A&P II Ch14

Basophils

Inflammatory reactions: releases heparin (natural anticoagulant) and histamine (inflammation)

Explain why a mature erythrocyte lacks a nucleus

It is expelled during the last maturation step to increase the cell's surface area. It can consequently carry more hemoglobin, and in turn, more oxygen.

AGRANULOCYTES

Lack cytoplasmic granules;lymphocytes, monocytes

blood vessel spasm

(vessel walls constrict) a.vasospasm b.reduces blood flow

factors needed for rbc production

1. Vitamin B12 2. Folicacid 3. Iron

RBC Count (RCC)

4 million-6 million rbc's/mm3

Average WBC count (WCC)

5000-10,000 wbc's / mm3 blood

plasma proteins

7% of plasma volume 2.all produced in the liver

water

92 %. 2. Functions as solvent, in transport, temperature regulation, and serves as site of metabolic reactions

thromboembolism

A blood clot that has formed within a blood vessel and is floating within the bloodstream.

embolus

A clot that breaks lose and travels through the bloodstream.

antigen

A protein that, when introduced in the blood, triggers the production of an antibody

SITE OF ERYTHROPOIESIS

ADULT - red bone marrow = spongy bone in flat bones and epiphyses of long bones FETUS - yolk sac, liver, spleen

hemocytoblast

ALL BLOOD CELLS ARE FORMED FROM THE SAME LARGE PRIMITIVE CELL

infarction

Area of dead tissue (necrosis) caused by decreased blood flow to that part of the body

Explain why the solid portion of blood, formed elements, packed cell volume, or hematocrit are all composed of approximately 99% erythrocytes

Because they are the most abundant blood cell

Explain why red blood cells have a relatively short life span

Because they don't have a nucleus they cannot reproduce. They get "beat up" traveling through the blood vessels over the 120 day lifespan.

Fibrinolytic System

Fibrinolytic system provides checks and balances so that blood clotting does not go awry

granulocytes

Have granules in their cytoplasm neutrophils, eosinophils,basophils

what is meant by Rh incompatibility and its consequences

Rh negative mother is pregnant with first Rh positive fetus. Mother makes anti-Rh antibodies which do not cross placenta, but she is now sensitized to the Rh factor. Second pregnancy allows for IgG; Rh antibodies to cross the placenta and destroy the fetuses red blood cells. Ideally, Rhogam destroys these antibodies before they can do damage

leukopenia

WCC < 5000

leukocytosis

WCC > 10000

rh factor

a marker on Red blood cells that determine whether a person is Rh positive or Rh negative

leukemia

abnormal (uncontrolled) production of specific types of immature leukocyte

thrombus

abnormal clot

plasma nutrients

amino acids, 2.monosaccharides (i.e. glucose)

globulins

antibodies

fibrinogen

blood clotting.

agglutination

clumping of red blood cells

what is the tissue type of blood

connective

Name the process by which a leukocyte leaves the blood stream and enters a tissue

diapedesis

regulatory substances

enzymes,hormones

red blood cells

erythrocytes; contains hemoglobin; lack nuclei average life span 120 days

final step in blood coagulation.

fibrinogen to fibrin

blood coagulation

formation of a blood clot a. complex cascade of events (positive feedback mechanism) b. requires calcium ions

blood cells

formed elements

Neutrophils

general phagocytosis; acute bacterial infections;54-62%

primitive bone marrow cell from which all blood cells arise

hemocytoblast

Erythroblastosis fetalis

hemolytic disease of the newborn

plasma electrolytes

includes sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, and sulfate 2. Maintain osmotic pressure, Resting Membrane Potential, and pH.

Eosinophils

kills parasites; involved in inflammation and allergic reactions;1-3%

white blood cells

leukocytes; control disease

albumin

maintains osmotic pressure of cells (0.9%) and transports fatty acids

plasma gases

oxygen (needed for cellular respiration), 2. carbon dioxide (produced by cell respiration), 3.nitrogen (use unknown).

Monocytes

phagocytosis of large particles; In blood = phagocyte; In tissues = macrophage;3-9%

serum

plasma minus the clotting factors

platelet plug formation

platelets become sticky and adhere to one another b. platelets also release the hormone serotonin, which causes further vasoconstriction of the vessel

Diapedesis

process by which leukocytes move through blood vessel walls to enter tissues;

Lymphocytes

produce antibodies/immunity; viral infections, tissue rejection, tumors, TB, whooping cough

hormone that platelets within a platelet plug release that causes further vasoconstriction of a vessel

serotonin

two major components of blood and the percentage of each by weight

solid cells 45%-which is composed mainly of red blood cells. liquid plasma 55%-which contains water, electrolytes, hormones, wastes, proteins and much more

hemostasis in blood

stoppage of bleeding from a blood vessel

hematology

the study of blood

platelets

thrombocytes

platelets

thrombocytes; 130,000-360000 platelets/ mm3 blood; function-blood clotting

Leukocytes function

to control disease

functions of blood

transporting substances & maintaing homeostasis

blood type considered the universal donor and the blood type considered the universal recipient

universal donor - O universal recipient - AB

plasma wastes

urea (amino acid metabolism), 2.uric acid (nucleotide metabolism), 3. creatinine (creatine metabolism), 4. creatine (CP to recycle ADP to ATP in muscle & brain), 5.bilirubin (hemoglobin metabolism)