolism
All of the chemical reactions within a cell are known as cell ________
The nervous system
All of the choices are correct 1. monitors internal and external stimuli. 2. transmits information in the form of action potentials. 3. interprets or assesses information. 4. maintains homeostasis.
Match the type of brain wave with its appropriate description
Alpha waves B. Observed in a person who is awake, quiet, and resting, with eyes closed Theta Waves A. usually occur in children or in adults experiencing frustration Delta waves C. occur in deep sleep, infancy, and patients with brain disorders Corpus callosum B. The largest of the cerebral commissures
Damage to Wernicke area would result in
Aphasia
Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding subcutaneous tissue
Approximately half of the body's stored lipids are in the subcutaneous tissue...True Subcutaneous tissue is between the dermis and the epidermis....False Subcutaneous tissue attaches the skin to underlying bone and muscle tissue...True Subcutaneous tissue consists of loose connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers....True
Which of the following events is NOT a characteristic of an action potential?
As Na+ enter, the inside of the plasma membrane becomes more negative
Which of the following is correctly matched with its description?
Axons - conduct action potentials away from the cell body
Which of the following would you observe in a patient with a tumor of the cerebellum
Balance impairment
epithelial
Because it forms covering and lining layers for body structures, _________ tissue has very little extracellular matrix.
To which of the following organic groups does lactose belong?
Carbohydrate
The molecule used most frequently by cells as a fuel belongs to which of the following groups?
Carbohydrates
Which of the following type of connective tissue is mismatched with its matrix?
Cartilage - highly vascular matrix
Osteoclasts
Cells that break down bone are called _________
Which of the following is responsible for problem-solving skills?
Central nervous system
Electrolytes
Chemical substances that dissolve in water or react with water to release ions are known as ________
Which molecule determines the fluidity of the plasma membrane?
Cholesterol
Which of the following events occurs during anaphase?
Chromosomes migrate to opposite poles of the cell.
Which of the following statements concerning connective tissue is true?
Collagen fibers provide strength to dense connective tissue
Match each type of cerebral medulla fiber tract with its function
Commissural fibers - Connect one cerebral hemisphere to another Projection fibers - Connect the cerebrum to other parts of the brain and spinal cord Association fibers - Connect areas of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere
nueromodulators
Compounds classified as_____ alter synaptic transmission by changing neurotransmitter receptor numbers or affecting the breakdown and/or removal of neurotransmitter
Which of the following is NOT a function of the cerebellum
Control the heart rate
Which of the following situations occurs in electrically excitable cells?
Depolarization causes voltage-gated Na+Na+ channels to open
Which of the following is not a function of the control center within a feedback mechanism?
Detects a change in the value of a variable
In the expression "Let your fingers do the walking," which of the following anatomical terms could be substituted for "fingers?"
Digits
Place the meninges from most superficial to deep
Dura mater Arachnoid mater pia mater
negative feedback
During exercise, one generates excess heat and the body temperature rises. As a response, blood vessels dilate in the skin, warm blood flows closer to the body surface, and heat is lost. This is an example of ______
The pons is largely responsible for the control of skeletal muscle activity
False
True or False? In a myelinated fiber, only the initial segment in the trigger zone has voltage-regulated channels.
False
Association
Fibers connecting areas of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere are______ fibers
What are the three major regions of the cerebellum
Flocculonodular lobe Infundibulum Lateral Hemispheres Substantia nigra Vermis
Golgi apparatus
If you compare a cell with a manufacturing plant that exports goods, the cell's ________ could be compared to the manufacturing plant's shipping department.
antiport
In ________ ions or molecules move in opposite directions.
active transport
In _________ carrier molecules move a substance against (up) its concentration gradient.
The ante-brachial region is the
forearm
A neuron is receiving a stimulus which gets stronger and stronger. The result is
frequency of occurrence of action potentials increases
Action potentials are conducted more rapidly when transmission is
from node to node on a myelinated axon
Lack of a gag reflex would indicate dysfunction of the ______ nerve
glossopharyngeal
A tissue is a
group of cells with similar structure and function.
The absolute refractory period ends when
inactivation gates of voltage gated Na+ channels reopen
For most chemical reactions, an increase in temperature will cause the reaction rate to
increase
Experimental manipulation to increase the energy output of the cell might include
increasing the number of mitochondria
The pH value
is determined by the concentration of H+ in a solution
If 0.9% NaCl (saline) solution is isotonic to a cell, then a 0.5% saline solution
is hypotonic to the cell
During the absolute refractory period, the cell
is insensitive to further stimulation
The conversion between different states of energy (e.g. potential energy to kinetic energy)
is not 100% efficient and typically generates heat.
The dermis
is responsible for most of the skin's structural strength
Inorganic chemists study substances _________ carbon, while organic chemists study substances ________ carbon.
lacking; containing
In the process of diffusion, net movement of substances is always from a region
of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
When repolarization of a neuron is complete, the
original polarity of the neuron is restored
The function of the Golgi apparatus is
packaging and distribution of proteins and lipids
A patient has suffered a cerebral hemorrhage that has damaged the primary motor area of his right cerebral cortex. As a result the
patient cannot voluntarily move his left arm or leg
Cells that respond to ligands
possess receptor sites for specific ligands
Identify the correct sequence of the structures as they are involved in activity at a chemical synapse
presynaptic terminal; synaptic cleft; postsynaptic membrane
Why isn't an action potential transmitted from a postsynaptic membrane to a presynaptic terminal
presynaptic terminals have no acetylcholine receptors
Keratinization
produces a layer of cells that resist abrasion
According to the most current model of the plasma membrane
proteins are free to move about within a double layer of phospholipids
Proteins
provide much of the structure of body cells and tissues
Glycogen is the
storage carbohydrate in animals
In prophase
the chromosomes condense, shorten, and thicken
The parietal peritoneum is
the serous membrane that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities.
In some cells, an afterpotential occurs because
there is prolonged, elevated permeability to K+ during repolarization
True or False? Synthesis reactions are also called catabolic reactions
False
facilitated diffusion
A particular membrane transport process exhibits saturation, uses carrier molecules, but does NOT require ATP. The process is probably _________
Which of the following scenarios appropriately represents kinetic energy?
A student marking an answer on a exam paper
phagocytosis
All of the following processes can move substances out of a cell EXCEPT _________
Which of the following factors will influence the rate of chemical reactions?
All of these factors will influence the rate of chemical reactions.
A neurotransmitter is released at a synapse. Which of the following occurs last?
An action potential is produced in the postsynaptic membrane
Dermis
Blood vessels in the _________ supply epidermal cells with nutrients.
Telophase
Cytokinesis is completed at the end of this phase
Which of the following activities is associated with lysosomes?
Destruction of nonfunctional organelles
Which type of tissue forms linings or coverings?
Epithelial tissue
Which of the following descriptions of glial cells is mismatched?
Microglia - provide support for the neuron cell body
Which type of tissue is contractile?
Muscle tissue
During depolarization of the plasma membrane
Na+ moves rapidly into the cell
Which protein structure results from folding or coiling of a polypeptide chain caused by hydrogen bonds between amino acids?
Secondary structure
Which is not a function of the limbic system
Speech
catabolic and exergonic
The breakdown of glucose to yield carbon dioxide, oxygen, and ATP can be described as _______
Which of the following is NOT associated with interphase?
The cell does nothing but rest
Digestive
The gallbladder, liver, and stomach are all part of the ______system.
Lysosome
The intracellular digestive organelle of a cell is the ________
Frontal
The plane that cuts the body lengthwise and separates the body into anterior and posterior portions is called _____
Parietal lobe
The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the ______ lobe
Which of these happens first in a cholinergic synaptic transmission
The synaptic vesicles release acetylcholine
Hemidesmosomes
What attaches epithelial cells to the basement membrane?
An electrolyte is
a substance that conducts electricity when placed in solution.
The speed of an action potential depends on
all of the choices -whether an axon is myelinated or not myelinated - thickness of the myelin sheath - the diameter of the axon
Contraction of the arrector pili muscles causes the hair follicle to
become perpendicular to the skin, resulting in the hair "standing on end."
Muscle tissue is characterized by its
contractility
Normal pH for blood is 7.35 to 7.45. Maintenance of the pH in this range is
critical because enzymes work best within narrow ranges of pH
Enkephalins produce presynaptic inhibition in neurons transmitting pain signals. Increased levels of enkephalins will
decrease awareness of pain
The sensory speech area is Broca area
false
Bone
has a rich blood supply
If the broca area is damaged, the result is
hesitant and distorted speech
Mr. Miller has been hospitalized for the flu. The flu virus increases membrane permeability to K+. You would expect his cells to ______
hyperpolarize
Cartilage heals slowly after an injury because
it has few, if any, blood vessels
Sam adjusts solution A to increase its acidity. This means that the
number of hydrogen ions in the solution has increased
The hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a molecule of water are held together by _______ bonds.
polar covalent
If the charge difference across the plasma membrane is decreased
the membrane potential is more positive
Epithelial tissue is characterized by
tightly packed cells
Medial means
toward the middle or midline of the body.
When you walk up behind someone and tap their right shoulder, they will reflexively
turn their head toward the right
The brachial region is commonly known as the ____
upper arm
Organelles
vary in number and type depending on cell function
An individual hydrogen bond in a sample of water would be described as
weak and intermolecular
Gap junctions are functionally_____ synapses
electrical
Heat energy is
energy that flows between objects with different temperatures.
Monamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO inhibitors)
enhance the binding of norepinephrine to its receptors
Cephalic means
closer to the head.
Cations and anions that dissociate in water are sometimes called
electrolytes, because they can conduct an electrical current
Place cranial nerves in order of numeric name beginning with number I
1. Olfactory 2. Optic 3. Oculomotor 4. Trochlear 5. Trigeminal 6. Abducens 7. Facial 8. Vestibulocochlear 9. Glossopharyneal 10. Vagus 11. Accessory 12. Hypoglossal
Identify the material that would NOT be considered an important inorganic substances in our bodies
Glucose
_______ is a monosaccharide, whereas ________ is a polysaccharide.
Glucose; starch
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials(IPSPs) are associated with which of the following?
Hyper polarization of the plasma membrane
Chemical
Identify the type of synapse that includes a presynaptic cell, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic cell
Third ventricle
If a blockage forms in the cerebral aqueduct, where will CSF back up first
Premotor area
If a person decided to jump over a chair, which of the following areas organizes the motor functions needed to carry out this action
Longitudinal
If the esophagus were cut from superior to inferior, as it occurs in the thoracic cavity, this would be considered a ______ section.
Gap junctions
Structures that function in intercellular communication include ________
Between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater lies the______ and between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater lies the ______
Subdural space; subarachnoid space
Which of the following describes the position of the nose?
Superior to the mouth
Electrical
Synapses in which gap junctions allow ions to diffuse quickly from cell to cell are called______ synapses
A tissue has the following characteristics: abundant extracellular matrix, abundant collagen fibers, collagen fibers mainly parallel to each other. Which of the following injuries results in damage to this kind of tissue?
Tear in the tissue that attaches the gastrocnemius muscle to bone
Match the part of the diencephalon with its description
Thalamus - Largest part of the diencephalon; the sensory relay center of the brain Sub-thalamus - Immediately inferior to the thalamus; involved in controlling motor functions Epithalamus - Superior and posterior to the thalamus; contains the pineal gland Hypothalamus - Most inferior portion of the diencephalon; contains mammillary bodies; controls endocrine system
Nucleus
The ________ contains the genetic information of the cell.
If water accumulates between two sheets of glass, it is very difficult to separate them. Which of the following explanations best explains this situation?
The adhesive property of water holds the sheets of glass together
Temporal lobe
The auditory cortex is located in the
The function of acetylcholinesterase is to
break down acetylocholine in the synapse
The gluteal region is commonly known as the _____
buttock
Vitamin A, a fat-soluble vitamin, would move across the plasma membrane into the cell
by dissolving in the lipid bilayer
The minimum energy required to start a chemical reaction
can be lowered by enzymes
The absolute refractory period assures
completion of repolarization before another action potential
Electrolytes are substances that
conduct electricity when dissolved in water.
The stratum basale
contains cells that undergo mitosis to form new epidermal cells
Enzymes are proteins that increase the rate of chemical reactions by
decreasing the activation energy of the reaction
