a&p homework ch. 19

The images show the events that occur in your body after you eat a sugary snack. Put the events in the correct sequence.

1) blood glucose becomes high 2) pancreas releases insulin 3) insulin binds to receptors on target cells 4) cells take in glucose 5) blood glucose returns to normal

What is the average normal pH range of blood?

7.35-7.45

Where is thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) made? Select from letters A-D.

A

This diagram shows how the body keeps blood glucose at a normal level.

A. Pancreas releases insulin B.Body cells take up more glucose c. liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen d. blood glucose decreases to normal e. pancreas releases glucagon f.liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose to the blood g. blood glucose increases to normal

As a result of stress the adenohypophysis (anterior lobe of the pituitary) releases ________, which stimulates release of hormones from the adrenal cortex that retain sodium and water and increase blood sugar.

ACTH

What is the target organ of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)? Select from letters A-D.

B: anterior pituitary

Adult onset diabetes, diabetes type 2, can best be described using which of the following concepts?

Constantly high blood sugar leads to high insulin release. High amounts of insulin lead to down-regulation of insulin receptors.

A 25-year-old male was admitted to the medical/surgical unit with a blood glucose level of 600 mg/dl. On assessment, the nurse observed that his breathing was deep and rapid, and his breath smelled of acetone. His face was flushed, his skin was dry, and his pH was low. What is the diagnosis and what physiological response is occurring?

Diabetes mellitus. The nervous system responds by initiating rapid deep breathing to blow off carbon dioxide from the blood and increase pH.

The anatomical effects of acromegaly can usually be reversed by surgically removing the tumor from the anterior pituitary. T/F

FALSE>>

Mrs. James appeared at the clinic complaining of extreme nervousness and sweating, saying that she could feel and hear her heart thumping when she tried to sleep at night. Laboratory testing revealed hyperglycemia and increased basal metabolic rate. Although she also proved to have high blood pressure, tests of thyroid function were normal. What is your diagnosis? What treatment should be used?

Hypersecretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine; treatment is removal of any tumor in the adrenal medulla, and/or irradiation of the adrenal medulla.

Which of the following is a hormone produced by the posterior pituitary? oxytocin ADH prolactin None of the listed responses is correct.

None of the listed responses is correct.

The inner part of which of these glands is part of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

The adrenal medulla contains postganglionic neurons (lacking dendrites and axons) of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system and secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood as hormones.

John is a 26-year-old man who begins to notice a progressive enlargement of feet, hands, cranium, nose, and lower jaw bone. His doctor recommends irradiation of the pituitary gland. What is the most likely diagnosis, and what caused this condition?

The diagnosis is acromegaly. The condition results from excess secretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland postpuberty and after the epiphyseal plates of the long bones have fused.

Hormones that regulate the secretory action of other endocrine glands are called __________.

Tropins, or tropic hormones, are hormones that regulate the secretory action of other endocrine glands.

The beta cells in the pancreatic islets produce insulin. True/False

True c:

Type 2 diabetics may reflect declining receptor sensitivity to insulin rather than decreased insulin production. T/F

Trueeee

Drag each label to the appropriate location on the diagram of a homeostasis pathway.

a. negative feedback b. endocrine cell c. hormone d. blood vessel

hypersecretion of growth hormone

acromegaly

hypersecretion of growth hormone

acromegaly (Giantism)

hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex

addisons disease

Which of the following glands is found atop the kidneys?

adrenal

Which of the following hormones stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids that help the body to resist stressors?

adrenocorticotropic hormone

What gland secretes growth hormone? (giantism)

anterior pituitary (lobe) stimulates secretion of hormones that stimulate body growth and metabolism

What hormone released into the blood (shown by letter D) by the posterior pituitary inhibits or prevents urine formation?

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract ________.

connects the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary

hyposecretion of the thyroid in infants

cretinism

hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex

cushings disease

Which of the following triggers the release of glucagon?

decrease in glucose

hyposecretion of the pancreas

diabetes mellitus

Which hormone(s) is/are essential to our ability to deal with stress?

glucocorticoids

An autoimmune problem involving the thyroid gland.

graves disease

Which of the following is NOT a homeostatic imbalance related to underactivity of the thyroid gland?

graves disease: The most common hyperthyroid pathology is an autoimmune disease called Graves' disease. In this condition, a person makes abnormal antibodies directed against thyroid follicle cells.

You would predict that iodized salt would have no effect on any cases of ____________.

graves disease; Graves' disease occurs due to hyperthyroidism. Iodine is an important precursor for the production of thyroid hormone.

Use the figure to match the following hypothalamic hormones with the pituitary hormone targets.

growth hormone- bones and muscles prolactin- mammary glands follicle stimulating hormone- testes or ovaries thyroid stimulating hormone- thyroid adrenocorticotropic hormone- adrenal cortex

The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called

homeostasis

What is required for the production of anterior pituitary gland hormones?

hormonal stimuli

ADH is...

inhibited by alcohol

A blow to the head may cause diabetes insipidus by ______.

interfering with the normal transmission of ADH to the posterior pituitary via the axons of hypothalamic neurons

is synthesized in the hypothalamus but secreted from the posterior pituitary

is synthesized in the hypothalamus but secreted from the posterior pituitary

it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system due to its location

it is a hormone storage area that receives two hormones from the hypothalamus for release

What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose

liver cells

Body cells that respond to insulin include

liver cells, as well as most of the other cells in the body

The diagram shows the steps in the homeostasis pathway that occur when blood glucose levels fall.

low blood glucose- cells in the pancreas- glucagon- liver cells- glycogen breakdown; glucose released into blood

which of the following best describes the main effects of insulin?

lower blood glucose levels.

hyposecretion of growth hormone

myxedema

hyposecretion of growth hormone

pituitary dwarfism

Which of the following is not a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus? polyphagia polydipsia polyuria polycythemia

polycythemia

Which of the following hormones mainly serves to stimulate milk production by the breasts?

prolactin

What property of a hormone would allow it to pass unassisted through a plasma membrane? -bound to a protein complex -lipid-soluble -charged -protein-based

soluble

Which of the following best describes gluconeogenesis?

synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources

A liver cell responds to insulin by

taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen

When blood glucose levels are low

the pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase

When blood glucose levels are high

the pancreas releases insulin

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________.

the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ

At which point has the hormone bound to its intracellular receptor but not yet entered the nucleus?

the receptor hormone complex has formed and is ready to enter the nucleus.

Which hormone is the body's major metabolic hormone?

thyroid hormone

what is the main function of hormones?

to alter cell activity. :o by.... altering plasma membrane permeability or membrane potential, stimulating synthesis of enzymes or regulating molecules, activating or deactivating enzymes, inducing secretory activity, or stimulating mitosis.

In _________________ diabetes, glucose levels remain higher than normal.

type 1 and 2

In ________ diabetes, no insulin is produced.

type 1`

In _________ diabetes, target cells do not respond normally to insulin.

type 2