A&P II Ch14
Basophils
Inflammatory reactions: releases heparin (natural anticoagulant) and histamine (inflammation)
Explain why a mature erythrocyte lacks a nucleus
It is expelled during the last maturation step to increase the cell's surface area. It can consequently carry more hemoglobin, and in turn, more oxygen.
AGRANULOCYTES
Lack cytoplasmic granules;lymphocytes, monocytes
blood vessel spasm
(vessel walls constrict) a.vasospasm b.reduces blood flow
factors needed for rbc production
1. Vitamin B12 2. Folicacid 3. Iron
RBC Count (RCC)
4 million-6 million rbc's/mm3
Average WBC count (WCC)
5000-10,000 wbc's / mm3 blood
plasma proteins
7% of plasma volume 2.all produced in the liver
water
92 %. 2. Functions as solvent, in transport, temperature regulation, and serves as site of metabolic reactions
thromboembolism
A blood clot that has formed within a blood vessel and is floating within the bloodstream.
embolus
A clot that breaks lose and travels through the bloodstream.
antigen
A protein that, when introduced in the blood, triggers the production of an antibody
SITE OF ERYTHROPOIESIS
ADULT - red bone marrow = spongy bone in flat bones and epiphyses of long bones FETUS - yolk sac, liver, spleen
hemocytoblast
ALL BLOOD CELLS ARE FORMED FROM THE SAME LARGE PRIMITIVE CELL
infarction
Area of dead tissue (necrosis) caused by decreased blood flow to that part of the body
Explain why the solid portion of blood, formed elements, packed cell volume, or hematocrit are all composed of approximately 99% erythrocytes
Because they are the most abundant blood cell
Explain why red blood cells have a relatively short life span
Because they don't have a nucleus they cannot reproduce. They get "beat up" traveling through the blood vessels over the 120 day lifespan.
Fibrinolytic System
Fibrinolytic system provides checks and balances so that blood clotting does not go awry
granulocytes
Have granules in their cytoplasm neutrophils, eosinophils,basophils
what is meant by Rh incompatibility and its consequences
Rh negative mother is pregnant with first Rh positive fetus. Mother makes anti-Rh antibodies which do not cross placenta, but she is now sensitized to the Rh factor. Second pregnancy allows for IgG; Rh antibodies to cross the placenta and destroy the fetuses red blood cells. Ideally, Rhogam destroys these antibodies before they can do damage
leukopenia
WCC < 5000
leukocytosis
WCC > 10000
rh factor
a marker on Red blood cells that determine whether a person is Rh positive or Rh negative
leukemia
abnormal (uncontrolled) production of specific types of immature leukocyte
thrombus
abnormal clot
plasma nutrients
amino acids, 2.monosaccharides (i.e. glucose)
globulins
antibodies
fibrinogen
blood clotting.
agglutination
clumping of red blood cells
what is the tissue type of blood
connective
Name the process by which a leukocyte leaves the blood stream and enters a tissue
diapedesis
regulatory substances
enzymes,hormones
red blood cells
erythrocytes; contains hemoglobin; lack nuclei average life span 120 days
final step in blood coagulation.
fibrinogen to fibrin
blood coagulation
formation of a blood clot a. complex cascade of events (positive feedback mechanism) b. requires calcium ions
blood cells
formed elements
Neutrophils
general phagocytosis; acute bacterial infections;54-62%
primitive bone marrow cell from which all blood cells arise
hemocytoblast
Erythroblastosis fetalis
hemolytic disease of the newborn
plasma electrolytes
includes sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, and sulfate 2. Maintain osmotic pressure, Resting Membrane Potential, and pH.
Eosinophils
kills parasites; involved in inflammation and allergic reactions;1-3%
white blood cells
leukocytes; control disease
albumin
maintains osmotic pressure of cells (0.9%) and transports fatty acids
plasma gases
oxygen (needed for cellular respiration), 2. carbon dioxide (produced by cell respiration), 3.nitrogen (use unknown).
Monocytes
phagocytosis of large particles; In blood = phagocyte; In tissues = macrophage;3-9%
serum
plasma minus the clotting factors
platelet plug formation
platelets become sticky and adhere to one another b. platelets also release the hormone serotonin, which causes further vasoconstriction of the vessel
Diapedesis
process by which leukocytes move through blood vessel walls to enter tissues;
Lymphocytes
produce antibodies/immunity; viral infections, tissue rejection, tumors, TB, whooping cough
hormone that platelets within a platelet plug release that causes further vasoconstriction of a vessel
serotonin
two major components of blood and the percentage of each by weight
solid cells 45%-which is composed mainly of red blood cells. liquid plasma 55%-which contains water, electrolytes, hormones, wastes, proteins and much more
hemostasis in blood
stoppage of bleeding from a blood vessel
hematology
the study of blood
platelets
thrombocytes
platelets
thrombocytes; 130,000-360000 platelets/ mm3 blood; function-blood clotting
Leukocytes function
to control disease
functions of blood
transporting substances & maintaing homeostasis
blood type considered the universal donor and the blood type considered the universal recipient
universal donor - O universal recipient - AB
plasma wastes
urea (amino acid metabolism), 2.uric acid (nucleotide metabolism), 3. creatinine (creatine metabolism), 4. creatine (CP to recycle ADP to ATP in muscle & brain), 5.bilirubin (hemoglobin metabolism)
