A&P II Ch.22: Immune System and the Body's Defense

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Helper T-lymphoctes are referred to as:

CD4 cells

Helper T-lymphocytes are also referred to as:

CD4 cells

Helper t-lymphocytes are also known as:

CD4+ cells.

Which of the following components are required for the process of class switching to occur?

CD40 surface protein, CD154 protein, and cytokines

place the gases below in order of solubility, more soluble to least soluble

CO2 > O2 > N2

Vaccines trigger not only humoral immunity but also:

Cell-mediated immunity

Waxy secretion secreted by the external auditory meatus that may trap microbes:

Cerumen

Identify the process in which cells migrate along a chemical gradient, attracting immune system cells

Chemotaxis

Process in which cells migrate along a chemical gradient, attracting immune system cells:

Chemotaxis

The process in which cells migrate along a chemical gradient, attracting immune system cells

Chemotaxis

What are hairlike extensions of plasma membranes that in the respiratory system, function: sweep mucus upward.

Cilia

__ are hair-like extensions of plasma membranes that in the respiratory system, function to sweep mucus upward so that it can be expectorated or swallowed.

Cilia

_______ are hair-like extensions of plasma membranes that in the respiratory system, function to sweep mucus upward so that it can be expectorated or swallowed.

Cilia

The antibody titer is a measure of the concentration of a specific antibody in the ____

Circulating blood

The process of changing the antibody produced by a cell is called _____

Class switching

Which class of chemical messenger facilitates white blood cell formation in bone marrow?

Colony-stimulating factors

Inflammation

Complement increases this immune response through the activation of mast cells and basophils and by attracting neutrophils and macrophages.

Antigen-Antibody

Complement links these immune complexes to erythrocytes so they may be transported to the liver and spleen. Erythrocytes are stripped of these complexes by macrophages in these organs, and the erythrocytes then continue circulating through the blood.

Factors that affect an antigen's immunogenicity:

Complexity and size

Identify factors that affect an antigen's immunogenicity:

Complexity, size

Antibody titer:

Concentration of antibodies against a specific antigen in the blood

The stem of an antibody contains which of the following regions?

Constant

The stem of the antibody contains which of the following regions

Constant

Membrane Attack Complex

Created by complement, this protein channel compromises the cell's integrity, allowing an influx of fluid that causes lysis to the cell.

Small proteins called ___ serve a means of communication between immune system cells.

Cytokines

_______ serve as a means of communication between immune system cells.

Cytokines

Activated helper T cells release which two to stimulate other immune cells

Cytokines, interleukins

Various complement proteins kill target cells through the creation of a protein channel that allows fluid to enter the cell. What is this?

Cytolysis

Activated helper T cells are required to activate which of the following?

Cytotoxic T and B cells

Place the events of activation of a cytotoxic T cell in order:

(1) An infected cell displays antigen on an MHC class I module (2) A cytotoxic T cell binds the infected cell (3) IL-2 from helper T cells stimulated the Tc Cell (4) Cytotoxic T cell proliferates

Place the events of B cell activation in order:

(1) B cell binds free antigen (2) B cell proliferates (3) B cell engulfs antigen and presents it to a T helper cell (4) Activated helper T cell release IL-4

The 5 major categories of infectious agents include:

(1) Bacteria (2) Viruses (3) Fungi (4) Protozoans (5) Multi-cellular parasites

Place the events of activation of a T helper cell in order:

(1) Helper T cell proliferates (2) APC engulfs antigen and presents it on an MHC class II module (3) Helper T cell secretes IL-2 (4) Helper T cell binds APC

Correct order of events of inflammation:

(1) Release of chemicals (2) Recruitment of immune cells (3) Delivery of plasma proteins (4) Vasodilation

Order the phases of an acute hypersensitivity reaction

(1) Sensitization Phase (2) Activation Phase (3) Effector Phase

Activated helper T cells are required to activate which of the following?

- B cells - Cytotoxic Cells

Identify the antigen-presenting cells:

- B-lymphocytes - Macrophages - Dendritic Cells

Identify the cells that produce histamine and heparin:

- Basophils - Mast cells

High fevers can cause ___.

- Death - Irreversible brain damage - Denaturation of proteins - Vomiting -Seizures

Identify the true statements regarding active immunity

- Development of memory cells - Direct contact with an antigen

True statements regarding active immunity:

- Development of memory cells - Direct contact with an antigen

The benefits of fever are:

- Inhibition bacteria reproduction - Promotion of interferon activity - Accelerated tissue repair

Identify the true statements regarding IgG

- It can neutralize snake venom - It can cross the placenta - Predominant antibody in the lymph

Identify the antimicrobial substances released by the skin:

- Lysozyme - Immunoglobbin A - Sebum

Identify the phagocytes:

- Neutrophils - Macrophages

Identify the signs of inflammation:

- Redness - Swelling - Pain

Identify the lymphatic tissues:

- Tonsils - Spleen - Lymph nodes

Basophils

- are NOT phagocytic. - Release histamine heparin to trigger inflammation

Lymphatic System Functions

- return of excess fluid -defense against disease - transportation of absorbed fats - return of filtered proteins - (works with other systems)

inflammation

-- activates mast cells & basophils -- attracts neutrophils and macrophages

Activated helper T cells are required to activate which of the following

-B cells -Cytotoxic T cells

Identify the antigen-presenting cells.

-B-lymphocytes -Macrophages -Dendritic cells

Activated helper T cells release which of the following to stimulate other immune cells?

-Cytokines - Interleukins

Identify the true statements regarding active immunity.

-Direct contact with an antigen -Development of memory cells

Identify the true statements regarding IgG

-It can cross the placenta -Predominant antibody in the blood -It can neutralize snake venom

Identify the antimicrobial substances released by the skin and mucous membranes

-Lysozyme -Sebum -Immunoglobulin A

Identify the phagocytes

-Macrophages -Neutrophils

Which categories if infectious agents are eukaryotic cells?

-Multicellular parasites -Fungi -Protozoans

Identify the benefits of fever

-Promotion of interferon activity -Inhibition bacteria reproduction -Accelerated tissue repair

Signs/ symptoms of inflammation

-Redness -Pain -Swelling

Identify the characteristics of bacteria

-Single-celled organism - 1-2 micrometers in size

Identify factors that affect an antigen's immunogenicity

-Size -Complexity -Foreigness -quantity of the antigen

Identify the five major categories of infectious agents

-Viruses -Fungi -Bacteria -Multicellular parasites -Protozoans

High fevers can cause

-irreversible brain damage -denaturation of proteins -death -seizures

B cell activation

1)Cell binds free angtigen 2)Cell engulfs antigen and presents it to a T helper cell 3) Activated helper T cell releases IL-4 4) Cell Proliferates

Order the events that occur during the lifetime of a lymphocyte.

1- Formation of lymphocytes. 2- Activation of lymphocytes. 3- Effector response.

Correctly order the events of inflammation

1- Release of chemicals 2- Vasodilation 3- Recruitment of immune cells 4- Delivery of plasma proteins

Order the phases of an acute hypersensitivity reaction.

1- Sensitization phase. 2- Activation phase. 3- Effector phase.

Identify two characteristics of bacteria

1-2 micrometers in size, single-celled organism

Place the events of activation of a T helper cell in order:

1. APC engulfs antigen and presents it on an MHC class II molecule 2. helper T cell binds APC 3. helper T cell secretes IL-2 4. helper T cell proliferates

Place the events of activation of a T helper cell in order

1. APC engulfs antigen and presents it on an MHC class II molecyle 2. helper T cell binds APC 3. helper T cell secretes IL-2 4. helper T cell proliferates

Place the events of activation of a cytotoxic T cell in order:

1. An infected cell displays antigen on an MHC class I molecule 2. A cytotoxic T cell binds the infected cells 3. IL-2 from helper qTcells stimulates the Tc cell 4. Cytotoxic T cell proliferates

Place the events of B cell activation in order

1. B cell binds free antigen 2. B cell engulfs antigen and presents it to a T helper cel 3. Activated helper T cell releases IL-4 4. B cell proliferates

Place the events of B cell activates in order:

1. B cells binds free antigen 2. B cell engulfs antigen and presents it to a T helper cell 3. Activated helper T cell releases IL-4 4. B cell proliferates

Order the events that occur during the lifetime of a lymphocyte

1. Formation of lymphocytes 2. Activation of lymphocytes 3. Effector response

Order the phases of an acute hypersensitivity reaction

1. Sensitization phase 2. Activation phase 3. Effector phase

Place the events of activation of a cytotoxic T cell in order:

1. an infected cell displays antigen on an MHC class I molecule 2. cytotoxic T cell binds the infected cell 3. IL-2 from helper T cells stimulates the Tc cell 4. cytotoxic T cell proliferates

an immune cell is observed to present antigen to naive helper and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes...

1. cell is an antigen-presenting cell 2. cell may be a macrophage 3. cell may be a dendritic cell 4. cell may be a B-lymphocyte

which of the following statements is true about memory cells?

1. memory cells respond to antigens more rapidly than naive T cells 2. upon reexposure to a pathogen, memory cells engage in the T cell recall response, destroying the pathogen quickly

Order the phases of an acute hypersensitivity reaction

1. sensitization phase 2. activation phase 3. effector phase

functions of the larynx

1. serves as a passageway for air 2. produces sound for speech 3. blocks food and drink from entering airway

which of the following are among the four continuous and simultaneous processes of respiration?

1. systemic gas exchange 2. alveolar gas exchange 3. gas transport 4. pulmonary ventilation

the right lung has _________ tertiary bronchi and the left lung has ________ tertiary bronchi.

10, 8-10

B-lymphocytes/T-lymphocytes have unique receptor complexes. Each cell typically has _________ receptor complexes.

100,000

in external respiration, oxygen diffuses down a partial pressure gradient. the PO2 in the alveoli is __________ mm Hg, which the PO2 in the blood is _______ mmHg

104; 40

Death is likely to occur when core body temperature reaches

109 degrees Fahrenheit

Death occurs at what temp?

109* fahrenheit

restful breathing has a typical rate of ___________ breaths per minute and a tidal volume of _________ mL.

12-15, 500

there are several ways to measure pressure. standard atmospheric pressure is 760 mmHg. What is this in pounds per square inch?

14.7

the left lung has _____ secondary bronchi since it has ______ lobes; the right lung has ____ lobes and the ______ secondary bronchi

2, 2, 3, 3

which of the following statements is true regarding memory in humoral immunity?

2. memory b-lymphocytes are found mainly in the lymph nodes

during normal circulation, how much of the oxygen transported to systemic capillaries is released to the tissues?

25%

how many oxygen atoms would be bound to a hemoglobin molecule that is 75% saturated?

3

Fever is defined by having a body temperature of __ or higher.

38 degrees Celsius

Fever is defined by having a body temperature of ___ or higher.

38 degrees Celsius

Plasma cells have a life span of about ___, which is mainly spent in the ___.

5 days, lymph nodes

What is the half life of IgA in blood?

5.5

What is the half life of IgA in blood?

5.5 days

what is the tidal volume of a typical adult?

500 ml

Inflammation decreases and tissue healing usually begins within __ hours after injury.

72

Inflammation decreases and tissue healing usually begins within ______ hours after injury

72

Inflammation decreases and tissue healing usually begins within ______ hours after injury.

72

Inflammation decreases and tissue healing usually begins within __ hrs after injury.

72 (tissue healing takes longer to begin after injury involving inflammation)

the atmospheric pressure at sea level is typically close to which valve?

760 mmHg

High fevers can cause?

Death, irreversible brain damage, vomiting, denaturation of proteins, and seizures

Identify the last even to a fever:

Defervescence

Identify the antigen-preseneting cells.

Dendritic cells, macrophages, B-lymphocytes

Cytotoxic T cell

Destroys infected cells via apoptosis

Identify the true statements regarding active immunity.

Development of memory cells, direct contact with an antigen

Identify the process by which cells squeeze out of the bloodstream and migrate to sites of infection

Diapedesis

Process by which cells squeeze out of the bloodstream and migrate to sites of infection:

Diapedesis

Select all that are true regarding receptors on T-lymphocytes.

Different co-receptors can be present. CD molecules act as co-receptors.

Antigens are usually:

A protein or a large polysaccharide

Identify parts of the antibody pictured:

A- Antigen-binding site B- Variable region C- Constant region

Identify each antibody function in the picture:

A- Neutralization. B- Agglutination. C- Precipitation.

Identify each of the following in the picture.

A- Primary response. B- Secondary response. C- IgM. D- IgG.

The anamnestic response occurs upon the second and subsequent exposures to an antigen.

AKA memory response

Identify the benefits of fever?

Accelerated tissue repair, promotion of interferon activity, inhibition bacteria reprodution

Adaptive Immunity:

Acquired immunity

Active immunity can be either

Acquired or Artificial

Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is involved in:

Acute Hypersensitivities

Acquired immunity is also called ____ immunity.

Adaptive

B-lympocutes and T-lymphocytes are part of which immunity?

Adaptive

Cell-mediated immunity:

Adaptive

If the wrong blood type is given to a patient, their red blood cells clump up, because antibodies cross-link them in a process known as:

Agglutination

1. the TCR binds a peptide displayed with an MHC class 1 molecule of an infected cell. 2. clones of the cytotoxic t-lymphocytes are produced

All occur during activation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes

Humoral immunity refers to the type of adaptive immunity in which:

Antibodies are produced

Variable region

E?

What process that brings an exogenous antigen to a cell?

Endocytosis

Identify the immune system cells that are associated with allergies and asthma

Eosinophils

Identify the immune system cells that target parasites:

Eosinophils

Identify the immune system cells that target parasites.

Eosinphils

During inflammation, increased fluid, protein, & immune cells leave the capillaries & enter the interstitial space. This material is called:

Exudate

During inflammation, increased fluid, protein, and immune cells leave the capillaries and enter the interstitial space:

Exudate

Which of the following statements is true regarding failures of self-tolerance? Check all that apply.

Antibodies not only react against a pathogen, but also against the body's own cells. Upon exposure, antibodies may form against self-antigens the blood is not usually exposed to.

A bacterium is sloughed off the body along with epidermal cells. In this example, the body's adaptive immunity has prevented entry of the bacterium.

False

A hapten is an antigen that is capable of causing antibody production on its own.

False

A plasma cell is a mature helper T-lymphocyte that produces antibodies.

False

Active immunity is a natural process, whereas passive immunity is generated artificially.

False

B-lymphocyte receptors cannot bind the antigen directly, but instead must have it processed by another cell first.

False

Metals and plastics of artificial implants generally have high immunogenicity.

False

Most bacterial species are pathogenic.

False

The inflammatory response includes a decrease in the permeability of capillaries to prevent excessive blood loss after injury.

False

All IgM antibodies have what region in common?

Fc

Which antibody region is responsible for stimulating NK cells?

Fc

Which region of an antibody helps activate complement:

Fc

Which region of an antibody helps activate complement?

Fc

which region of an antibody helps activate complement?

Fc

Which of the following is not an example of nonspecific (innate) immunity?

Antigens

Vaccines produce:

Artificially acquired active immunity

_________ _________ result when the immune system does not have tolerance for a specific self-antigen and attacks the cells

Autoimmune Disorders

Vaccines are administered to increase the number of memory ___ cells you have for a specific antigen.

B

Identify the antigen-presenting cells.

B lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells

Basophils and mast cells are both pro inflammatory chemical-secreting cells. Which of these two cells circulates in the blood?

Basophils

Immune systems cells that are associated with allergies and asthma:

Basophils

Blood

Basophils can be found in what?

In a secondary response to a specific antigen, your antibody titer will ___.

Be Higher

Because memory B cells do NOT last forever, you need to get a(n) ___ shot for tetanus every 10 years.

Booster

Antigen-presenting cells display:

Both MHC class 1 and 2 molecules

the movement of gases into and out of the respiratory system follows ____________ law

Boyle's

eosinophils and lymphocytes are both types of leukocytes. t/f

true

A membrane attack complex is a protein that:

forms a channel in the target cell membrane that causes cytolysis.

plasma cells are b-cells that produce antibodies

true

B cell is first stimulated by:

free antigen

if the partial pressure of oxygen is higher in the alveoli than in the blood, which phrase describes the net movement of oxygen?

from alveoli to blood

Passive immunity lasts:

from days to weeks, and does not involve development of memory cells.

the paranasal sinuses are named for the bones where they are located. rank the bones in order starting with the most superior

frontal > ethmoid > maxilla

bones of the skull that house paranasal sinuses

frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, sphenoid,

Mycoses are __ diseases

fungal

Moldas and yeasts are types of:

fungi

Molds and yeast are types of:

fungi

the microglia of the brain are macrophages. t/f

true

which portion of the hemoglobin molecule is responsible for the transport of carbon dioxide?

globin

MHC class 1 molecules are:

glycoproteins

the exchange of respiratory gases depends on partial pressure __________.

gradients

Identify the substance that is too small to function as an antigen but can attach to a corner molecule, triggering an immune response

haptens

the postganglionic sympathetic fibers innervate both the _______ and the lungs.

heart

The ability of a plasma cell to produce a different type of antibody, class switching, requires direct contact between the plasma cell and

helper T-lymphocytes

how does temperature affect oxygen binding to hemoglobin?

hemoglobin is less likely to bind oxygen at elevated temperatures

alveoli have a unique shape, best described as _______________

hexagonal

the __________ of the lung is where the bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymph vessels and nerves pass through

hilum

the visceral and parietal pleural layers are continuous at the ___________ of each lung

hilum

Identify the chemical of inflammation that causes vasodilation

histamine

the ______ fissure separates the superior and middle lobe, while the _______ fissure separates the middle from the inferior lobe

horizontal, oblique

secondary lymphatic structures do...

house lymphocytes and other immune cells following their formation and provide the site where an immune response is initiated (surveillance)

antibody-mediated immunity is also called _______ immunity

humoral

Antibody-mediated immunity is also called

humoral immunity

Antibody-mediated immunity is also:

humoral immunity

Identify the gel-like substance located in the dermis of the skin that slows the movement of microbes

hyaluronic acid

Identify the gel-like substance located in the dermis of the skin that slows the movement of microbes.

hyaluronic acid

which of the following substances can be carried in the blood bound to hemoglobin?

hydrogen ions (protons); oxygen; carbon dioxide

exercise may cause an increase in the depth of breathing

hypernea

a person hiking up to high altitudes may ___________ in an attempt to gain more oxygen

hyperventilate

which of the following are terms to describe the types of hypoventilation?

hypopnea, bradypnea

Pyrogens target the:

hypothalamus

what are the potential consequences of hypoventilation?

hypoxia and hypercapnia

What are the five main classes of immunoglobulins found in humans?

igA, igD, igE, igG, igM

The most prevalent antibody in blood and lymph is

igG

Natural killer cells are able to detect unhealthy cells. This process is called __ surveillance.

immune

Natural killer cells are able to detect unhealthy cells. This process is called _______ surveillance

immune

Natural killer cells are able to detect unhealthy cells. This process is called _________ surveillance

immune

Antigen- presenting cells are ___, and they display antigens to both ___ and ___.

immune cells, helper t-lymphocytes, cytotoxic t-lymphocytes

Certain areas of the body actively prevent access to immune cells. These areas are said to have ________ _______

immune privilege

certain areas of the body actively prevent access to immune cells. these areas are said to have ______ ______

immune privilege

Antibodies are

immunoglobulins

Antibodies are:

immunoglobulins

IgA is primarily found:

in external secretions such as tears, saliva, and mucus

MHD Class I molecules present peptide fragments that are either "self" or fragments that are "nonself", in either case, the fragment becomes bound to the molecule while:

in the rough endoplasmic reticulum

even though alveolar air is drawn in from the atmosphere, the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in alveolar air are not equal to atmospheric air. which of the following are potential reasons?

incoming air mixes with air in anatomical dead space; oxygen diffuses out of the atmosphere and into the blood

the scalene muscles help to __________ the thoracic cavity dimensions

increase

Inflamed tissue feels warm due to:

increased blood flow and increased metabolic activity

Inflamed tissue feels warm due to:

increased blood flow and increased metabolic activity.

which of the following are examples of chemoreceptor reflexes?

increased breathing rate following increased blood PCO2; increased respiration rate following lowered pH of CSF

effects of emphysema

increased lung compliance; reduced number of alveoli; increased physiologic dead space; reduced respiratory surface area

which of the following factors will reduce the volume of airflow?

increased surface tension; smaller pressure gradient; increased resistance to airflow

the complement system ______ the inflammatory response

increases

the pressure of a gas decreases if the volume of the container ___________

increases

as blood flows through lung capillaries, the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood __________ and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide ____________

increases, decreases

Identify the function of pyrogens

induce fever

function of pyrogens

induce fever

Redness, heat, and swelling are cardinal signs of __.

inflammation

The function of helper t-lymphocytes is to:

initiate and oversee the immune response

Antimicrobial proteins are part of the _______ immune system

innate

Macrophages and NK cells are part of our __ immunity.

innate

Nonspecific immunity is another name for __ immunity.

innate

Nonspecific immunity is another name for _______ immunity

innate

Mucus in the trachea is part of the body's

innate immunity

Nonspecific immunity is another name for:

innate immunity

skin is an example of

innate immunity

In __ immunity, the body's reaction to foreign substances is the same each time it is exposed, but in __ immunity, the body's reaction to foreign substances is faster and stronger each time it is exposed.

innate, adaptive

Defensins and lysosomes are both part of ___ immunity and function as ___.

innate, attackers of pathogenic cells

pulmonary ventilation consists of two cyclic phases, __________ and _________

inspiration and expiration

Often a virus-infected cell will release __ to prevent spread of the infection.

interferon

a class of cytokines released from leukocytes are called ________, also referred to as IFN

interferon

A class of cytokines released from leukocytes are called __________ , also referred to as IFN

interferons

Antimicrobial proteins of the innate immune system are:

interferons and complement

Examples of antimicrobial proteins of the innate immune system are __.

interferons and complement

Examples of antimicrobial proteins of the innate immune system are ________.

interferons and complement

Activated helper T cells release which of the following to stimulate other immune cells?

interleukins and cytokines

which are classified as accessory muscles that assist in active exhalation, as in when you are pushing out extra air from your lungs?

internal obliques, rectus abdominis, external obliques, transversus abdominis

which are classified as accessory muscles that assist in active exhalation, as in when you are pushing out extra air from your lungs?

internal obliques; rectus abdominis; transverses abdominis; external obliques

the parietal pleura lines which of the following?

internal thoracic walls, later; lateral surfaces of the mediastinum; superior surface of the diaphragm

which events are occurring during quiet inhalation?

intrapleural pressure is decreasing; pleural cavity volume is increasing; the lungs are expanding; intrapulmonary pressure is falling

High fevers can cause __.

irreversible brain damage, death, denaturation of proteins, seizures

High fevers can cause _________

irreversible brain damage, seizures, death, and denaturation of proteins

the respiratory membrane consists of an endothelial cell of a capillary and the plasma membrane of an alveolar _________ _________ cell.

type 1

Airflow

is the amount of air that moves into and out of the lungs with each breath

compliance

is the ease with which the lungs and chest expand

epiglottis

is the large, spoon or leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage that helps prevent food and liquid from entering the larynx

air remains in the nasal cavity for a longer time so that ______

it can be warmed and humidified

Which is not an action of interferon?

it signals the immune system that secreting cell is part of the body and so should not be attacked.

When a chemical messenger has a short half-life it means that:

it will not have an extremely prolonged effect on target cells.

Standing in the elevator, someone sneezes on you infecting you with a new rhinovirus. However, it then takes 3-6 days until you produce antibodies because of the __ phase.

lag

the anatomical features of the respiratory membrane increase the efficiency of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange. which features increase efficiency?

large number of alveoli; large surface area; thin scammers cells lining alveoli

Standing in the elevator, someone sneezes on you infecting you with a new rhinovirus. However, it then takes 3-6 days until you produce antibodies because of the _______ phase

latent

standing in the elevator, someone sneezes on you infecting you with a new rhinovirus. however, it then takes 3-6 days until you produce antibodies because of the _____________ phase

latent

which of the following anatomical structures aid sound production?

lips, tongue, teeth, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses

the secondary bronchi that branch off the primary bronchi are also called _________ bronchi

lobar

the secondary bronchi that branch off the primary bronchi are also called __________ bronchi.

lobar bronchi

if two regions are interconnected, then gases will tend to move to the region of ________ pressure.

lower

the intracellular pressure is always ___________ than intrapulmonary pressure.

lower

which conditions would cause the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve to shift left?

lowered PCO2, lowered temperature, elevated pH

gas transport is the movement of respiratory gases in blood between the ____________ and systemic cells

lungs

secondary lymphatic structures

lymph nodes, sleep, tonsils, lymphatic nodules and MALT

recirculation

lymphocyte do not stay in secondary lymph structures permanently but move out after several days. this process is called

a seconary lymphatic structure

lymphocytes usually first encounter their foreign antigen in

which are found in the mucous lining the respiratory tract?

lysozome, defensins, immunoglobulins, mucin

Our salivary glands produce what antimicrobial enzyme?

lysozyme

When monocytes leave the blood stream they become:

macrophages

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is caused by prions. It is also called ________

mad cow disease

both the growth of the thyroid cartilage and the longer and thicker vocal folds in mature _____________ help explain why they typically have deeper voice than ___________.

males, females

Identify the process in which leukocytes tightly adhere to capillaries

margination

Identify the process in which leukocytes tightly adhere to capillaries.

margination

Which cells resemble basophils and are derived from:

mast cells

Identify the cells that produce histamine and heparin

mast cells and basophils

total lung capacity is the _______ _______ of air that the lungs can hold

maximum volume

the greatest amount of air that can be taken into and expelled from the lungs in one minute is the ______________.

maximum voluntary ventilation

central chemoreceptors are found in the ventrolateral surface of the _____________.

medulla

Activated B-lymphocytes that do not become plasma cells become:

memory B-lymphocytes

the auditory tubes connect the nasopharynx to the _________ _____________.

middle ear

Identify the type of cell that becomes an epidermal dendritic cell.

monocyte

Identify they type of cell that becomes an epidermal dendritic cell.

monocyte

Dendritic cels of the skin are derived from

monocytes

according t the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve _________ oxygen is bound to hemoglobin at a higher PO2

more

according to the bohr effect, at a higher pH, hemoglobin is _________ likely to bind oxygen

more

the higher the solubility coefficient the ______ gas dissolves in a liquid

more

the changes in volume during forced breathing are greater than those during quiet breathing. why does this occur?

more muscles are involved

in the haidance effect, the _________ carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin, the _________ oxygen is released from hemoglobin.

more, more

neutrophils

most abundant; first to arrive; respiratory burst

Mucous Secretions

mucin, lyzozyme, defensins, immnuoglobin A,

Tapeworms are an example of:

multicellular parasites

Which categories of infectious agents are eukaryotic cells?

multicellular parasites, fungi, protozoans

T-lymphocyte that have not yet been exposed to its specific foreign antigen are called _______ T-lymphocytes

naive

T-lymphocytes that have not yet been exposed to its specific foreign antigen are called ___________ T-lymphocytes

naive

As t-lymphocytes leave the thymus, they are:

naive and immunocompetent.

the nose is supported superiorly by paired _________ __________ that form the bridge of the nose

nasal bones

the ________ ________ divides the nasal cavity into left and right portion

nasal septum

which type of cell responds to multiple antigens?

natural killer cell

Which type of cell attacks a variety of unwanted cells and causes those cells to undergo apoptosis?

natural killer cells

Lymphocytes are tested to see that they do not bind to any self-antigens. This test is called:

negative selection

When antibodies completely cover the surface of a virus so it can no longer infect a cell, it is said to be

neutralized

When antibodies completely cover the surface of a virus so it can no longer infect a cell, it is said to be ______

neutralized

when antibodies completely cover the surface of a virus so it can no longer infect a cell, it is said to be

neutralized

Which leukocytes is the first to arrive during the inflammatory response?

neutrophil

Select all that are granulocytes.

neutrophils

The three types of granulates are eosinophils, basophils, and __.

neutrophils

Which leukocyte is most prevalent in blood?

neutrophils

Identify the phagocytes

neutrophils and macrophages

innate immunity

non specific immunity is another name for

which type of epithelial tissue lines the oropharynx because it strong enough to withstand the abrasion of swallowed food?

nonkeratinized stratified squamous

Innate immunity is __.

nonspecific

Innate immunity is _________

nonspecific

Inflammation is a

nonspecific process that occurs in vascularized tissue

Inflammation is a(n):

nonspecific process that occurs in vascularized tissue.

the dorsal respiratory group is activated during which of the following?

normal inhalation and forced inhalation

the _____________ is the main conducting airway for inhaled air.

nose

components of the conducting zone of the respiratory system

nose, nasal cavity, bronchioles, larynx, trachea

which of the following are symptoms are hyperventilation?

numbness; dizziness; coma

the ___________ fissure separates the superior and inferior lobes of the left lung

oblique

The second time you are exposed to the identical antigen, you produce more antibodies more quickly because:

of the presence of memory

the second time you are exposed to the identical antigen, you produce more antibodies more quickly because

of the presence of memory B cells

the superior region of the nasal cavity is covered with ___________ which contains receptors for smell.

olfactory epithelium

Antigen presentation involves the display of an antigen:

on the surface of a cell so that a t-lymphocyte can be exposed to it.

Opsonization is the binding of a protein to a portion of bacteria, the binding protein (antibody)

opsonin

Opsonization is the binding of a protein to a portion of bacteria. The binding protein, such as an antibody, is called an _______

opsonin

What is it called when antibodies coat a bacterium, making it easier for macrophages to engulf it?

opsonization

what is it called when antibodies coat a bacterium, making it easier for macrophages to engulf it?

opsonization

which are the characteristics of the extrinsic muscles of the larynx?

originiate in hyoid bone or sternum, stabilize larynx, help with swallowing

the __________ is a common respiratory and digestive pathway through which both air and swallowed food and drink pass

oropharynx

lysozyme

our salivary glands produce what antimicrobial enzyme

which statement describes the movement of oxygen during external respiration?

oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the blood

the effects of exercise on blood oxygen?

oxygen remains relatively constant during exercise

the oxygen remaining bound to hemoglobin after passing through systemic capillaries is known as the _________ ____________.

oxygen reserve

what forms the nasal cavity floor?

palatine process of maxillae and horizontal plate of the palatine bones

which of the following form the nasal cavity floor?

palatine process of maxillae; horizontal plate of the palatine bones

Viruses must enter a cell to reproduce. They are called obligate intracellular

parasites

Viruses must enter a cell to reproduce. They are called obligate intracellular __.

parasites

Viruses must enter a cell to reproduce. They are called obligate intracellular _________

parasites

viruses must enter a cell to reproduce. they are called obligate intracellular_________

parasites

while ventilation involves movement of gases down total pressure gradients, gas exchange involves movement of gases down ___________ ______________ gradients

partial pressure

Immunity obtained from another individual is called __ immunity.

passive

Immunity obtained from another individual is called _________ immunity

passive

Immunity obtained from another individual is called

passive immunity

Innate immunity can be

passive or active

Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes destroy infected cells by releasing:

perforin and gransyzmes.

Activated cytotoxic T cells destroy foreign or infected cells using:

perforins and granzymes

activated cytotoxic T cells destroy foreign or infected cells using:

perforins and granzymes

Precipitation

pg, 878

Neutralization

pg. 878

macrophages

phagocytize foreign substances

____________ tonsils are also called adenoids

pharyngeal

is the frequency of sound waves and is determined by the amount of tension on the vocal folds

pitch

Activated B-lymphocytes differentiate into _________ cells that produce antibodies

plasma

activated b-lymphocytes differentiate into ________ cells that produce antibodies

plasma

Which type of cell produces and secretes antibodies?

plasma cell

Antibodies are produced by activated B cells called

plasma cells

Most activated B-lymphocytes differentiate into:

plasma cells

"complement" refers to a group of:

plasma proteins

between the visceral and parietal pleura is a potential space called the ________ __________

pleural cavity

which of the following events are occurring during quiet exhalation?

pleural cavity volume is decreasing; intrapulmonary pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure

a puncture to the pleural space by a knife, a gun or a broken rib that allows air between the parietal and visceral pleura is called a __________.

pneumothorax

pneumotaxic center is located in the

pons

Lysozyme attacks the cell wall of gram-______ bacteria

positive

T-lymphocytes that can bind with thyme epithelial cells that have MHC molecules have passed a test called:

positive selection

Identify the true statements regarding IgG

predominant antibody in the lymph, it can neutralize snake venom, and it can cross the placenta

Pulmonary surfactant coats the inner alveolar surface to reduce surface tension and _______

prevent their collapse

The process of antibody production after initial exposure to an antigen is known as the _________ response.

primary

at the level of the sternal angle, the trachea bifurcates into left and right ___________

primary bronchi

which of the following are considered part of anatomic dead space?

primary bronchi, trachea, secondary and tertiary bronchi

"Mad cow disease" (variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease) is caused by a:

prion. ?**

diapedesis

process by which cells squeeze out of the blood stream and migrate to sites of infection

endocytosis

process that brings an exogenous antigen into a cell

Upon activation, a T-lymphocyte:

proliferates to form clones and memory cells.

movement may increase breathing rate by stimulating ________ within joints and muscles

proprioreceptors

A membrane attack complex is the name for a:

protein channel

Antibodies are __________ produced in response to an antigen.

proteins

Complement system is made up of 30 different:

proteins

Cytokines are:

proteins

The complement system is made of 30 different:

proteins

complement system is made of 30 different:

proteins

cytokines are

proteins

in terms of their chemical structure, cytokines are ____; their function is to serve as ___.

proteins, chemical messengers

Malaria is a disease caused by a

protozoan

Malaria is an example of a disease caused by

protozoans

symptoms of altitude sickness

pulmonary edema; nausea; headache

which of the following conditions can increase airway resistance?

pulmonary fibrosis, thoracic cage arthritis, decreased elasticity of the chest wall

Alveolar type 2 cells secrete ___________ __________.

pulmonary surfactant

the oxygenated blood leaves the lungs through the _______ and returns to the _________.

pulmonary veins, left atrium

the term ________ ____________ is the process of moving air in and out of the lungs. the same term may also refer to the amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one minutes

pulmonary ventilation

Interleukin 1 and interferons act as:

pyrogens and trigger an elevation of body temp

the breathing pattern at rest is known as _______ breathing

quiet

Lymphocytes do not stay in secondary lymph structures permanently but move out after several days. This process is referred to as lymphocyte ________.

recirculation

Lymphocytes do not stay in secondary lymph structures permanently but move out after several days. This process is referred to as lymphocyte _________

recirculation

T-lymphocytes originate in ______ bone marrow

red

primary lymphatic structures

red bone marrow & thymus

Identify the signs/symptoms of inflammation

redness, swelling, and pain

A variety of lymphatic cells are involved in the immune response. Which is not part of the process?

replication of antigens

the terminal bronchioles conduct air into the ______________ bronchioles

respiratory

which of the following are consequences of hyperventilation?

respiratory alkalosis, hypocapnia, rising blood pH

which statement best describes the relationship between partial pressure gradients and respiratory gas exchange?

respiratory gas exchange cannot occur without partial pressure gradients

aspirated foreign objects are more likely to become lodged in the _________ primary bronchus

right

the ___________ primary bronchus enters the lung more vertically and is wider and shorter than the other one

right

deoxygenated blood is pumped from the _________ through the pulmonary trunk into ___________ which enter the lungs

right ventricle, pulmonary arteries

a lot of air forced through the ______ ________ produces a loud sound

rima glottidis

When compared to a primary response, the antibody levels in a secondary response:

rise more rapidly and with a greater portion of IgG antibodies.

When compared to a primary response, the antibody levels in a secondary response:

rise more rapidly and with a greater proportion of igG antibodies.

if all iron sites are bound to oxygen, a hemoglobin molecule is said to be 100% _________________.

saturated

Identify the antimicrobial substances released by the skin

sebum, immunoglobulin A, and lysozyme

a short lag time and high antibody titer during the ________ response is due to the presence of memory lymphocytes

secondary

Activation of lymphocytes occurs in:

secondary lymphatic structures

A secondary response to an infectious agent has a ___ latent phase than a primary response has.

shorter

A secondary response to an infectious agent has a _______ latent phase than a primary response has.

shorter

signals thought to trigger hypernea during exercise?

signals from proprioreceptors; conscious anticipation of exercise; motor output from the cerebral cortex

the bronchioles are no longer lined with pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium as the bronchi were but with ______________ epithelium

simple colmunar

Identify the characteristics of bacteria

single-celled organism and 1-2 micrometers in size

thymus

site of T-lymphocyte maturation

The first line of defense of innate immunity is

skin

Where are epidermal dendritic cells located

skin

where are epidermal dendritic cells located?

skin

sebaceous gland secretions

skin secretion that contains lactic acid and fatty acids

A virus is ______ than a bacterial cell, and a virus is composed of a _________________.

smaller, nucleic acid within a protein capsid.

if proper swallowing occurs, material from the oral cavity and oropharynx will be blocked from entering the nasopharynx by the _________, which elevates during swallowing

soft palate

Antigens are:

something that an antibody or T-lymphocyte binds to.

Antigens are:

something that an antibody or t-lymphocyte binds to.

The ability to ward off a specific infection or disease, usually as a result of proper exposure and the body's production of antibodies or lymphocytes against one pathogen, is called

specific immunity

the volume of air moving into and out of the lungs can be measured with an instrument called a

spirometer

Where are foreign antigens found in the blood usually taken?

spleen

thick mucous coughed up is known as ____________

sputum

Vaccines are effective because they:

stimulate the development of immunologic memory

Vaccines are effective because they:

stimulate the development of immunologic memory.

haptens

substance that is too small to function as an antigen alone but can attach to a carrier molecule , triggering an immune response example: lipid toxin in poison ivy

rough ER

synthesize MHC class 1 molecule

self tolerance

t lymphocytes learn to ignore self antigens, a state called

naive

t lymphocytes that have not yet been exposed to its specific foreign antigen

Antibodies:

tag pathogens for destruction by other cells

what factors determine the characteristics of sound as they pass through the vocal folds?

tension; length

which are parts of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

terminal bronchioles, trachea, pharynx, primary bronchi

Plasma cells typically produce antibodies _____

From the lymph nodes

Molds & yeast are types of:

Fungi

Molds and yeast are types of

Fungi

The five major categories of infectious agents include bacteria, protozoans, multicellular parasites, viruses and _____

Fungi

in which volume do you measure intrapulmonary pressure?

the alveolar volume

MHC class 1 molecules are:

Glycoproteins

HIV blood tests look for the presence of ________ _______ in the blood

HIV antibodies

HIV blood tests look for the presence of ________ __________ in the blood

HIV antibodies

Active means

the body carries out its own immune response.

antibody-mediated immunity is also called _____

HUMORAL immunity

Lipid toxin in poison ivy:

Hapten

the substance that is too small to function as an antigen alone but can attach to a carrier molecule, triggering an immune response

Haptens is

CD4 protein

Helper T cells contain

The ability of a plasma cell to produce a different type of antibody, class switching, requires direct contact between the plasma cell and _____

Helper T-lymphocytes

which cell type is targeted by the human immunodeficiency virus?

Helper t-lymphocyte

Chemical of inflammation causing vasodilation:

Histamine

identify the gel-like substance located in the dermis of the skin that slows the movement of microbes

Hyaluronic acid

Gel-like substance located in the dermis of the skin. Slows the movement of microbes.

Hyaluronic acid -

Is the breathing rate that exceeds the body's demand

Hyperventilation

Pyrogens target the

Hypothalamus

Pyrogens target the:

Hypothalamus

Positive selection tests to see if the _______ of a lymphocyte can recognize and bind to an MHC molecule

ICR

The second stimulation of B-lymphocyte involves stimulation by:

IL-4 released by helper T-lymphocytes

Identify the class of immunoglobulin that is found in mucus, saliva, tears, and breast milk

IgA

What are the five main classes of immunoglobulins found in humans?

IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM

Identify the class of immunoglobulin that has a half life in blood of 2 days.

IgE

Identify the class of immunoglobulins that is usually formed in response to allergic reactions and parasitic infections

IgE

Identify the class of immunoglobulins that is usually formed in response to allergic reactions and parasitic infections.

IgE

The class of immunoglobulins that is usually formed in response to allergic reactions & parasitic infections:

IgE

Which type of antibody is formed in response to parasitic infections and allergies, and has the effect of activating mast cells and basophils?

IgE

identify the class of immunoglobulin that causes the release of histamine from basophils and mast cells

IgE

Histamine is:

the chemical of inflammation that causes vasodilation

Identify the class of Immuni=oglobulin that has a half life in blood of 23 days

IgG

Identify the class of immunoglobulin that has a half life in blood of 23 days

IgG

Identify the class of immunoglobulin that has a half life in blood of 23 days.

IgG

In the blood, the antibody in most abundance is

IgG

Identify the class of immunoglobulin that is most effective at causing agglutination of cells and binding complement

IgM

Identify the class of immunoglobulin that is most effective at causing agglutination of cells and binding complement.

IgM

Identify the class of immunoglobulin that is usually a pentamer found mostly in blood

IgM

Natural killer cells are able to detect unhealthy cells. This process is called _____ surveillance.

Immune

Which of the following properties distinguishes specific immunity from nonspecific defense? Check all that apply.

Immunity is directed against a particular pathogen. The body reacts quickly to a pathogen to which it was previously exposed. When reexposed to a pathogen, there are usually no noticeable signs or symptoms of disease from that pathogen.

After lymphocytes are formed, they are tested to see if they are functional. Functional lymphocytes are:

Immunocompetent

Identify the antimicrobial substances released by the skin.

Immunoglobulin A, sebum, lysozyme

Antibodies are

Immunoglobulins

Antibodies are:

Immunuglobulins

Complement system does what to the inflammatory response?

Increases it

_______ the tension on the vocal folds causes the vocal folds to vibrate ________ when air passes by them and produces a ________ sound

Increasing, more, higher

Function of pyrogens:

Induce fever

Antimicrobial protein are part of the ___ immune system.

Innate

Macrophages and NK call are part of which immunity?

Innate

A class of cytokines released from leukocytes are called ___ (aka IFN)

Interferon

Class of cytokines released from leukocytes:

Interferon, also called IFN

A class of cytokines released from leukocytes are called __, also referred to as IFN.

Interferons

A class of cytokines released from leukocytes are called ________, also referred to as IFN

Interferons

Examples of antimicrobial proteins of the innate immune system are ____.

Interferons & Complement

Examples of antimicrobials proteins of the innate immune system are ______

Interferons and complement

Activated helper T cells release which of the following to stimulate other immune cells:

Interleukins and cytokines

primary lymphatic structures are involved in

the formation and maturation of lymphocytes

if a partial pressure gradient exists for a particular gas, how will this affect the movement of gas molecules?

the gas will move from higher to lower partial pressure

Complement protein synthesized where?

Liver

where are complement proteins synthesized?

Liver

Where are alveolar macrophages found

Lungs

Where are alveolar macrophages found?

Lungs

Which of the following increases the odds that a specific lymphocyte will encounter its specific antigen?

Lymphocyte Recirculation

Lymphocytes do not stay in secondary lymph structures permanently but move out after several days. What is this called?

Lymphocyte recirculation

Enzyme that attacks the cell wall of some gram-positive bacteria:

Lysozyme

Which class of major histocompatibility molecules is specific to antigen- presenting cells?

MHC Class II

glycoproteins

MHC class 1 molecules are

RER

MHC class 11 molecules are synthesized by the

When monocytes leave the blood stream they become:

Macrophages

Antigen-presenting cells:

Macrophages Dendritic cells B-lymphocytes

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is caused by prions. Aka:

Mad Cow Disease

The ___________ ____________ ____________ molecules must match as closely as possible to prevent rejection of the donor organs in an organ transplant

Major Histocompatibility Complex

Process where leukocytes tightly adhere to capillaries:

Margination

the process in which leukocytes tightly adhere to capillaries

Margination

Opsonization involves:

Marketing a target for phagocytosis and is facilitated by interaction of the Fc region of the antibody with a phagocyte.

Connective Tissue

Mast Cells can be found in what?

Cells that produce histamine and heparin:

Mast cells and Basophils

Hepatitis vaccinations often require more than one injection because _____

Memory B cells have a set life span

What immune system cell secretes cytotoxic chemicals? ie perforin

Natural killer cell

What is the process of Immune surveillance?

Natural killer cells are able to detect unhealthy cells

Identify the type of immunity that is passed from mother to baby through the placenta

Naturally acquired passive immunity

When antibodies completely cover the surface of a virus so it can no longer infect a cell, it is said to be:

Neutralized

Which leukocyte is the first to arrive during the inflammatory response

Neutrophil

Which leukocyte is the first to arrive during the inflammatory response?

Neutrophil

Leukocyte that is most prevalent:

Neutrophils

The three types of granulocytes are eosinophils, basophils, & ___.

Neutrophils

Which leukocyte is most prevalent in blood?

Neutrophils

Identify the phagocytes.

Neutrophils, macrophages

Innate Immune System

Neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils, natural killer cells, basophils, and mast cells all play a role in this immune system.

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Never Open Lions

Innate immunity is ___.

Nonspecific

Which is not one of the cardinal signs of inflammation?

Numbness

Viruses must enter a cell to reproduce. They are called:

Obligate Intracellular Parasite

Which type of antigen would have the greatest immunogenicity?

One that was large, complex, foreign, and abundant.

What is it called when antibodies coat a bacterium, making it easier for macrophages to engulf it:

Opsonization

which statements describes the partial pressures of system cells under resting conditions?

PCO2 of 45 mmHg, PO2 of 40 mmHg, relatively constant partial pressures

Antibodies are:

Part of the adaptive or acquired immune system.

Immunity obtained from another individual is called ___ immunity.

Passive

Activated B-lymphocytes differentiate into __ cells that produce antibodies

Plasma

Which type of cell produces and secretes antibodies?

Plasma cell

Match each cell type with its effector response:

Plasma cell - produce antibodies Cytotoxic T Cell - Destroys infected cells via apoptosis Helper T Cell - Releases interleukins cytokines to stimulate other cells

Activated B-lymphoctyes differentiate into what cells?

Plasma cells-produce antibodies

___________ is a condition that occurs when free air gets into the pleural cavity

Pneumothorax

Virissae

the hair in the nose that traps microbes

Laryngitis

the inflammation of the larynx

Identify the true statements regarding IgC.

Predominant antibody in the lymph, it can neutralize snake venom, it can cross the placenta.

Pyrexia:

Presence of a fever

Identify the small fragments of infectious proteins that cause disease in nervous tissue

Prions

Plasma cell

Produces antibodies

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death initiated by Natural Killer Cells, the cell shrivels and prevents the spread of the infectious agent

Upon activation, a T-lymphocyte:

Proliferates to from clones and memory cells

Benefits of a fever:

Promotion of interferon activity Accelerated tissue repair Inhibition bacteria reproduction

Antigens are usually:

Protein or large polysaccharide

Which of the following describes the correct sequence of endogenous antigen presentation?

Proteins are broken into fragments, transported to the rough endoplasmic reticulum and combined with class I MHC's, move to the Golgi apparatus, and then to the plasma membrane.

Malaria is an example of a disease caused by:

Protozoans

Identify the fiver major categories of infectious agents.

Protozoans, fungi, bacteria, viruses, multicellular parasites.

Which categories of infectious agents are eukaryotic cells?

Protozoans, multicellular parasites, fungi

MHC class 2 molecules are synthesized by the:

RER

MHC class 2 molecules are synthesized by:

RER

MHC class II molecules are synthesized by the:

RER

What structure synthesizes MHC class 1 molecules?

RER

identify the location of leukocyte formation

Red Bone Marrow

Identify the signs/symptoms of inflammation.

Redness, swelling, pain

which of the following affect the ability of blood to carry oxygen?

the presence of hemoglobin; the solubility coefficient of oxygen

Endocytosis:

the process that brings an exogenous antigen into a cell

variable

the region of the antibody that binds to the antigen is the __ region

what information is described by the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve?

the relationship between partial pressure of oxygen and hemoglobin saturation with oxygen

of the presence of memory B cells

the second time you are exposed to the identical antigen, you produce more antibodies more quickly because

shorter more

the second time you are exposed to the same antigen the lag phase will be __ and you will produce __ antibodies

why is hemoglobin necessary to carry oxygen in the blood?

the solubility coefficient of oxygen is very low

constant

the stem of an antibody contains the following region

Classical pathway:

the type of complement activation that requires the presence of antibodies

Autoimmune disorders:

the type of disorder that occurs when the immune system fails to recognize the difference between self-antigens and non self-antigens

Which part of an antibody attached to an antigen?

the variable region

Alveolar ventilation is different from pulmonary ventilation. Why is this the case?

the ventilation of anatomic dead space reduces the ventilation of the alveoli

what prevents small bronchioles from collapsing?

their small diameter

Helper T cell

Releases interleukins and cytokines to stimulate other cells

whats a similarity between peripheral and central chemoreceptors?

they both monitor pH changes

which of the following factors may make the chest wall or lungs less elastic and therefore increase resistance to airflow?

thoracic cage arthritis, pulmonary fibrosis, vertebral column malformation

Immunity can be transferred from mother to child. When the child's immunity is acquired:

through the placenta or through breastmilk it is passive immunity

Lymphocytes are tested to see if they are immunocompetent in the bone marrow and __ gland.

thymus

Lymphocytes are tested to see if they are immunocompetent in the bone marrow and _____ gland

thymus

Lymphocytes are tested to see if they are immunocompetent in the bone marrow and _______ gland

thymus

Lymphocytes are tested to see if they are immunocomptent in the bone marrow and _______ gland

thymus

T-lymphocytes mature in the

thymus

T-lymphocytes mature in the ________

thymus

When you get a flu shot, you are receiving a(n) __, an injection of weakened flu virus or virus particles.

vaccine

When you get a flu shot, you are receiving a(n) ____, an injection of weakened flu virus or virus particles.

vaccine

When you get a flu shot, you are receiving a(n) _______ , an injection of weakened flu virus or virus particles

vaccine

When you get a flu shot, you are receiving a(n) ________, an injection of weakened flu virus or virus particles.

vaccine

Identify the characteristics of bacteria.

Single-celled organism, 1-2 micrometers in size.

Where are the epidermal dendritic cells located?

Skin

antibodies

Specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents

Where are foreign antigens found in the blood usually taken?

Spleen

Identify the type of hypersensitivity that occurs within 1 to 3 hours of exposure

Subacute hypersensitivities

positive selection

T lymphocyte than can bind with thymic epithelial cells that have MHC molecules have passed a test called

Which type of lymphocyte has coreceptors that assist in the interaction of the lymphocyte with a cell presenting antigen?

T-lymphocyte

Antigen receptor for a T-lymphocyte:

TCR

when a virus infects a cell, some of the viral proteins are broken down into peptide fragments

TRUE

antibodies ____

Tag pathogens for destruction by immune cells

How is the complement system activated? 1 of 2 ways

The alternative pathway occurs when a bacteria or fungus binds directly to the complement protein.

Which part of an antibody attaches to an antigen?

The variable region

Defecation and Vomiting

These are a part of the first line of defense for the gastrointestinal. They are removal of waste from the digestive tract that eliminate microbes before they can be absorbed into the blood.

Macrophages

These are big eater cells that act as the body's "clean up crew". These reside in tissues and are derived from monocytes that are recruited to the site of infection. These cells produce a toxic environment for pathogens. They arrive after the inflammatory response begins and stay longer than neutrophils.

Basophils and Mast Cells

These are both pro inflammatory chemical-secreting cells used in innate immunity. They release histamine and initiate inflammation. They release heparin as an anticoagulant.

Antimicrobial Proteins

These are components of the innate immune system that function against microbes. They include interferons and complement.

Pyrogens

These are immune chemicals that reset the body's thermostat upward.

Antigens

These are known as any foreign materials that activate an immune response; antibody generators.

Coughing and Sneezing

These are part of the first line of defense for the respiratory tract. They are blasts of expired air that provide as a mechanical elimination of microbes or other foreign substances from the respiratory tract.

Cilia

These are part of the first line of defense for the respiratory tract. They are extensions of plasma membranes that sweep mucus upward so that is can be expectorated or swallowed.

Vibrissiae

These are part of the first line of defense for the respiratory tract. They are hairs in the nasal cavity that trap microbes.

Nasal Secretions

These are part of the first line of defense for the respiratory tract. They contain antimicrobial substances. These secretions contain lysozyme, defensins, and IgA.

Histamine and Chemotactic Factors

These are primary chemicals of inflammation

Interferons

These are proteins released by virus-infected cells that inhibit viral replication. They act as alarm chemicals for neighboring healthy cells. This does not save the infected cell, but it serves the healthy cells in the vicinity. They also recruit macrophages and NK cells. They are produced by many cells, including leukocytes and fibroblasts.

Antibodies

These are proteins that bind specifically to foreign materials.

Dermicidin

These are secretions produced by the skin and mucous membranes that help in the first line of defense. These are small proteins produced by the skin that serve as an antibacterial agent against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria and as an antifungal agent.

Defensins

These are secretions produced the skin and mucous membranes that help in the first line of defense. These are small proteins that create pores in the plasma membrane of microbes, comprising their integrity.

Neutrophils

These are the most prevalent leukocyte in the blood and first to arrive during the inflammatory response. These phagocytes act as the "suicide squad" for innate immunity because they often die in high numbers during defense.

Antigen Presenting Cells

These are the scouts of the immune system. They function specifically to communicate the presence of antigen to both helper T-lymphocytes and cytotoxic lymphocytes.

First Line of Defense

These are the surface barriers that prevent entry of pathogens

T-lymphocytes

These attack abnormal cells. They release cytokines for activating other immune cells or for destroying infected cells.

B-lymphocytes

These cells produce antibodies for the adaptive immune system.

Chemotactic Factors

These come from mast cells. They attract specific leukocytes during the first step of the inflammatory response.

Eosinophils

These leukocytes play a role in innate immunity. They release enzymes and neurotoxins that attack multicellular parasites. They also participate in the immune response associated with allergy and asthma, and engage in phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes.

Epidermis and Dermis

These two layers are part of the first line of defense to the skin. These provide a physical, chemical and biological barrier for the body surface. Composed of stratified squamous epithelium, areolar and dense irregular connective tissue

Neutrophils and Macrophages

These two phagocytes play a key role in innate immunity and function to engulf unwanted substances such as infectious agents and cellular debris through phagocytosis.

Epithelial and Connective Tissue

These two tissues are part of the first line of defense for the mucous membranes. They provide physical, chemical, and biological barrier of the body structures exposed to the external environment. They line the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tracts.

the closing of the epiglottis over the larynx along with the simultaneous contraction of abdominal muscles, known as the ____________ _____________, results in an increase abdominal pressure

valsalva maneuver

Select all that are true of prions.

They spread through infected meat. They are responsible for "mad cow disease".

Immune System

This defends the body against pathogens and damage

Adaptive Immune System

This immune system is specific, systemic, and has memory. B cells, T cells, and APCs (Antigen Presenting Cells) are the three main types of cells in this system.

Adaptive Immunity

This is a delayed response to specific antigens. These are specific defenses mounted after a foreign material is detected. It is uncommitted until a defense against a threat is needed. These defenses include T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes such as plasma cells. These resources are dedicated to a defense against a single threat. It is systemic throughout the body and it has memory so future encounters will be taken care of more swiftly and powerfully.

Complement

This is a group of 20+ proteins in the blood that when activated, act by enhancing other innate immune responses such as inflammation and opsonization, as well as directly killing invading bacteria by insertion of the MAC (membrane attack complex) into the bacterial membrane.

Inflammation

This is a non-specific response to trauma, heat, chemical damage, and pathogens. It functions to prevent the spread of damaging agents, disposes of cell debris and pathogens, and promotes repair. Hallmark signs are redness, heat, swelling, pain, and impairment in function.

Hydrochloric Acid

This is a part of the first line of defense for the gastrointestinal tract. It is a strong acid produced within the stomach that creates a very low pH that destroys many bacteria, bacterial toxins, and other microbes that enter the stomach.

Saliva

This is a part of the first line of defense for the gastrointestinal tract. This consists of secretions released into the mount from the salivary glands; contains lysozyme and IgA. It helps wash away microbes and contains antimicrobial substances.

Mucus

This is a part of the first line of defense for the mucous membranes. It's a thick secretion that helps trap microbes. Contains antimicrobial substances such as lysozyme, defensins, and IgA.

Sebaceous Gland Secretions

This is a part of the first line of defense for the skin. It creates a low pH that interferes with the growth of microbes. Consists of secretions that contain lysozyme, defensins, and dermicidin.

Lactic Acid

This is a part of the first line of defense for the urogenital tract. It's a weak acid that is produced by the vagina. It's low pH prevents the growth of microbes.

Lacrimal Fluid

This is a secretion the body uses for it's first line of defense. It's a fluid produced by lacrimal glands that contain lysozyme and IgA. It washes microbes away from the surface of eyes and contains antimicrobial agents.

Cerumen

This is a secretion the body uses for it's first line of defense. This waxy secretion is produced in the external auditory meatus. These secretions act to waterproof the external auditory meatus and may trap microbes in the external ear.

Natural Killer Cells

This is a type of lymphocyte that targets cells without a self identifier, making them non-specific. They play a key role in innate immunity. They are formed in the bone marrow and circulate in the blood, accumulating in lymphatic structures such as the lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleen. Once activated, they aggressively attack a wide variety of foreign and defective cells. These cells also induce apoptosis, a programmed cell death.

Fever

This is an elevation of body temperature in response to infection that enhances the activity of the immune system. It has a kinetic effect to increase the number of chemical reactions and inhibits optimal bacterial growth.

Innate Immunity

This is an immediate response to a wide array of substances. They are relatively nonspecific and constitutive. These defenses include skin and mucosal membranes that prevent entry and nonspecific internal defenses such as cells, chemicals, and physiologic responses.

Normal Flora

This is part of the first line of defense for the skin and mucous membranes. These help prevent growth of pathogenic microbes. Composed of commensal flora, including nonpathogenic bacteria.

Exfoliation

This is part of the first line of defense for the skin. It helps remove potential pathogens from the skin surface; sloughing off of epidermal cells.

Hyaluronic Acid

This is part of the first line of defense for the skin. It slows migration of microbes that have penetrated the epidermis. It's a mucopolysaccharide with a gel-like consistency that is located in areolar tissue of the dermis.

Urine

This is part of the first line of defense for the urogenital tract. It's formed in the kidneys and transported out of the body through the urinary tract, flushing microbes with it.

Opsonization

This is the binding of a protein to a portion of bacteria or other cell type that enhances phagocytosis. Bacteria are tagged for destruction by macrophages. This immune response is enhanced by complement.

Release of various chemicals

This is the first step in the inflammatory process

Delivery of Plasma Proteins

This is the last step in the inflammatory response. Antibodies, complement, kinins, and clotting factors are brought to the site.

Chemotaxis

This is the migration of leukocytes along a chemical gradient. Leukocytes move towards increasing concentration of chemokines (chemotactic factors).

Margination

This is the process by which CAMs on leukocytes adhere to the CAMs on the endothelial cells of the capillaries within the injured tissue. The result is similar to "cellular velcro". Neutrophils are generally first to arrive and are short-lived, followed later by the longer-lived macrophages.

Diapedesis

This is the process by which leukocytes exit the blood by "squeezing out" between vessel wall cells, usually in the postcapillary venules, and then migrate to the site of infection.

Vascular Changes

This is the second step in the inflammatory response. Dilation occurs, increasing blood flood to the injured region resulting in renews and heat. There is increased permeability so fluid from the blood enters tissues more abundantly, and there is a display of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) on vessel endothelia.

Recruiting Leukocytes

This is the third step in the inflammatory response. Margination, diapedesis, and chemotaxis occur.

Lysosome

This secretion is produced by the skin and mucous membranes and helps in the first line of defense. It's an antibacterial enzyme that attacks the cell wall of gram positive bacteria.

Immunoglobulin A

This secretion is produced by the skin and mucous membranes and helps in the first of defense. It's a specific type of antibody present in areas exposed to the environment. These antibodies bind with a specific foreign substance, an antigen.

Histamine

This substance is released by basophils and mast cells to increase both dilation and capillary permeability, initiating inflammation.

Heparin

This substance is released by basophils and mast cells, acting as an anticoagulant.

Lymphocytes are tested to see if they are immunocompetent in the bone marrow & ___ gland.

Thymus

Antibody ___ in blood serum is one measure of immunologic memory.

Titer

Acid is produced by the digestive and reproductive systems, aiding the immune system. Stomach produces hydrochloric acid and the vagina creates lactic acid.

True

After receiving a scrape on the knee, the area becomes red, swollen, and warm. Based on these symptoms, this is likely a site of inflammation.

True

Due to their particular constant region, an antibody is classified into one of the major structural classes.

True

Eosinophils and lymphocytes are both types of leukocytes.

True

In addition to creating a physical barrier to pathogen entry, mucus contains antimicrobial substances such as IgA.

True

MHC Class II molecules are loaded with antigen after the antigen has been digested into fragments within a phagolysosome. t/f

True

Many different antibodies can be made against a single antigen.

True

Negative selection is the process by which cells learn self tolerance. t/f

True

Over their life span, plasma cells produce hundreds of millions of antibodies against one specific antigen.

True

The Fc region of some antibodies can trigger the activity of NK cells. t/f

True

The T-cell receptor binds antigen that has been processed by another cell first.

True

The first and second lines of defense are considered nonspecific resistance while the third line of defense is considered a specific defense, or immunity.

True

the ______________ membrane attaches the thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone

thyrohyoid

cartilages from mouth to chest

thyroid then cricoid then tracheal

Antibody concentration in the blood is also known as antibody

titer

Antibody concentration in the blood is also known as antibody __.

titer

Antibody concentration in the blood is also known as antibody ___.

titer

Antibody concentration in the blood is also known as antibody ___________

titer

Concentration of antibodies against a specific antigen in the blood is known as the antibody _______.

titer

The concentration of antibodies against a specific antigen in the blood is known as the antibody _____

titer

The concentration of antibodies against a specific antigen in the blood is known as the antibody ________

titer

the circulating blood concentration of antibody against a specific antigen is referred to as the antibody_____

titer

the concentration of antibodies against a specific antigen in the blood is known as the antibody ________

titer

the concentration of antibodies against a specific antigen in the blood is known as the antibody ____________________

titer.

Oxidative Burst

Used by neutrophils and phagocytes; destruction of microbes and viruses is facilitated by the production of reactive oxygen containing molecules, such as nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide. These molecules are toxic to us, destroyed by antioxidants. The release of these molecules is called what?

The region of an antibody that makes it antigen-specific is the ____ region

Variable

The region of an antibody that makes it antigen-specific is the _________ region.

variable

The region of the antibody that binds to the antigen is the ____________ region.

variable

Cytolysis

Various complement components trigger this response, direct killing of a target by forming a protein channel in the plasma membrane of a target cell called a Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)

Identify the type of microbe that interferon targets:

Viruses

the region of antibody that makes it antigen-specific is the ___________ region.

variable

When an antibody binds an antigen, it is binding with its

variable region

HIV becomes identified as AIDS when which of the following occurs?

When the patient develops an opportunistic infection

cytolysis

various complement proteins kill target cell through the creation of a protein channel that allows fluid to enter the cell

Identify the lymphatic tissues

tonsils, spleen, lymph nodes

respiratory acidosis occurs when blood carbon dioxide levels are ___________

too high

Helper T-cells contain:

a CD4 protein

interferon

a class of cytokines released from leukocytes are called __ also referred to as IFN

characteristics among all the bronchi?

a complete ring of smooth muscle is found between the mucosa and the cartilage; the epithelium changes from pseudo stratified ciliated columnar as the bronchi get smaller; the amount of cartilage decreases as the bronchi decrease in diameter

Pyrexia is the presence of

a fever

Pyrexia is the presence of:

a fever

inflammation

a localized physical condition in which part of the body becomes reddened, swollen, hot, and often painful, especially as a reaction to injury or infection.

protein channel

a membrane attack complex is the name for

which of the following are potential causes of hyperventilation?

a panic attack; ascending to high altitude; conscious control of breathing muscles

Antigens are usually

a protein or large polysaccharide

Antigens are usually:

a protein or large polysaccharide

Lymphocytes usually first encounter their foreign antigen in:

a secondary lymphatic structure

Superior to the larynx is the laryngopharynx. Inferior to the larynx is the _________________ and posterior to the larynx is the __________.

trachea, esophagus

there are 15-20 c-shaped __________ cartilages that support the anterior and lateral walls of the trachea

tracheal

the posterior sides of the tracheal C-shaped pieces of cartilage are bound together by the

trachealis muscle

Identify the benefits of fever

accelerated tissue repair, inhibition bacteria reproduction, and promotion of interferon activity

If someone is infected with a virus, resulting in activated and memory B-lymphoctes and T-lymphoctes, they are exhibiting ____________ immunity.

active

Naturally acquired & artificially acquired immunity are types of ___ immunity.

active

The immunity that occurs as a result of a vaccination is ___ immunity.

active

The immunity that occurs as a result of a vaccination is _________ immunity.

active

Vaccines provide a type of adaptive immunity called artificially acquired __ immunity.

active

Vaccines provide a type of adaptive immunity called artificially acquired ____ immunity.

active

Vaccines provide a type of adaptive immunity called artificially acquired _____ immunity

active

Vaccines provide a type of adaptive immunity called artificially acquired ________ immunity

active

Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is involved in:

acute Hypersensitivities

Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is involved in:

acute hypersensitivities

Acquired immunity is also called __ immunity.

adaptive

acquired immunity is also called ______________ immunity

adaptive

A delayed response to a specific antigen is provided by

adaptive immunity

A delayed response to a specific antigen is provided by:

adaptive immunity

If the wrong blood type is given to a patient, their red blood cells clump up because antibodies cross-like them in a process known as __.

agglutination

If the wrong blood type is given to a patient, their red blood cells clump up because antibodies cross-link them in a process known as _________

agglutination

The clumping of blood during a mismatched blood transfusion is due to a property of the antigen-binding region of antibodies called

agglutination

The clumping of foreign cells that occurs when antibodies cross-link their antigens is known as:

agglutination

if the wrong blood type is given to a pt, their red blood cells clump up because antibodies cross-link them in a process known as _____________.

agglutination

normally, only ________ passes through the nasopharynx

air

useful for treating asthma?

allergy shots, oral steroids, inhaled steroids

in a healthy person, what effect would administration of pure oxygen have on oxygen saturation of hemoglobin?

almost no effect

The complement system is usually activated in one of two ways. The _________ pathway occurs when a bacteria or fungus pathway occurs when a bacteria or fungus binds directly to the complement protein

alternative

the complement system is usually activated in one of two ways. the __________ pathway occurs when a bacteria or fungus binds directly to the complement protein

alternative

the collective volume of the alveoli in the lungs is known as the ______________ volume

alveolar

the respiratory portion in the lungs is composed of which of the following?

alveolar ducts, alveoli, respiratory bronchioles

dust cells are also called

alveolar macrophages

small openings in the walls between adjacent alveoli are called ________ _________

alveolar pores

the distal end of the alveolar duct terminates as a dilated ________ ________.

alveolar sac

the type of alveolar cell that promotes rapid gas diffusion across the alveolar wall is the

alveolar type 1 cell

the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts contain small out pockets called ________

alveoli

the respiratory portion of the lower respiratory tract includes which of the following?

alveoli, alveolar ducts, respiratory bronchioles

A pathogen located outside of a cell is referred to as:

an exogenous antigen

Pathogen located outside of a cell is referred to as:

an exogenous antigen

The secondary response of immunologic memory is often called the memory response or ____

anamnestic

the trachea is ________ to the esophagus, _______ to the larynx, and _________ to the primary bronchi

anterior, inferior, superior

What are considered the effectors of humoral immunity?

antibodies

PLASMA CELLS

antibodies that are produced by activated B cells

A Y-shaped immunoglobulin molecule is made of four polypeptide chains and referred to as a ___ monomer.

antibody

A Y-shaped immunoglobulin molecule is made of four polypeptide chains and referred to as a(n) __ monomer.

antibody

A Y-shaped immunoglobulin molecule is made of four polypeptide chains and referred to as a(n) _________ monomer

antibody

a Y-shaped immunoglobulin molecule is made of 4 polypeptide chains and referred to as an ______________

antibody monomer

An immunoglobulin is a

antibody, which is a protein molecule

An immunoglobulin is a(n):

antibody, which is a protein molecule

The exposure to an antigen is called the:

antigen challenge

The first exposure to an antigen is called the

antigen challenge

The first exposure to an antigen is called the ____

antigen challenge

The first exposure to an antigen is called the:

antigen challenge

Immune complexes consist of

antigen plus antibody

both MHC class 1 and 11 molecules

antigen presenting cells displays

TCR

antigen receptor for a T-lymphocyte

B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes identify pathogenic organisms by recognizing their _____

antigens

B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes identify pathogenic organisms by recognizing their:

antigens

Foreign substances that elicit an immune response are termed

antigens

Substances that stimulate adaptive immunity are called __________.

antigens

cytotoxic t cells release granzymes onto infected cells, inducing cell death by _______

apoptosis

Cilia:

are hair-like extensions of plasma membranes that in the respiratory system, function to sweep mucus upward so that it can be expectorated or swallowed

After leaving the thymus, T-lymphocutes

are naive, are immunocompetent,

which of the following are included in a lung lobule?

arteriole, terminal bronchiole, venule

Receiving protection from a virus through a vaccine is an example of __________ immunity.

artificially acquired active

Receiving antivenom to treat a snake bite is an example of ___________ immunity.

artificially acquired passive

in the study of respiration, the pressure of the outside air measured at sea level is known as the __________ pressure

atmospheric

what are the characteristics of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

attach to arytenoid and corniculate cartilages; close larynx when swallowing; change dimensions of rima glottis

When the body fails to distinguish between foreign antigens ______ disorders occur.

autoimmune

When the body fails to distinguish between foreign antigens and self-antigens __ disorders occur.

autoimmune

When the body fails to distinguish between foreign antigens and self-antigens _________ disorders occur

autoimmune

When the body fails to distinguish between foreign antigens and self-antigens __________ disorders occur

autoimmune

Booster shots are required following certain vaccinations bc the memory B-lymphocytes produced in response to the intitial vaccination don't survive indefinitley. t/f

true

Complements facilitates inflammation by activating basophils and mast cells and by attracting macrophages and neutrophils. t/f

true

Dendritic cells serve as antigen-presenting cells. t/f

true

High fevers can lead to protein denaturation and raise the likelihood of seizures. t/f

true

In addition to creating a physical barrier to pathogen entry, mucus contains antimicrobial substances such as igA. t/f

true

In passive immunity, the individual has not had an antigenic challenge. t/f

true

One function of helper T-lymphocytes is to enhance the activity of cells of the innate immune system. t/f

true

Over their life span, plasma cells produce hundreds of antibodies ag one specific antigen. t/f

true

Some antibodies cross the placenta. t/f

true

Identify the type of infectious agent that is a prokaryote cell

bacteria

the wide ________ of the lung rests upon the diaphragm

base

Identify the cells that produce histamine and heparin

basophils and mast cells

in a secondary response to a specific antigen, your antibody titer will _____

be higher.

Why are functions of t-lymphocytes referred to as "cell mediated" immunity?

because t-lymphocytes work ag antigens associated with cells

most carbon dioxide is carried in the blood as ________

bicarbonate

inside red blood cells, carbonic acid (H2CO3) breaks down into ______________.

bicarbonate and a hydrogen ions

Gas exchange in the respiratory system involves the movement of respiratory gases between what locations?

blood and systemic tissues; blood and alveoli

Because memory B cells do not last forever, you need to get a(n) ___________ shot for tetanus every ten years

boaster

Because memory B cells do not last forever, you need to get a(n) __ shot for tetanus every ten years.

booster

Because memory B cells do not last forever, you need to get a(n) ______ shot for tetanus every ten years

booster

When they leave the red marrow, pre- T-lymphocytes have:

both the CD4 and CD8 proteins

consuming meat that has been infected with a prion can lead to the disease

bovine spongiform encephalopathy

Regulatory respiratory centers are located within the _________ through the medulla oblongata and the pons

brainstem

the involuntary, rhythmic activities that deliver and remove gases are located in which part of the CNS?

brainstem

the conducting airways of the lower respiratory tract include which of the following?

bronchi, trachea, larynx

the ________ is a highly branched system of air conducting passages that originates from the left and right primary bronchi and progressively branches into narrower tubes ending in terminal bronchioles

bronchial tree

the autonomic nervous system innervates which of the following in the respiratory system

bronchial tree; lungs; trachea

contraction of the smooth muscle surrounding the bronchioles results in ______________________.

bronchoconstriction

the left and right lung are partitioned into 8-10 _________ segments

bronchopulmonary

In positive selection of T-lymphocytes, those cells that:

can bind MHC survive.

dendritic cels

capture antigens and bring them to the lymph nodes

the haldane effect describes the effect of ________ ________ binding to hemoglobin or the ability of oxygen to bind to hemoglobin

carbon dioxide

which statement describes the movement of carbon dioxide during external respiration?

carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the alveoli

which statement describes the net movement of carbon dioxide during internal respiration?

carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues to the blood

conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid (H2CO2) is aided by the enzyme _______ __________

carbonic anhydride

the most inferior tracheal cartilage separates the primary bronchi and forms an internal ridge called the ______________.

carnia

If t-lymphocytes that failed the negative selection test were not destroyed, one might predict that the person's immune system would:

cause autoimmune disorders

vasodilation

causes a decrease in blood pressure

Chemotaxis is the process by which:

cells migrate along chemical gradients

squamous cell carcinoma--> small cell carcinoma --> adenocarcinoma-->

cells of respiratory membrane neuroendocrine cells mucin producing cells

T-lymphocytes are a part of __ immunity.

cellular

T-lymphocytes are a part of _______ immunity.

cellular

T-lymphocytes are a part of _________ immunity

cellular

which of the following chemical changes can trigger chemoreceptor reflexes?

changes in blood pH, changes in blood PCO2, changes in CSF pH

_________ are hair-like extensions of plasma membranes that in the respiratory system, function to sweep mucus upward so that it can be expectorated or swallowed

cilia

the trachea is lined with __________ which will propel mucus laden particles toward the pharynx where they can be swallowed

cilia

basophils

circulates in blood; release granules of histamine & heparin

as inhaled gases pass through conducting airways, the gases are "conditioned" in which of the following ways?

cleansed of particulates, warmed to body temperature, humidified

alveolar pores provide

collateral ventilation

Poison ivy contains a toxin that acts as a hapten by:

combining with a body protein and then triggering an immune response.

In the classical pathway of complement activation:

complement binds to an antibody that is bound to a foreign substance

Identify each antibody function in the picture

complement fixation opsonization activation of NK cells

Identify factors that affect an antigen's immunogenicity:

complexity and size

Identify the factors that affect an antigens immunogenicity

complexity and size

The secondary stimualtion of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activation involves stimulation of the cell by interleukin 2 released by helper T-lymphocytes. t/f

true

the bony projections along the lateral wall of the nasal cavity are called _________ and the air passages that lie between them are called nasal __________.

conchae, meatuses

during inhalation, the external intercostals _________ to increase the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity

contract

during inhalation, the diaphragm _________ & __________.

contracts, flattens

in hemoglobin, the effect of bound oxygen on the binding of additional oxygen molecules is known as the _________ __________ effect

cooperative binding

The only tissue that is transplanted that does not involve MHC matching is the _______

cornea

The only tissue that is transplanted that does not involve MHC matching is the ____________

cornea

Creutsfeldt-Jakob disease is caused by prions. It is also called mad __ disease.

cow

the ring shaped _________ cartilage of the inferior portion of the larynx connects to the trachea inferiorly

cricoid

the ___________ ligament attaches the cricoid cartilage to the inferior edge of the thyroid cartilage

criocthyroid

along with direct contact between the plasma cell and a helper t-lympocyte, specific type of ____________ released from the helper t-lymphocyte is necessary for class switching

cytokine

Along with direct contact between the plasma cell and a helper T-lymphocyte, specific type of __ released from the helper T-lymphocyte is necessary for class switching.

cytokines

Interferons are one of the classes of

cytokines

Once a helper t-lymphocyte recognizes an antigen, it begins the immune response by secreting chemical signals called:

cytokines

Small proteins called __ serve as a means of communication between immune system cells.

cytokines

Match each cell type with its effector response:

cytotoxic T cells --> destroys infected cell via apoptosis plasma cell --> produce antibodies helper T cell --> release interleukins and cytokines to stimulate other cells

MHC class I molecules on a cell allow it to interact with:

cytotoxic t-lymphocytes.

True or False: nonpathogenic microorganisms reside on the skin of healthy individuals

true

depression of the ribs ___________ the lateral dimensions of the thoracic cavity

decreases

when the volume of the thoracic cavity increases, during inhalation, the intrapulmonary pressure ___________ and air flows ______ the lungs

decreases, into

Identify the last event of a fever

defervescene

HHb is the abbreviation for

deoxyhemoglobin

contraction of the internal intercostals ______________ the ribs.

depresses

The primary goal of the immune response is:

destruction or inactivation of pathogens and foreign material.

functions of respiratory system

detection of odors; sound production; exchange of O2 and CO2; air passageway

Identify the true statements regarding active immunity

development of memory cells and direct contact with an antigen

Identify the process by which cells squeeze out of the bloodstream and migrate to sites of infection

diapedesis

which might require a tracheotomy?

difficulty breathing due to severe chest wall injury; respiratory disease; an upper airway obstruction

Active immunity requires

direct encounter with antigen

Active immunity requires:

direct encounter with the antigen

which of the following are mechanisms for carrying carbon dioxide in the blood?

dissolved carbon dioxide in the blood; as bicarbonate; bound to hemoglobin

increases in the PCO2 of as little as 5 mmHg can ____________ breathing rate.

double

Identify the process that brings an exogenous antigen into a cell

endocytosis

Alveolar macrophages

engulf microorganisms or particulate material that has reached the alveoli

A patient has a parasitic infection. Upon examination of a blood sample under the microscope, an abundance of granuloctyes are present. These are likely

eosinophils

Which type of cell is the most effective to attack multicellular parasites such as tapeworms?

eosinophils

when successful swallowing occurs, the __________ closes over the opening to the larynx to prevent materials from entering the larynx

epiglottis

the mucous membrane is composed of _________ and is ciliated in most portions of the respiratory tract conducting zone

epithelium

the laryngopharynx extends inferiorly form the hyoid bone and is continuous with the larynx and _______________,

esophagus

the thoracic cavity dimensions return their original size during _______.

exhalation

when the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases, the intrapulmonary pressure increases and ___________ occurs.

exhalation

which of the following option is correctly identified as one of the major respiratory volumes?

expiratory reserve volume; inspiratory reserve volume; tidal volume; residual volume

Which of the following lists the body first, second, and third lines of defense in order?

external innate immunity, internal innate immunity, adaptive immunity

Which of the following lists the body's first, second, and third lines of defense in order?

external innate immunity, internal innate immunity, adaptive immunity

During inflammation, increased fluid, protein, and immune cells leave the capillaries and enter the interstitial space. This material is called

exudate

If someone had a cut in their skin though which a bacterium was then destroyed by a neutrophil, this would be an example of:

failed external innate immunity, but successful internal innate immunity.

B-lymphocytes cannot bind directly with an antigen, and so require presentation by another type of cell. t/f

false

Erythrocytes are antigen-presenting cells. t/f

false

Helper T-lymphocytes primarily contain the CD8 coreceptor. t/f

false

Sustained fevers that are 1 degree C above normal core body temp usually lead to irreversible brain damage. t/f

false

The inflammatory response includes a decrease in the permeability of capillaries to prevent excessive blood loss after injury. t/f

false

Pyrexia is the presence of

fever

spleen

filters blood; storage of platelets and erythocytes

lymph node

filters lymph

the breathing that accompanies exercise involves more muscles and deeper breaths. this is known as ______________ breathing

forced

breathing involving more muscles and greater changes in volume is known as ___________ ____________.

forced breathing

during normal quiet breathing, the ___________ is inactive and exhalation is a passive event that does not require nervous stimulation

ventral respiratory group

near the vestibule of the nose are coarse hairs called _________

vibrissae

Under an electron microscope, an infectious agent is identified that is not cellular. This must be a

virus

Identify the five major categories of infectious agents

viruses, fungi, multicellular parasites, bacteria, and protozoans

the total amount of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs by forced breathing is known as the ________ _________.

vital capacity

precipitated

when antibodies clump together viral particles , they become insoluble or __

eicosanoids

which structure leukotrienes, a chemical of inflammation

the trachea is more commonly called the ___________.

windpipe


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