A&P II Ch 25

12) In order for glycolysis to proceed, which of the following need not be present? A) glucose B) acetyl-CoA C) ATP D) NAD E) ADP

: B

16) The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during A) glycolysis. B) the citric acid cycle. C) electron transport. D) the formation of pyruvic acid. E) the formation of water.

: B

19) Although other nutrients can feed into the citric acid cycle, ________ yields energy the quickest. A) glycogen B) glucose C) protein D) fat E) an amino acid

: B

28) Most of the ATP from metabolism is produced in the A) citric acid cycle. B) electron transport system. C) cytosol. D) mitochondrial matrix. E) glycolysis.

: B

30) The end products of glycolysis are A) ATP, water, and carbon dioxide. B) ATP, NADH, and pyruvic acid. C) ADP and ATP. D) pyruvic acid and citric acid. E) NADH and FADH2.

: B

31) The process of synthesizing glucose from noncarbohydrates is called A) glycolysis. B) gluconeogenesis. C) cellular respiration. D) glycemia. E) glycogenesis.

: B

33) Fatty acids and many amino acids cannot be used for ________ because their catabolic pathways produce acetyl-CoA. A) glycolysis B) gluconeogenesis C) cellular respiration D) glycemia E) glycogenesis

: B

34) Carbon and oxygen atoms are removed as carbon dioxide in a process called A) anabolism. B) decarboxylation. C) deamination. D) oxidative phosphorylation. E) substrate-level phosphorylation.

: B

38) The electron transport system doesn't produce ATP directly instead it uses the hydrogen ion gradient to drive A) substrate-level phosphorylation. B) chemiosmosis. C) anaerobic metabolism. D) decarboxylation. E) deamination.

: B

46) During lipolysis, A) triglycerides are converted into molecules of acetyl-CoA. B) triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids. C) lipids are converted into glucose molecules. D) lipids are formed from excess carbohydrates. E) lipids are metabolized to yield ATP.

: B

6) When NAD+ is ________ it becomes NADH. When NADH is ________ it becomes NAD+. A) phosphorylated-deaminated B) reduced-oxidized C) made-recycled D) phosphorylated-dephosphorylated E) oxidized-reduced

: B

63) The conversion of ammonia into a less toxic substance produces A) ketone bodies. B) urea. C) nitrate. D) acetyl-CoA. E) water.

: B

68) The removal of amino group from a protein to prepare it to enter the citric acid cycle is termed A) transamination. B) deamination. C) decarboxylation. D) amination. E) beta-oxidation.

: B

71) All of the following occur during the postabsorptive state except that A) glycogenolysis occurs in the liver. B) levels of blood glucose are elevated above normal. C) ketone bodies may be formed. D) fat mobilization occurs. E) gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver.

: B

80) Nitrogen compounds of the body include all of the following except A) amino acids. B) oxaloacetate. C) creatine. D) porphyrin. E) purines.

: B

82) The major cation in cytoplasm is A) sodium. B) potassium. C) calcium. D) magnesium. E) iron.

: B

9) The chemical equation that correctly summarizes the overall reaction in oxidative phosphorylation is A) H2 + O2 → H2O + O. B) 2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O. C) 3 H2 + 2O2 → 3 H2O + 2 O. D) H2 + O2 → H2O. E) P + 3 O → PO3.

: B

95) The vitamin that is part of the coenzyme FAD is A) thiamine. B) riboflavin. C) niacin. D) folic acid (folate). E) cobalamin.

: B

98) The vitamin that is a constituent of coenzyme A is A) folic acid (folate). B) pantothenic acid. C) pyridoxine (B6). D) riboflavin. E) niacin.

: B

128) Physicians have found improved outcomes when forcefully cooling specific organs or the whole body prior to surgery in a process called A) shivering thermogenesis. B) nonshivering thermogenesis. C) induced hypothermia. D) cool exhaustion. E) freezing.

: C

13) The ________ of the mitochondrion contains large-diameter pores that are permeable to ions and small organic molecules such as pyruvic acid. A) inner membrane B) plasma membrane C) outer membrane D) matrix E) cristae

: C

18) The strategy of eating starchy foods for several days before an athletic event is known as A) carbohydrate craving. B) the Atkins diet. C) carbohydrate loading. D) glycolysis reaction. E) overeating.

: C

2) Reactions within ________ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell. A) cytoplasm B) the plasma membrane C) the mitochondria D) the endoplasmic reticulum E) nucleus

: C

116) When the temperature of the preoptic area of the hypothalamus exceeds its thermostat setting, A) peripheral vasoconstriction occurs. B) skin blood flow increases. C) rate and depth of respiration decreases. D) sweat glands are inhibited. E) blood is shunted to deep veins.

: B

123) The direct transfer of heat energy from one object to another through physical contact is called A) radiation. B) conduction. C) convection. D) evaporation. E) transmission.

: B

127) Which disease is not associated with obesity? A) heart disease B) gout C) cancer D) diabetes mellitus E) kidney disease

: B

56) Lipoproteins that are primarily sent to skeletal muscles and adipose tissues are called A) chylomicrons. B) very-low-density lipoproteins. C) micelles. D) low-density lipoproteins. E) high-density lipoproteins.

: B

59) Lipogenesis is common for organic molecules because the intermediate ________ is formed in most nutrient metabolic processes. A) pyruvate B) acetyl-CoA C) glycerol D) glucose E) lipoprotein

: B

89) The trace element needed as a cofactor for hemoglobin synthesis is A) zinc. B) copper. C) cobalt. D) iodine. E) silicon.

: B

107) An important trace mineral that acts as an antioxidant is A) iron. B) cobalt. C) selenium. D) chromium. E) magnesium.

: C

109) Scurvy is a result of deficiency in vitamin A) A. B) B. C) C. D) D. E) E.

: C

112) The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are A) carbohydrates. B) proteins. C) fats. D) nucleic acids. E) vitamins.

: C

113) A T4 assay is used to A) determine the number of calories in food. B) directly measure the basal metabolic rate. C) obtain an index of metabolic activity. D) monitor the energy efficiency of metabolism. E) determine the amount of oxygen consumed during metabolism.

: C

121) The energy content of foods is commonly given in units of A) grams. B) kilograms. C) kilocalories. D) moles. E) ounces.

: C

124) Heat loss to the cooler air that moves across the surface of your body is called A) radiation. B) conduction. C) convection. D) evaporation. E) transmission.

: C

40) What is the molecule labeled "1"? A) phosphoglyceric acid B) citric acid C) pyruvate D) NADH E) FADH2

: C

58) The complete catabolism of fatty acids is through the process called A) lipogenesis. B) glycolysis. C) beta-oxidation. D) glycogenolysis. E) adipogenesis.

: C

60) Lipoproteins are water-soluble because of a superficial coating of A) cholesterol. B) bile salts. C) phospholipids and proteins. D) triglycerides. E) glycerol.

: C

7) All the available nutrient molecules distributed in the blood form a A) nutrient storehouse. B) nutrient reserve. C) nutrient pool. D) energy reserve. E) organic storehouse.

: C

78) Following a meal, the absorptive state lasts approximately A) 30 minutes. B) 2 hours. C) 4 hours. D) 8 hours. E) 12 hours.

: C

84) A cation that is essential for muscle contraction, nerve function, and blood clotting is A) sodium. B) potassium. C) calcium. D) magnesium. E) selenium.

: C

85) An ion that is a necessary component of high-energy compounds and nucleic acids and a structural component of bone is the ________ ion. A) chloride B) sulfate C) phosphate D) bicarbonate E) iodide

: C

87) An element that is a component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes is A) calcium. B) magnesium. C) iron. D) zinc. E) cobalt.

: C

88) The element that is necessary for the proper function of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase is A) iron. B) cobalt. C) zinc. D) selenium. E) iodine.

: C

99) The vitamin that is a coenzyme in amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism is A) pantothenic acid. B) pyridoxine (B6). C) folic acid (folate). D) vitamin C. E) vitamin K.

: C

103) The term ________ refers to an unhealthy state resulting from inadequate intake of one or more nutrients that becomes life-threatening as the deficiencies accumulate. A) malabsorption B) binging C) purging D) malnutrition E) maladaptation

: D

125) The loss of heat energy by vaporizing water is called A) radiation. B) conduction. C) convection. D) evaporation. E) transmission.

: D

52) ________ are the largest lipoproteins, ranging in diameter up to 0.5 μm. A) Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) B) Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) C) Micelles D) High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) E) Chylomicrons

: E

29) In the citric acid cycle, a 2 carbon molecule and a 4 carbon molecule combine to produce A) fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate. B) carbon dioxide. C) pyruvic acid. D) NADH. E) citric acid.

: E

32) The process of glycogen formation is known as A) glycolysis. B) gluconeogenesis. C) cellular respiration. D) glycemia. E) glycogenesis.

: E

101) Impaired fat absorption in the intestine would interfere with the absorption of A) vitamin A. B) vitamin B12. C) vitamin C. D) niacin. E) riboflavin.

: A

108) Taking excess vitamins can be dangerous. It is possible to overdose on vitamin A) A. B) B1. C) B6. D) B7. E) C.

: A

111) Factors that influence an individual's BMR (basal metabolic rate) include all of the following except A) physical exertion. B) age. C) body weight. D) genetics. E) gender.

: A

117) All of the following occur when the temperature of the preoptic area of the hypothalamus drops below its thermostat setting except A) blood flow to the skin increases. B) shivering thermogenesis occurs. C) nonshivering thermogenesis occurs. D) epinephrine levels rise. E) blood returning from limbs is shunted to deep veins.

: A

120) More than half the heat is lost from the body indoors through the process of A) radiation. B) conduction. C) convection. D) evaporation. E) concentration.

: A

102) Eating disorders are common among girls and young women. They result from a psychological problem that causes inadequate or excessive food consumption. Two major eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and A) marasmus. B) bulimia. C) beriberi. D) ketosis. E) pyrexia.

: B

105) Which of these is not a nitrogen compound? A) amino acids B) glycerol C) purines and pyrimidines D) creatine E) porphyrins

: B

104) Inorganic ions released through the dissociation of electrolytes are called A) nutrients. B) vitamins. C) trace minerals. D) free radicals. E) minerals.

: E

118) Which of the following individuals would lose heat the fastest in a cold room? A) an adult man B) an adult woman C) an adolescent male D) a child E) a newborn infant

: E

119) Which of the following statements regarding brown fat is false? A) Brown fat is found in infants. B) Brown fat functions in nonshivering thermogenesis. C) Brown fat contains a rich vascular supply. D) Brown fat is innervated by the sympathetic nervous system. E) Brown fat is concentrated around visceral organs in the adult.

: E

126) In resting individuals, energy use is proportional to A) amount of lipids in the diet. B) carbon dioxide produced during cellular respiration. C) total caloric intake. D) weight. E) oxygen consumption.

: E

64) Urea is formed in the A) liver. B) stomach. C) kidneys. D) small intestine. E) large intestine.

: A

94) The vitamin whose deficiency causes beriberi is A) thiamine. B) riboflavin. C) niacin. D) folic acid (folate). E) cobalamin.

: A

97) A vitamin obtained that is a coenzyme in amino acid and lipid metabolism is A) pyridoxine (B6). B) thiamine. C) riboflavin. D) folic acid (folate). E) niacin.

: A

5) What is the role of NADH in metabolism? A) convert pyruvic acid into acetyl-coA B) produce bicarbonate ions for a pH buffer C) transport hydrogen atoms to coenzymes D) produce carbon dioxide E) phosphorylate ADP into ATP

: C

50) Linoleic acid and linolenic acid are examples of A) transport proteins. B) lipoproteins. C) essential fatty acids. D) essential amino acids. E) vitamins.

: C

41) What is the molecule labeled "2"? A) hydrogen atoms B) citric acid C) NADH D) carbon dioxide E) FADH2

: D

114) The condition when excessive fluid loss from sweating disrupts thermoregulatory mechanisms is known as A) thermoneogenesis. B) heat exhaustion. C) hydrosis. D) heat stroke. E) hypothermia.

: B

10) The function of the citric acid cycle is to A) remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes. B) transfer the acetyl group gained from glycolysis to molecules of pyruvate. C) hydrolyze glucose in the presence of oxygen to obtain two pyruvate molecules. D) produce carbon dioxide to balance the oxygen requirement for cellular respiration. E) produce water.

: A

15) The citric acid cycle A) begins with the formation of a molecule of citric acid. B) directly produces most of the ATP from the catabolism of glucose. C) consumes two moles of carbon dioxide. D) contains enzymes called cytochromes. E) forms acetyl-CoA from glucose-6-phosphate.

: A

17) In glycolysis, each molecule of glucose that is catabolized gives a net yield of how many molecules of ATP? A) 2 B) 4 C) 30 D) 36 E) 38

: A

24) Oxygen is an important molecule in which of the following? A) citric acid cycle and ETS B) glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and ETS C) citric acid cycle only D) glycolysis only E) ETS only

: A

27) The end products of aerobic respiration are A) carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. B) pyruvic acid and carbon dioxide. C) carbon dioxide and alcohol. D) oxygen and water. E) NADH and FADH2.

: A

37) The formation of GTP from GDP in the citric acid cycle is an example of A) substrate-level phosphorylation. B) oxidative phosphorylation. C) decarboxylation. D) cellular respiration. E) aerobic metabolism.

: A

4) The study of the flow of energy and its transformations is called A) energetics. B) glycolysis. C) cellular respiration. D) thermodynamics. E) metabolism.

: A

42) What is the substance labeled "4"? A) hydrogen atoms B) citric acid C) 4 carbon molecule D) NADH E) FADH2

: A

55) Lipoproteins that are formed within the intestinal epithelium to transfer dietary fats into circulation are called A) chylomicrons. B) very-low-density lipoproteins. C) micelles. D) low-density lipoproteins. E) high-density lipoproteins.

: A

66) A high uric acid level (above 7.4 mg/dl) can lead to the painful condition known as A) gout. B) rheumatoid arthritis. C) anorexia nervosa. D) lupus. E) ketosis.

: A

69) Protein malnourishment may occur if the diet is deficient in A) essential amino acids. B) nonessential amino acids. C) urea. D) ammonia. E) keto acids.

: A

70) During the absorptive state, A) the liver forms glycogen. B) adipocytes release fatty acids to the circulation. C) skeletal muscle breaks down glycogen. D) insulin levels are low. E) skeletal muscle fibers release glucose.

: A

73) When the body is relying on internal energy reserves to continue meeting its energy demands, it is in the ________ state. A) postabsorptive B) absorptive C) starvation D) deprivation E) preabsorptive

: A

74) During the postabsorptive state, ________ stimulate(s) lipid catabolism. A) glucocorticoids B) androgens C) insulin D) glucagon E) gastrin

: A

75) All of the following complement the actions of glucocorticoids in the postabsorptive state except A) insulin. B) growth hormone. C) glucagon. D) epinephrine.

: A

76) Compounds that cells can use to make glucose include all of the following, except A) acetyl-CoA. B) glycerol. C) some amino acids. D) lactate. E) pyruvate.

: A

81) The major cation in extracellular fluid is A) sodium. B) potassium. C) calcium. D) magnesium. E) iron.

: A

83) The major anion in body fluids is A) chloride. B) bicarbonate. C) sulfate. D) iodide. E) phosphate.

: A

90) The vitamin that plays a role in maintaining epithelia and is required for the synthesis of visual pigments is vitamin A) A. B) B. C) C. D) D. E) E.

: A

11) In the ETS, ________ accepts electrons from one molecule and transfers them to another. A) a hydrogen ion B) a coenzyme C) the acetyl group D) ADP E) NAD

: B

21) In oxidative phosphorylation, energy for the synthesis of ATP is directly obtained from the A) splitting of oxygen molecules. B) breaking of the covalent bonds in glucose. C) movement of hydrogen ions through channels in the inner mitochondrial membrane. D) combination of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen to form water. E) oxidation of acetyl-CoA.

: C

22) How many net ATP molecules are produced by the complete metabolism (all pathways) of one glucose molecule? A) 2-4 ATP B) 6 ATP C) 30-32 ATP D) 100-120 ATP E) 150 ATP

: C

43) What is the molecule labeled "7"? A) hydrogen atoms B) citric acid C) 4 carbon molecule D) NADH E) FADH2

: C

44) What is the molecule labeled "3"? A) ADP B) carbon dioxide C) NADH D) hydrogen atoms E) pyruvate

: C

47) All of the following are true of beta-oxidation except that A) it occurs in the mitochondria. B) fatty acids break down into two-carbon fragments. C) lipids are converted into glycogen molecules. D) it requires coenzyme A, NAD, and FAD. E) it yields large amounts of ATP.

: C

54) Fatty acids that are necessary for proper health but cannot be synthesized by the body are called ________ fatty acids. A) oxidative B) metabolic C) essential D) vital E) non-metabolic

: C

62) In transamination, the amino group of an amino acid is A) converted to ammonia. B) converted to urea. C) transferred to a keto acid. D) absorbed by water. E) transferred to acetyl-CoA.

: C

96) The vitamin that is part of the coenzyme NAD is A) thiamine. B) riboflavin. C) niacin. D) folic acid (folate). E) cobalamin.

: C

100) Inadequate exposure to sunlight could result in decreased amounts of vitamin ________ in the body. A) A B) B12 C) C D) D E) E

: D

106) Which of these is not recommended in the MyPlate Plan? A) grains B) vegetables C) fruits D) oils E) dairy

: D

110) Fat-soluble vitamin overdoses primarily affect which organ? A) heart B) brain C) skeletal muscles D) liver E) lungs

: D

115) Obesity is defined as a body weight more than ________ percent above the ideal body weight for an individual. A) 5 B) 10 C) 15 D) 20 E) 30

: D

122) The term ________ refers to the homeostatic process that allows us to maintain a constant body temperature. A) thermogenesis B) thermodynamics C) thermochemistry D) thermoregulation E) thermography

: D

129) Which of the following is not a way to conserve or generate heat? A) shivering thermogenesis B) nonshivering thermogenesis C) vasoconstriction in the skin D) increasing the depth of respirations E) release of thyroxine

: D

20) The major steps in oxidative phosphorylation include all of the following except A) removal of hydrogen atoms from a substrate molecule by coenzymes. B) ionization of hydrogen atoms. C) decreasing the energy level of electrons passing through the electron transport chain. D) the breaking of carbon-carbon covalent bonds. E) the acceptance of electrons by oxygen atoms.

: D

23) The citric acid cycle occurs in the A) cytosol. B) golgi apparatus. C) mitochondrial intermembrane space. D) mitochondrial matrix. E) ribosome.

: D

25) The citric acid cycle is an aerobic process because A) ADP is phosphorylated. B) FADH2 is produced. C) citric acid molecules have oxygen atoms. D) oxygen is needed to remove carbon atoms as carbon dioxide. E) NAH+ is converted into NADH.

: D

26) The main purpose of the citric acid cycle is to A) produce Acetyl CoA so that the citric acid cycle can continue. B) produce proteins for energy storage. C) phosphorylate glucose molecules. D) supply hydrogen atoms to the Electron Transport System. E) produce citric acid to make vitamin C in the mitochondria.

: D

35) The two most important coenzymes for glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are A) ATP and ADP. B) FAD and FMN. C) NAD and ATP. D) NAD and FAD. E) ATP and GTP.

: D

36) During the citric acid cycle, both NAD and FAD ________ a hydrogen atom and become ________. A) lose-oxidized B) gain-oxidized C) lose-reduced D) gain-reduced E) gain-ATP

: D

39) Cyanide gas is lethal because it A) inhibits the kinase that phosphorylates ATP. B) inhibits the ATP synthase. C) blocks substrate-level phosphorylation. D) blocks the final electron acceptor in the ETS. E) binds NAD preventing it from being reduced.

: D

45) The lipoproteins that carry absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream are A) HDLs. B) VLDLs. C) LDLs. D) chylomicrons. E) coenzymes.

: D

48) Lipids A) deliver somewhat less energy than an equivalent mass of glucose. B) are difficult to store since they are not water soluble. C) yield quick bursts of energy. D) provide energy for cells with modest energy demands. E) are the primary nutrient metabolized in cells.

: D

49) Lipogenesis generally begins with A) glucose. B) amino acids. C) fatty acids. D) acetyl-CoA. E) succinyl-CoA.

: D

53) ________ carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver. A) Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) B) Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) C) Micelles D) High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) E) Very-high-density lipoproteins (VHDLs)

: D

57) Lipoproteins that carry mostly cholesterol to peripheral tissues are called A) chylomicrons. B) very-low-density lipoproteins. C) micelles. D) low-density lipoproteins. E) high-density lipoproteins.

: D

61) Removal of the amino group from amino acids in the first step of their catabolism requires a coenzyme derived from vitamin A) A. B) C. C) B12. D) B6. E) B9.

: D

65) Metabolism of amino acids in the citric acid cycle yields A) more energy than lipid metabolism. B) more energy than carbohydrate metabolism. C) approximately the same energy as lipid metabolism. D) approximately the same energy as carbohydrate metabolism. E) more energy than lipid and carbohydrate metabolism combined.

: D

67) Catabolism of protein is not a practical source of quick energy because of all of the following except that A) proteins are more difficult to break apart than lipids or carbohydrates. B) the energy yield from protein is less than the yield from lipids. C) one of the by-products of protein catabolism is ammonia. D) most individuals have little protein to spare before harming vital organs. E) extensive catabolism of protein threatens homeostasis.

: D

72) During starvation, A) carbohydrate utilization increases. B) gluconeogenesis ceases. C) there is a decline in circulating ketone bodies. D) muscle proteins are used as an energy source. E) carbohydrate reserves maintained by metabolizing inorganic compounds.

: D

79) Frank has diabetes mellitus and his blood pH has dropped. What is the most likely cause of his acidosis? A) a build up of urea B) excess ammonia production C) lipoprotein metabolism D) excess ketone formation E) increased glycolysis

: D

86) A cation that often acts as a cofactor for enzymes is A) sodium. B) potassium. C) calcium. D) magnesium. E) zinc.

: D

91) The vitamin that is required for proper bone growth and for calcium absorption and retention is vitamin A) A. B) B. C) C. D) D. E) E.

: D

1) The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called A) glycolysis. B) oxidative phosphorylation. C) catabolism. D) anabolism. E) metabolism.

: E

14) All of the following occur during glycolysis, except A) a molecule of glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvic acid. B) four molecules of ATP are produced. C) two molecules of ATP are consumed. D) hydrogen atoms are removed from organic molecules. E) a molecule of carbon dioxide is produced.

: E

3) The first steps of catabolism generally take place in the A) mitochondria. B) plasma membrane. C) nucleus. D) endoplasmic reticulum. E) cytosol.

: E

51) In order to determine the LDL level in a patient's blood, it is necessary to measure A) total cholesterol level. B) HDL level. C) triglyceride level. D) triglyceride and monoglyceride levels. E) total cholesterol level, HDL level, and triglyceride level.

: E

77) On a tour of African countries, Mark contracts a bad case of traveler's diarrhea. Because he can't eat very much, his body starts to use energy sources other than carbohydrates. This would result in all of the following, except A) increased levels of urea in the blood. B) ketosis and a decreased blood pH. C) increased gluconeogenesis in the liver. D) lipid metabolism. E) glycogenesis.

: E

8) Intermediary molecules that accept electrons and transfer them to another molecule are called A) nutrients. B) organics. C) ketones. D) metabolites. E) coenzymes.

: E

92) The vitamin that prevents breakdown of vitamin A and fatty acids is vitamin A) A. B) B. C) C. D) D. E) E.

: E

93) The vitamin that is essential for the production of several clotting factors is vitamin A) A. B) B. C) E. D) C. E) K.

: E