A&P II Ch.22: Immune System and the Body's Defense
Helper T-lymphoctes are referred to as:
CD4 cells
Helper T-lymphocytes are also referred to as:
CD4 cells
Helper t-lymphocytes are also known as:
CD4+ cells.
Which of the following components are required for the process of class switching to occur?
CD40 surface protein, CD154 protein, and cytokines
place the gases below in order of solubility, more soluble to least soluble
CO2 > O2 > N2
Vaccines trigger not only humoral immunity but also:
Cell-mediated immunity
Waxy secretion secreted by the external auditory meatus that may trap microbes:
Cerumen
Identify the process in which cells migrate along a chemical gradient, attracting immune system cells
Chemotaxis
Process in which cells migrate along a chemical gradient, attracting immune system cells:
Chemotaxis
The process in which cells migrate along a chemical gradient, attracting immune system cells
Chemotaxis
What are hairlike extensions of plasma membranes that in the respiratory system, function: sweep mucus upward.
Cilia
__ are hair-like extensions of plasma membranes that in the respiratory system, function to sweep mucus upward so that it can be expectorated or swallowed.
Cilia
_______ are hair-like extensions of plasma membranes that in the respiratory system, function to sweep mucus upward so that it can be expectorated or swallowed.
Cilia
The antibody titer is a measure of the concentration of a specific antibody in the ____
Circulating blood
The process of changing the antibody produced by a cell is called _____
Class switching
Which class of chemical messenger facilitates white blood cell formation in bone marrow?
Colony-stimulating factors
Inflammation
Complement increases this immune response through the activation of mast cells and basophils and by attracting neutrophils and macrophages.
Antigen-Antibody
Complement links these immune complexes to erythrocytes so they may be transported to the liver and spleen. Erythrocytes are stripped of these complexes by macrophages in these organs, and the erythrocytes then continue circulating through the blood.
Factors that affect an antigen's immunogenicity:
Complexity and size
Identify factors that affect an antigen's immunogenicity:
Complexity, size
Antibody titer:
Concentration of antibodies against a specific antigen in the blood
The stem of an antibody contains which of the following regions?
Constant
The stem of the antibody contains which of the following regions
Constant
Membrane Attack Complex
Created by complement, this protein channel compromises the cell's integrity, allowing an influx of fluid that causes lysis to the cell.
Small proteins called ___ serve a means of communication between immune system cells.
Cytokines
_______ serve as a means of communication between immune system cells.
Cytokines
Activated helper T cells release which two to stimulate other immune cells
Cytokines, interleukins
Various complement proteins kill target cells through the creation of a protein channel that allows fluid to enter the cell. What is this?
Cytolysis
Activated helper T cells are required to activate which of the following?
Cytotoxic T and B cells
Place the events of activation of a cytotoxic T cell in order:
(1) An infected cell displays antigen on an MHC class I module (2) A cytotoxic T cell binds the infected cell (3) IL-2 from helper T cells stimulated the Tc Cell (4) Cytotoxic T cell proliferates
Place the events of B cell activation in order:
(1) B cell binds free antigen (2) B cell proliferates (3) B cell engulfs antigen and presents it to a T helper cell (4) Activated helper T cell release IL-4
The 5 major categories of infectious agents include:
(1) Bacteria (2) Viruses (3) Fungi (4) Protozoans (5) Multi-cellular parasites
Place the events of activation of a T helper cell in order:
(1) Helper T cell proliferates (2) APC engulfs antigen and presents it on an MHC class II module (3) Helper T cell secretes IL-2 (4) Helper T cell binds APC
Correct order of events of inflammation:
(1) Release of chemicals (2) Recruitment of immune cells (3) Delivery of plasma proteins (4) Vasodilation
Order the phases of an acute hypersensitivity reaction
(1) Sensitization Phase (2) Activation Phase (3) Effector Phase
Activated helper T cells are required to activate which of the following?
- B cells - Cytotoxic Cells
Identify the antigen-presenting cells:
- B-lymphocytes - Macrophages - Dendritic Cells
Identify the cells that produce histamine and heparin:
- Basophils - Mast cells
High fevers can cause ___.
- Death - Irreversible brain damage - Denaturation of proteins - Vomiting -Seizures
Identify the true statements regarding active immunity
- Development of memory cells - Direct contact with an antigen
True statements regarding active immunity:
- Development of memory cells - Direct contact with an antigen
The benefits of fever are:
- Inhibition bacteria reproduction - Promotion of interferon activity - Accelerated tissue repair
Identify the true statements regarding IgG
- It can neutralize snake venom - It can cross the placenta - Predominant antibody in the lymph
Identify the antimicrobial substances released by the skin:
- Lysozyme - Immunoglobbin A - Sebum
Identify the phagocytes:
- Neutrophils - Macrophages
Identify the signs of inflammation:
- Redness - Swelling - Pain
Identify the lymphatic tissues:
- Tonsils - Spleen - Lymph nodes
Basophils
- are NOT phagocytic. - Release histamine heparin to trigger inflammation
Lymphatic System Functions
- return of excess fluid -defense against disease - transportation of absorbed fats - return of filtered proteins - (works with other systems)
inflammation
-- activates mast cells & basophils -- attracts neutrophils and macrophages
Activated helper T cells are required to activate which of the following
-B cells -Cytotoxic T cells
Identify the antigen-presenting cells.
-B-lymphocytes -Macrophages -Dendritic cells
Activated helper T cells release which of the following to stimulate other immune cells?
-Cytokines - Interleukins
Identify the true statements regarding active immunity.
-Direct contact with an antigen -Development of memory cells
Identify the true statements regarding IgG
-It can cross the placenta -Predominant antibody in the blood -It can neutralize snake venom
Identify the antimicrobial substances released by the skin and mucous membranes
-Lysozyme -Sebum -Immunoglobulin A
Identify the phagocytes
-Macrophages -Neutrophils
Which categories if infectious agents are eukaryotic cells?
-Multicellular parasites -Fungi -Protozoans
Identify the benefits of fever
-Promotion of interferon activity -Inhibition bacteria reproduction -Accelerated tissue repair
Signs/ symptoms of inflammation
-Redness -Pain -Swelling
Identify the characteristics of bacteria
-Single-celled organism - 1-2 micrometers in size
Identify factors that affect an antigen's immunogenicity
-Size -Complexity -Foreigness -quantity of the antigen
Identify the five major categories of infectious agents
-Viruses -Fungi -Bacteria -Multicellular parasites -Protozoans
High fevers can cause
-irreversible brain damage -denaturation of proteins -death -seizures
B cell activation
1)Cell binds free angtigen 2)Cell engulfs antigen and presents it to a T helper cell 3) Activated helper T cell releases IL-4 4) Cell Proliferates
Order the events that occur during the lifetime of a lymphocyte.
1- Formation of lymphocytes. 2- Activation of lymphocytes. 3- Effector response.
Correctly order the events of inflammation
1- Release of chemicals 2- Vasodilation 3- Recruitment of immune cells 4- Delivery of plasma proteins
Order the phases of an acute hypersensitivity reaction.
1- Sensitization phase. 2- Activation phase. 3- Effector phase.
Identify two characteristics of bacteria
1-2 micrometers in size, single-celled organism
Place the events of activation of a T helper cell in order:
1. APC engulfs antigen and presents it on an MHC class II molecule 2. helper T cell binds APC 3. helper T cell secretes IL-2 4. helper T cell proliferates
Place the events of activation of a T helper cell in order
1. APC engulfs antigen and presents it on an MHC class II molecyle 2. helper T cell binds APC 3. helper T cell secretes IL-2 4. helper T cell proliferates
Place the events of activation of a cytotoxic T cell in order:
1. An infected cell displays antigen on an MHC class I molecule 2. A cytotoxic T cell binds the infected cells 3. IL-2 from helper qTcells stimulates the Tc cell 4. Cytotoxic T cell proliferates
Place the events of B cell activation in order
1. B cell binds free antigen 2. B cell engulfs antigen and presents it to a T helper cel 3. Activated helper T cell releases IL-4 4. B cell proliferates
Place the events of B cell activates in order:
1. B cells binds free antigen 2. B cell engulfs antigen and presents it to a T helper cell 3. Activated helper T cell releases IL-4 4. B cell proliferates
Order the events that occur during the lifetime of a lymphocyte
1. Formation of lymphocytes 2. Activation of lymphocytes 3. Effector response
Order the phases of an acute hypersensitivity reaction
1. Sensitization phase 2. Activation phase 3. Effector phase
Place the events of activation of a cytotoxic T cell in order:
1. an infected cell displays antigen on an MHC class I molecule 2. cytotoxic T cell binds the infected cell 3. IL-2 from helper T cells stimulates the Tc cell 4. cytotoxic T cell proliferates
an immune cell is observed to present antigen to naive helper and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes...
1. cell is an antigen-presenting cell 2. cell may be a macrophage 3. cell may be a dendritic cell 4. cell may be a B-lymphocyte
which of the following statements is true about memory cells?
1. memory cells respond to antigens more rapidly than naive T cells 2. upon reexposure to a pathogen, memory cells engage in the T cell recall response, destroying the pathogen quickly
Order the phases of an acute hypersensitivity reaction
1. sensitization phase 2. activation phase 3. effector phase
functions of the larynx
1. serves as a passageway for air 2. produces sound for speech 3. blocks food and drink from entering airway
which of the following are among the four continuous and simultaneous processes of respiration?
1. systemic gas exchange 2. alveolar gas exchange 3. gas transport 4. pulmonary ventilation
the right lung has _________ tertiary bronchi and the left lung has ________ tertiary bronchi.
10, 8-10
B-lymphocytes/T-lymphocytes have unique receptor complexes. Each cell typically has _________ receptor complexes.
100,000
in external respiration, oxygen diffuses down a partial pressure gradient. the PO2 in the alveoli is __________ mm Hg, which the PO2 in the blood is _______ mmHg
104; 40
Death is likely to occur when core body temperature reaches
109 degrees Fahrenheit
Death occurs at what temp?
109* fahrenheit
restful breathing has a typical rate of ___________ breaths per minute and a tidal volume of _________ mL.
12-15, 500
there are several ways to measure pressure. standard atmospheric pressure is 760 mmHg. What is this in pounds per square inch?
14.7
the left lung has _____ secondary bronchi since it has ______ lobes; the right lung has ____ lobes and the ______ secondary bronchi
2, 2, 3, 3
which of the following statements is true regarding memory in humoral immunity?
2. memory b-lymphocytes are found mainly in the lymph nodes
during normal circulation, how much of the oxygen transported to systemic capillaries is released to the tissues?
25%
how many oxygen atoms would be bound to a hemoglobin molecule that is 75% saturated?
3
Fever is defined by having a body temperature of __ or higher.
38 degrees Celsius
Fever is defined by having a body temperature of ___ or higher.
38 degrees Celsius
Plasma cells have a life span of about ___, which is mainly spent in the ___.
5 days, lymph nodes
What is the half life of IgA in blood?
5.5
What is the half life of IgA in blood?
5.5 days
what is the tidal volume of a typical adult?
500 ml
Inflammation decreases and tissue healing usually begins within __ hours after injury.
72
Inflammation decreases and tissue healing usually begins within ______ hours after injury
72
Inflammation decreases and tissue healing usually begins within ______ hours after injury.
72
Inflammation decreases and tissue healing usually begins within __ hrs after injury.
72 (tissue healing takes longer to begin after injury involving inflammation)
the atmospheric pressure at sea level is typically close to which valve?
760 mmHg
High fevers can cause?
Death, irreversible brain damage, vomiting, denaturation of proteins, and seizures
Identify the last even to a fever:
Defervescence
Identify the antigen-preseneting cells.
Dendritic cells, macrophages, B-lymphocytes
Cytotoxic T cell
Destroys infected cells via apoptosis
Identify the true statements regarding active immunity.
Development of memory cells, direct contact with an antigen
Identify the process by which cells squeeze out of the bloodstream and migrate to sites of infection
Diapedesis
Process by which cells squeeze out of the bloodstream and migrate to sites of infection:
Diapedesis
Select all that are true regarding receptors on T-lymphocytes.
Different co-receptors can be present. CD molecules act as co-receptors.
Antigens are usually:
A protein or a large polysaccharide
Identify parts of the antibody pictured:
A- Antigen-binding site B- Variable region C- Constant region
Identify each antibody function in the picture:
A- Neutralization. B- Agglutination. C- Precipitation.
Identify each of the following in the picture.
A- Primary response. B- Secondary response. C- IgM. D- IgG.
The anamnestic response occurs upon the second and subsequent exposures to an antigen.
AKA memory response
Identify the benefits of fever?
Accelerated tissue repair, promotion of interferon activity, inhibition bacteria reprodution
Adaptive Immunity:
Acquired immunity
Active immunity can be either
Acquired or Artificial
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is involved in:
Acute Hypersensitivities
Acquired immunity is also called ____ immunity.
Adaptive
B-lympocutes and T-lymphocytes are part of which immunity?
Adaptive
Cell-mediated immunity:
Adaptive
If the wrong blood type is given to a patient, their red blood cells clump up, because antibodies cross-link them in a process known as:
Agglutination
1. the TCR binds a peptide displayed with an MHC class 1 molecule of an infected cell. 2. clones of the cytotoxic t-lymphocytes are produced
All occur during activation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
Humoral immunity refers to the type of adaptive immunity in which:
Antibodies are produced
Variable region
E?
What process that brings an exogenous antigen to a cell?
Endocytosis
Identify the immune system cells that are associated with allergies and asthma
Eosinophils
Identify the immune system cells that target parasites:
Eosinophils
Identify the immune system cells that target parasites.
Eosinphils
During inflammation, increased fluid, protein, & immune cells leave the capillaries & enter the interstitial space. This material is called:
Exudate
During inflammation, increased fluid, protein, and immune cells leave the capillaries and enter the interstitial space:
Exudate
Which of the following statements is true regarding failures of self-tolerance? Check all that apply.
Antibodies not only react against a pathogen, but also against the body's own cells. Upon exposure, antibodies may form against self-antigens the blood is not usually exposed to.
A bacterium is sloughed off the body along with epidermal cells. In this example, the body's adaptive immunity has prevented entry of the bacterium.
False
A hapten is an antigen that is capable of causing antibody production on its own.
False
A plasma cell is a mature helper T-lymphocyte that produces antibodies.
False
Active immunity is a natural process, whereas passive immunity is generated artificially.
False
B-lymphocyte receptors cannot bind the antigen directly, but instead must have it processed by another cell first.
False
Metals and plastics of artificial implants generally have high immunogenicity.
False
Most bacterial species are pathogenic.
False
The inflammatory response includes a decrease in the permeability of capillaries to prevent excessive blood loss after injury.
False
All IgM antibodies have what region in common?
Fc
Which antibody region is responsible for stimulating NK cells?
Fc
Which region of an antibody helps activate complement:
Fc
Which region of an antibody helps activate complement?
Fc
which region of an antibody helps activate complement?
Fc
Which of the following is not an example of nonspecific (innate) immunity?
Antigens
Vaccines produce:
Artificially acquired active immunity
_________ _________ result when the immune system does not have tolerance for a specific self-antigen and attacks the cells
Autoimmune Disorders
Vaccines are administered to increase the number of memory ___ cells you have for a specific antigen.
B
Identify the antigen-presenting cells.
B lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells
Basophils and mast cells are both pro inflammatory chemical-secreting cells. Which of these two cells circulates in the blood?
Basophils
Immune systems cells that are associated with allergies and asthma:
Basophils
Blood
Basophils can be found in what?
In a secondary response to a specific antigen, your antibody titer will ___.
Be Higher
Because memory B cells do NOT last forever, you need to get a(n) ___ shot for tetanus every 10 years.
Booster
Antigen-presenting cells display:
Both MHC class 1 and 2 molecules
the movement of gases into and out of the respiratory system follows ____________ law
Boyle's
eosinophils and lymphocytes are both types of leukocytes. t/f
true
A membrane attack complex is a protein that:
forms a channel in the target cell membrane that causes cytolysis.
plasma cells are b-cells that produce antibodies
true
B cell is first stimulated by:
free antigen
if the partial pressure of oxygen is higher in the alveoli than in the blood, which phrase describes the net movement of oxygen?
from alveoli to blood
Passive immunity lasts:
from days to weeks, and does not involve development of memory cells.
the paranasal sinuses are named for the bones where they are located. rank the bones in order starting with the most superior
frontal > ethmoid > maxilla
bones of the skull that house paranasal sinuses
frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, sphenoid,
Mycoses are __ diseases
fungal
Moldas and yeasts are types of:
fungi
Molds and yeast are types of:
fungi
the microglia of the brain are macrophages. t/f
true
which portion of the hemoglobin molecule is responsible for the transport of carbon dioxide?
globin
MHC class 1 molecules are:
glycoproteins
the exchange of respiratory gases depends on partial pressure __________.
gradients
Identify the substance that is too small to function as an antigen but can attach to a corner molecule, triggering an immune response
haptens
the postganglionic sympathetic fibers innervate both the _______ and the lungs.
heart
The ability of a plasma cell to produce a different type of antibody, class switching, requires direct contact between the plasma cell and
helper T-lymphocytes
how does temperature affect oxygen binding to hemoglobin?
hemoglobin is less likely to bind oxygen at elevated temperatures
alveoli have a unique shape, best described as _______________
hexagonal
the __________ of the lung is where the bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymph vessels and nerves pass through
hilum
the visceral and parietal pleural layers are continuous at the ___________ of each lung
hilum
Identify the chemical of inflammation that causes vasodilation
histamine
the ______ fissure separates the superior and middle lobe, while the _______ fissure separates the middle from the inferior lobe
horizontal, oblique
secondary lymphatic structures do...
house lymphocytes and other immune cells following their formation and provide the site where an immune response is initiated (surveillance)
antibody-mediated immunity is also called _______ immunity
humoral
Antibody-mediated immunity is also called
humoral immunity
Antibody-mediated immunity is also:
humoral immunity
Identify the gel-like substance located in the dermis of the skin that slows the movement of microbes
hyaluronic acid
Identify the gel-like substance located in the dermis of the skin that slows the movement of microbes.
hyaluronic acid
which of the following substances can be carried in the blood bound to hemoglobin?
hydrogen ions (protons); oxygen; carbon dioxide
exercise may cause an increase in the depth of breathing
hypernea
a person hiking up to high altitudes may ___________ in an attempt to gain more oxygen
hyperventilate
which of the following are terms to describe the types of hypoventilation?
hypopnea, bradypnea
Pyrogens target the:
hypothalamus
what are the potential consequences of hypoventilation?
hypoxia and hypercapnia
What are the five main classes of immunoglobulins found in humans?
igA, igD, igE, igG, igM
The most prevalent antibody in blood and lymph is
igG
Natural killer cells are able to detect unhealthy cells. This process is called __ surveillance.
immune
Natural killer cells are able to detect unhealthy cells. This process is called _______ surveillance
immune
Natural killer cells are able to detect unhealthy cells. This process is called _________ surveillance
immune
Antigen- presenting cells are ___, and they display antigens to both ___ and ___.
immune cells, helper t-lymphocytes, cytotoxic t-lymphocytes
Certain areas of the body actively prevent access to immune cells. These areas are said to have ________ _______
immune privilege
certain areas of the body actively prevent access to immune cells. these areas are said to have ______ ______
immune privilege
Antibodies are
immunoglobulins
Antibodies are:
immunoglobulins
IgA is primarily found:
in external secretions such as tears, saliva, and mucus
MHD Class I molecules present peptide fragments that are either "self" or fragments that are "nonself", in either case, the fragment becomes bound to the molecule while:
in the rough endoplasmic reticulum
even though alveolar air is drawn in from the atmosphere, the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in alveolar air are not equal to atmospheric air. which of the following are potential reasons?
incoming air mixes with air in anatomical dead space; oxygen diffuses out of the atmosphere and into the blood
the scalene muscles help to __________ the thoracic cavity dimensions
increase
Inflamed tissue feels warm due to:
increased blood flow and increased metabolic activity
Inflamed tissue feels warm due to:
increased blood flow and increased metabolic activity.
which of the following are examples of chemoreceptor reflexes?
increased breathing rate following increased blood PCO2; increased respiration rate following lowered pH of CSF
effects of emphysema
increased lung compliance; reduced number of alveoli; increased physiologic dead space; reduced respiratory surface area
which of the following factors will reduce the volume of airflow?
increased surface tension; smaller pressure gradient; increased resistance to airflow
the complement system ______ the inflammatory response
increases
the pressure of a gas decreases if the volume of the container ___________
increases
as blood flows through lung capillaries, the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood __________ and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide ____________
increases, decreases
Identify the function of pyrogens
induce fever
function of pyrogens
induce fever
Redness, heat, and swelling are cardinal signs of __.
inflammation
The function of helper t-lymphocytes is to:
initiate and oversee the immune response
Antimicrobial proteins are part of the _______ immune system
innate
Macrophages and NK cells are part of our __ immunity.
innate
Nonspecific immunity is another name for __ immunity.
innate
Nonspecific immunity is another name for _______ immunity
innate
Mucus in the trachea is part of the body's
innate immunity
Nonspecific immunity is another name for:
innate immunity
skin is an example of
innate immunity
In __ immunity, the body's reaction to foreign substances is the same each time it is exposed, but in __ immunity, the body's reaction to foreign substances is faster and stronger each time it is exposed.
innate, adaptive
Defensins and lysosomes are both part of ___ immunity and function as ___.
innate, attackers of pathogenic cells
pulmonary ventilation consists of two cyclic phases, __________ and _________
inspiration and expiration
Often a virus-infected cell will release __ to prevent spread of the infection.
interferon
a class of cytokines released from leukocytes are called ________, also referred to as IFN
interferon
A class of cytokines released from leukocytes are called __________ , also referred to as IFN
interferons
Antimicrobial proteins of the innate immune system are:
interferons and complement
Examples of antimicrobial proteins of the innate immune system are __.
interferons and complement
Examples of antimicrobial proteins of the innate immune system are ________.
interferons and complement
Activated helper T cells release which of the following to stimulate other immune cells?
interleukins and cytokines
which are classified as accessory muscles that assist in active exhalation, as in when you are pushing out extra air from your lungs?
internal obliques, rectus abdominis, external obliques, transversus abdominis
which are classified as accessory muscles that assist in active exhalation, as in when you are pushing out extra air from your lungs?
internal obliques; rectus abdominis; transverses abdominis; external obliques
the parietal pleura lines which of the following?
internal thoracic walls, later; lateral surfaces of the mediastinum; superior surface of the diaphragm
which events are occurring during quiet inhalation?
intrapleural pressure is decreasing; pleural cavity volume is increasing; the lungs are expanding; intrapulmonary pressure is falling
High fevers can cause __.
irreversible brain damage, death, denaturation of proteins, seizures
High fevers can cause _________
irreversible brain damage, seizures, death, and denaturation of proteins
the respiratory membrane consists of an endothelial cell of a capillary and the plasma membrane of an alveolar _________ _________ cell.
type 1
Airflow
is the amount of air that moves into and out of the lungs with each breath
compliance
is the ease with which the lungs and chest expand
epiglottis
is the large, spoon or leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage that helps prevent food and liquid from entering the larynx
air remains in the nasal cavity for a longer time so that ______
it can be warmed and humidified
Which is not an action of interferon?
it signals the immune system that secreting cell is part of the body and so should not be attacked.
When a chemical messenger has a short half-life it means that:
it will not have an extremely prolonged effect on target cells.
Standing in the elevator, someone sneezes on you infecting you with a new rhinovirus. However, it then takes 3-6 days until you produce antibodies because of the __ phase.
lag
the anatomical features of the respiratory membrane increase the efficiency of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange. which features increase efficiency?
large number of alveoli; large surface area; thin scammers cells lining alveoli
Standing in the elevator, someone sneezes on you infecting you with a new rhinovirus. However, it then takes 3-6 days until you produce antibodies because of the _______ phase
latent
standing in the elevator, someone sneezes on you infecting you with a new rhinovirus. however, it then takes 3-6 days until you produce antibodies because of the _____________ phase
latent
which of the following anatomical structures aid sound production?
lips, tongue, teeth, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses
the secondary bronchi that branch off the primary bronchi are also called _________ bronchi
lobar
the secondary bronchi that branch off the primary bronchi are also called __________ bronchi.
lobar bronchi
if two regions are interconnected, then gases will tend to move to the region of ________ pressure.
lower
the intracellular pressure is always ___________ than intrapulmonary pressure.
lower
which conditions would cause the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve to shift left?
lowered PCO2, lowered temperature, elevated pH
gas transport is the movement of respiratory gases in blood between the ____________ and systemic cells
lungs
secondary lymphatic structures
lymph nodes, sleep, tonsils, lymphatic nodules and MALT
recirculation
lymphocyte do not stay in secondary lymph structures permanently but move out after several days. this process is called
a seconary lymphatic structure
lymphocytes usually first encounter their foreign antigen in
which are found in the mucous lining the respiratory tract?
lysozome, defensins, immunoglobulins, mucin
Our salivary glands produce what antimicrobial enzyme?
lysozyme
When monocytes leave the blood stream they become:
macrophages
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is caused by prions. It is also called ________
mad cow disease
both the growth of the thyroid cartilage and the longer and thicker vocal folds in mature _____________ help explain why they typically have deeper voice than ___________.
males, females
Identify the process in which leukocytes tightly adhere to capillaries
margination
Identify the process in which leukocytes tightly adhere to capillaries.
margination
Which cells resemble basophils and are derived from:
mast cells
Identify the cells that produce histamine and heparin
mast cells and basophils
total lung capacity is the _______ _______ of air that the lungs can hold
maximum volume
the greatest amount of air that can be taken into and expelled from the lungs in one minute is the ______________.
maximum voluntary ventilation
central chemoreceptors are found in the ventrolateral surface of the _____________.
medulla
Activated B-lymphocytes that do not become plasma cells become:
memory B-lymphocytes
the auditory tubes connect the nasopharynx to the _________ _____________.
middle ear
Identify the type of cell that becomes an epidermal dendritic cell.
monocyte
Identify they type of cell that becomes an epidermal dendritic cell.
monocyte
Dendritic cels of the skin are derived from
monocytes
according t the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve _________ oxygen is bound to hemoglobin at a higher PO2
more
according to the bohr effect, at a higher pH, hemoglobin is _________ likely to bind oxygen
more
the higher the solubility coefficient the ______ gas dissolves in a liquid
more
the changes in volume during forced breathing are greater than those during quiet breathing. why does this occur?
more muscles are involved
in the haidance effect, the _________ carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin, the _________ oxygen is released from hemoglobin.
more, more
neutrophils
most abundant; first to arrive; respiratory burst
Mucous Secretions
mucin, lyzozyme, defensins, immnuoglobin A,
Tapeworms are an example of:
multicellular parasites
Which categories of infectious agents are eukaryotic cells?
multicellular parasites, fungi, protozoans
T-lymphocyte that have not yet been exposed to its specific foreign antigen are called _______ T-lymphocytes
naive
T-lymphocytes that have not yet been exposed to its specific foreign antigen are called ___________ T-lymphocytes
naive
As t-lymphocytes leave the thymus, they are:
naive and immunocompetent.
the nose is supported superiorly by paired _________ __________ that form the bridge of the nose
nasal bones
the ________ ________ divides the nasal cavity into left and right portion
nasal septum
which type of cell responds to multiple antigens?
natural killer cell
Which type of cell attacks a variety of unwanted cells and causes those cells to undergo apoptosis?
natural killer cells
Lymphocytes are tested to see that they do not bind to any self-antigens. This test is called:
negative selection
When antibodies completely cover the surface of a virus so it can no longer infect a cell, it is said to be
neutralized
When antibodies completely cover the surface of a virus so it can no longer infect a cell, it is said to be ______
neutralized
when antibodies completely cover the surface of a virus so it can no longer infect a cell, it is said to be
neutralized
Which leukocytes is the first to arrive during the inflammatory response?
neutrophil
Select all that are granulocytes.
neutrophils
The three types of granulates are eosinophils, basophils, and __.
neutrophils
Which leukocyte is most prevalent in blood?
neutrophils
Identify the phagocytes
neutrophils and macrophages
innate immunity
non specific immunity is another name for
which type of epithelial tissue lines the oropharynx because it strong enough to withstand the abrasion of swallowed food?
nonkeratinized stratified squamous
Innate immunity is __.
nonspecific
Innate immunity is _________
nonspecific
Inflammation is a
nonspecific process that occurs in vascularized tissue
Inflammation is a(n):
nonspecific process that occurs in vascularized tissue.
the dorsal respiratory group is activated during which of the following?
normal inhalation and forced inhalation
the _____________ is the main conducting airway for inhaled air.
nose
components of the conducting zone of the respiratory system
nose, nasal cavity, bronchioles, larynx, trachea
which of the following are symptoms are hyperventilation?
numbness; dizziness; coma
the ___________ fissure separates the superior and inferior lobes of the left lung
oblique
The second time you are exposed to the identical antigen, you produce more antibodies more quickly because:
of the presence of memory
the second time you are exposed to the identical antigen, you produce more antibodies more quickly because
of the presence of memory B cells
the superior region of the nasal cavity is covered with ___________ which contains receptors for smell.
olfactory epithelium
Antigen presentation involves the display of an antigen:
on the surface of a cell so that a t-lymphocyte can be exposed to it.
Opsonization is the binding of a protein to a portion of bacteria, the binding protein (antibody)
opsonin
Opsonization is the binding of a protein to a portion of bacteria. The binding protein, such as an antibody, is called an _______
opsonin
What is it called when antibodies coat a bacterium, making it easier for macrophages to engulf it?
opsonization
what is it called when antibodies coat a bacterium, making it easier for macrophages to engulf it?
opsonization
which are the characteristics of the extrinsic muscles of the larynx?
originiate in hyoid bone or sternum, stabilize larynx, help with swallowing
the __________ is a common respiratory and digestive pathway through which both air and swallowed food and drink pass
oropharynx
lysozyme
our salivary glands produce what antimicrobial enzyme
which statement describes the movement of oxygen during external respiration?
oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the blood
the effects of exercise on blood oxygen?
oxygen remains relatively constant during exercise
the oxygen remaining bound to hemoglobin after passing through systemic capillaries is known as the _________ ____________.
oxygen reserve
what forms the nasal cavity floor?
palatine process of maxillae and horizontal plate of the palatine bones
which of the following form the nasal cavity floor?
palatine process of maxillae; horizontal plate of the palatine bones
Viruses must enter a cell to reproduce. They are called obligate intracellular
parasites
Viruses must enter a cell to reproduce. They are called obligate intracellular __.
parasites
Viruses must enter a cell to reproduce. They are called obligate intracellular _________
parasites
viruses must enter a cell to reproduce. they are called obligate intracellular_________
parasites
while ventilation involves movement of gases down total pressure gradients, gas exchange involves movement of gases down ___________ ______________ gradients
partial pressure
Immunity obtained from another individual is called __ immunity.
passive
Immunity obtained from another individual is called _________ immunity
passive
Immunity obtained from another individual is called
passive immunity
Innate immunity can be
passive or active
Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes destroy infected cells by releasing:
perforin and gransyzmes.
Activated cytotoxic T cells destroy foreign or infected cells using:
perforins and granzymes
activated cytotoxic T cells destroy foreign or infected cells using:
perforins and granzymes
Precipitation
pg, 878
Neutralization
pg. 878
macrophages
phagocytize foreign substances
____________ tonsils are also called adenoids
pharyngeal
is the frequency of sound waves and is determined by the amount of tension on the vocal folds
pitch
Activated B-lymphocytes differentiate into _________ cells that produce antibodies
plasma
activated b-lymphocytes differentiate into ________ cells that produce antibodies
plasma
Which type of cell produces and secretes antibodies?
plasma cell
Antibodies are produced by activated B cells called
plasma cells
Most activated B-lymphocytes differentiate into:
plasma cells
"complement" refers to a group of:
plasma proteins
between the visceral and parietal pleura is a potential space called the ________ __________
pleural cavity
which of the following events are occurring during quiet exhalation?
pleural cavity volume is decreasing; intrapulmonary pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure
a puncture to the pleural space by a knife, a gun or a broken rib that allows air between the parietal and visceral pleura is called a __________.
pneumothorax
pneumotaxic center is located in the
pons
Lysozyme attacks the cell wall of gram-______ bacteria
positive
T-lymphocytes that can bind with thyme epithelial cells that have MHC molecules have passed a test called:
positive selection
Identify the true statements regarding IgG
predominant antibody in the lymph, it can neutralize snake venom, and it can cross the placenta
Pulmonary surfactant coats the inner alveolar surface to reduce surface tension and _______
prevent their collapse
The process of antibody production after initial exposure to an antigen is known as the _________ response.
primary
at the level of the sternal angle, the trachea bifurcates into left and right ___________
primary bronchi
which of the following are considered part of anatomic dead space?
primary bronchi, trachea, secondary and tertiary bronchi
"Mad cow disease" (variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease) is caused by a:
prion. ?**
diapedesis
process by which cells squeeze out of the blood stream and migrate to sites of infection
endocytosis
process that brings an exogenous antigen into a cell
Upon activation, a T-lymphocyte:
proliferates to form clones and memory cells.
movement may increase breathing rate by stimulating ________ within joints and muscles
proprioreceptors
A membrane attack complex is the name for a:
protein channel
Antibodies are __________ produced in response to an antigen.
proteins
Complement system is made up of 30 different:
proteins
Cytokines are:
proteins
The complement system is made of 30 different:
proteins
complement system is made of 30 different:
proteins
cytokines are
proteins
in terms of their chemical structure, cytokines are ____; their function is to serve as ___.
proteins, chemical messengers
Malaria is a disease caused by a
protozoan
Malaria is an example of a disease caused by
protozoans
symptoms of altitude sickness
pulmonary edema; nausea; headache
which of the following conditions can increase airway resistance?
pulmonary fibrosis, thoracic cage arthritis, decreased elasticity of the chest wall
Alveolar type 2 cells secrete ___________ __________.
pulmonary surfactant
the oxygenated blood leaves the lungs through the _______ and returns to the _________.
pulmonary veins, left atrium
the term ________ ____________ is the process of moving air in and out of the lungs. the same term may also refer to the amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one minutes
pulmonary ventilation
Interleukin 1 and interferons act as:
pyrogens and trigger an elevation of body temp
the breathing pattern at rest is known as _______ breathing
quiet
Lymphocytes do not stay in secondary lymph structures permanently but move out after several days. This process is referred to as lymphocyte ________.
recirculation
Lymphocytes do not stay in secondary lymph structures permanently but move out after several days. This process is referred to as lymphocyte _________
recirculation
T-lymphocytes originate in ______ bone marrow
red
primary lymphatic structures
red bone marrow & thymus
Identify the signs/symptoms of inflammation
redness, swelling, and pain
A variety of lymphatic cells are involved in the immune response. Which is not part of the process?
replication of antigens
the terminal bronchioles conduct air into the ______________ bronchioles
respiratory
which of the following are consequences of hyperventilation?
respiratory alkalosis, hypocapnia, rising blood pH
which statement best describes the relationship between partial pressure gradients and respiratory gas exchange?
respiratory gas exchange cannot occur without partial pressure gradients
aspirated foreign objects are more likely to become lodged in the _________ primary bronchus
right
the ___________ primary bronchus enters the lung more vertically and is wider and shorter than the other one
right
deoxygenated blood is pumped from the _________ through the pulmonary trunk into ___________ which enter the lungs
right ventricle, pulmonary arteries
a lot of air forced through the ______ ________ produces a loud sound
rima glottidis
When compared to a primary response, the antibody levels in a secondary response:
rise more rapidly and with a greater portion of IgG antibodies.
When compared to a primary response, the antibody levels in a secondary response:
rise more rapidly and with a greater proportion of igG antibodies.
if all iron sites are bound to oxygen, a hemoglobin molecule is said to be 100% _________________.
saturated
Identify the antimicrobial substances released by the skin
sebum, immunoglobulin A, and lysozyme
a short lag time and high antibody titer during the ________ response is due to the presence of memory lymphocytes
secondary
Activation of lymphocytes occurs in:
secondary lymphatic structures
A secondary response to an infectious agent has a ___ latent phase than a primary response has.
shorter
A secondary response to an infectious agent has a _______ latent phase than a primary response has.
shorter
signals thought to trigger hypernea during exercise?
signals from proprioreceptors; conscious anticipation of exercise; motor output from the cerebral cortex
the bronchioles are no longer lined with pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium as the bronchi were but with ______________ epithelium
simple colmunar
Identify the characteristics of bacteria
single-celled organism and 1-2 micrometers in size
thymus
site of T-lymphocyte maturation
The first line of defense of innate immunity is
skin
Where are epidermal dendritic cells located
skin
where are epidermal dendritic cells located?
skin
sebaceous gland secretions
skin secretion that contains lactic acid and fatty acids
A virus is ______ than a bacterial cell, and a virus is composed of a _________________.
smaller, nucleic acid within a protein capsid.
if proper swallowing occurs, material from the oral cavity and oropharynx will be blocked from entering the nasopharynx by the _________, which elevates during swallowing
soft palate
Antigens are:
something that an antibody or T-lymphocyte binds to.
Antigens are:
something that an antibody or t-lymphocyte binds to.
The ability to ward off a specific infection or disease, usually as a result of proper exposure and the body's production of antibodies or lymphocytes against one pathogen, is called
specific immunity
the volume of air moving into and out of the lungs can be measured with an instrument called a
spirometer
Where are foreign antigens found in the blood usually taken?
spleen
thick mucous coughed up is known as ____________
sputum
Vaccines are effective because they:
stimulate the development of immunologic memory
Vaccines are effective because they:
stimulate the development of immunologic memory.
haptens
substance that is too small to function as an antigen alone but can attach to a carrier molecule , triggering an immune response example: lipid toxin in poison ivy
rough ER
synthesize MHC class 1 molecule
self tolerance
t lymphocytes learn to ignore self antigens, a state called
naive
t lymphocytes that have not yet been exposed to its specific foreign antigen
Antibodies:
tag pathogens for destruction by other cells
what factors determine the characteristics of sound as they pass through the vocal folds?
tension; length
which are parts of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
terminal bronchioles, trachea, pharynx, primary bronchi
Plasma cells typically produce antibodies _____
From the lymph nodes
Molds & yeast are types of:
Fungi
Molds and yeast are types of
Fungi
The five major categories of infectious agents include bacteria, protozoans, multicellular parasites, viruses and _____
Fungi
in which volume do you measure intrapulmonary pressure?
the alveolar volume
MHC class 1 molecules are:
Glycoproteins
HIV blood tests look for the presence of ________ _______ in the blood
HIV antibodies
HIV blood tests look for the presence of ________ __________ in the blood
HIV antibodies
Active means
the body carries out its own immune response.
antibody-mediated immunity is also called _____
HUMORAL immunity
Lipid toxin in poison ivy:
Hapten
the substance that is too small to function as an antigen alone but can attach to a carrier molecule, triggering an immune response
Haptens is
CD4 protein
Helper T cells contain
The ability of a plasma cell to produce a different type of antibody, class switching, requires direct contact between the plasma cell and _____
Helper T-lymphocytes
which cell type is targeted by the human immunodeficiency virus?
Helper t-lymphocyte
Chemical of inflammation causing vasodilation:
Histamine
identify the gel-like substance located in the dermis of the skin that slows the movement of microbes
Hyaluronic acid
Gel-like substance located in the dermis of the skin. Slows the movement of microbes.
Hyaluronic acid -
Is the breathing rate that exceeds the body's demand
Hyperventilation
Pyrogens target the
Hypothalamus
Pyrogens target the:
Hypothalamus
Positive selection tests to see if the _______ of a lymphocyte can recognize and bind to an MHC molecule
ICR
The second stimulation of B-lymphocyte involves stimulation by:
IL-4 released by helper T-lymphocytes
Identify the class of immunoglobulin that is found in mucus, saliva, tears, and breast milk
IgA
What are the five main classes of immunoglobulins found in humans?
IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM
Identify the class of immunoglobulin that has a half life in blood of 2 days.
IgE
Identify the class of immunoglobulins that is usually formed in response to allergic reactions and parasitic infections
IgE
Identify the class of immunoglobulins that is usually formed in response to allergic reactions and parasitic infections.
IgE
The class of immunoglobulins that is usually formed in response to allergic reactions & parasitic infections:
IgE
Which type of antibody is formed in response to parasitic infections and allergies, and has the effect of activating mast cells and basophils?
IgE
identify the class of immunoglobulin that causes the release of histamine from basophils and mast cells
IgE
Histamine is:
the chemical of inflammation that causes vasodilation
Identify the class of Immuni=oglobulin that has a half life in blood of 23 days
IgG
Identify the class of immunoglobulin that has a half life in blood of 23 days
IgG
Identify the class of immunoglobulin that has a half life in blood of 23 days.
IgG
In the blood, the antibody in most abundance is
IgG
Identify the class of immunoglobulin that is most effective at causing agglutination of cells and binding complement
IgM
Identify the class of immunoglobulin that is most effective at causing agglutination of cells and binding complement.
IgM
Identify the class of immunoglobulin that is usually a pentamer found mostly in blood
IgM
Natural killer cells are able to detect unhealthy cells. This process is called _____ surveillance.
Immune
Which of the following properties distinguishes specific immunity from nonspecific defense? Check all that apply.
Immunity is directed against a particular pathogen. The body reacts quickly to a pathogen to which it was previously exposed. When reexposed to a pathogen, there are usually no noticeable signs or symptoms of disease from that pathogen.
After lymphocytes are formed, they are tested to see if they are functional. Functional lymphocytes are:
Immunocompetent
Identify the antimicrobial substances released by the skin.
Immunoglobulin A, sebum, lysozyme
Antibodies are
Immunoglobulins
Antibodies are:
Immunuglobulins
Complement system does what to the inflammatory response?
Increases it
_______ the tension on the vocal folds causes the vocal folds to vibrate ________ when air passes by them and produces a ________ sound
Increasing, more, higher
Function of pyrogens:
Induce fever
Antimicrobial protein are part of the ___ immune system.
Innate
Macrophages and NK call are part of which immunity?
Innate
A class of cytokines released from leukocytes are called ___ (aka IFN)
Interferon
Class of cytokines released from leukocytes:
Interferon, also called IFN
A class of cytokines released from leukocytes are called __, also referred to as IFN.
Interferons
A class of cytokines released from leukocytes are called ________, also referred to as IFN
Interferons
Examples of antimicrobial proteins of the innate immune system are ____.
Interferons & Complement
Examples of antimicrobials proteins of the innate immune system are ______
Interferons and complement
Activated helper T cells release which of the following to stimulate other immune cells:
Interleukins and cytokines
primary lymphatic structures are involved in
the formation and maturation of lymphocytes
if a partial pressure gradient exists for a particular gas, how will this affect the movement of gas molecules?
the gas will move from higher to lower partial pressure
Complement protein synthesized where?
Liver
where are complement proteins synthesized?
Liver
Where are alveolar macrophages found
Lungs
Where are alveolar macrophages found?
Lungs
Which of the following increases the odds that a specific lymphocyte will encounter its specific antigen?
Lymphocyte Recirculation
Lymphocytes do not stay in secondary lymph structures permanently but move out after several days. What is this called?
Lymphocyte recirculation
Enzyme that attacks the cell wall of some gram-positive bacteria:
Lysozyme
Which class of major histocompatibility molecules is specific to antigen- presenting cells?
MHC Class II
glycoproteins
MHC class 1 molecules are
RER
MHC class 11 molecules are synthesized by the
When monocytes leave the blood stream they become:
Macrophages
Antigen-presenting cells:
Macrophages Dendritic cells B-lymphocytes
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is caused by prions. Aka:
Mad Cow Disease
The ___________ ____________ ____________ molecules must match as closely as possible to prevent rejection of the donor organs in an organ transplant
Major Histocompatibility Complex
Process where leukocytes tightly adhere to capillaries:
Margination
the process in which leukocytes tightly adhere to capillaries
Margination
Opsonization involves:
Marketing a target for phagocytosis and is facilitated by interaction of the Fc region of the antibody with a phagocyte.
Connective Tissue
Mast Cells can be found in what?
Cells that produce histamine and heparin:
Mast cells and Basophils
Hepatitis vaccinations often require more than one injection because _____
Memory B cells have a set life span
What immune system cell secretes cytotoxic chemicals? ie perforin
Natural killer cell
What is the process of Immune surveillance?
Natural killer cells are able to detect unhealthy cells
Identify the type of immunity that is passed from mother to baby through the placenta
Naturally acquired passive immunity
When antibodies completely cover the surface of a virus so it can no longer infect a cell, it is said to be:
Neutralized
Which leukocyte is the first to arrive during the inflammatory response
Neutrophil
Which leukocyte is the first to arrive during the inflammatory response?
Neutrophil
Leukocyte that is most prevalent:
Neutrophils
The three types of granulocytes are eosinophils, basophils, & ___.
Neutrophils
Which leukocyte is most prevalent in blood?
Neutrophils
Identify the phagocytes.
Neutrophils, macrophages
Innate Immune System
Neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils, natural killer cells, basophils, and mast cells all play a role in this immune system.
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
Never Open Lions
Innate immunity is ___.
Nonspecific
Which is not one of the cardinal signs of inflammation?
Numbness
Viruses must enter a cell to reproduce. They are called:
Obligate Intracellular Parasite
Which type of antigen would have the greatest immunogenicity?
One that was large, complex, foreign, and abundant.
What is it called when antibodies coat a bacterium, making it easier for macrophages to engulf it:
Opsonization
which statements describes the partial pressures of system cells under resting conditions?
PCO2 of 45 mmHg, PO2 of 40 mmHg, relatively constant partial pressures
Antibodies are:
Part of the adaptive or acquired immune system.
Immunity obtained from another individual is called ___ immunity.
Passive
Activated B-lymphocytes differentiate into __ cells that produce antibodies
Plasma
Which type of cell produces and secretes antibodies?
Plasma cell
Match each cell type with its effector response:
Plasma cell - produce antibodies Cytotoxic T Cell - Destroys infected cells via apoptosis Helper T Cell - Releases interleukins cytokines to stimulate other cells
Activated B-lymphoctyes differentiate into what cells?
Plasma cells-produce antibodies
___________ is a condition that occurs when free air gets into the pleural cavity
Pneumothorax
Virissae
the hair in the nose that traps microbes
Laryngitis
the inflammation of the larynx
Identify the true statements regarding IgC.
Predominant antibody in the lymph, it can neutralize snake venom, it can cross the placenta.
Pyrexia:
Presence of a fever
Identify the small fragments of infectious proteins that cause disease in nervous tissue
Prions
Plasma cell
Produces antibodies
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death initiated by Natural Killer Cells, the cell shrivels and prevents the spread of the infectious agent
Upon activation, a T-lymphocyte:
Proliferates to from clones and memory cells
Benefits of a fever:
Promotion of interferon activity Accelerated tissue repair Inhibition bacteria reproduction
Antigens are usually:
Protein or large polysaccharide
Which of the following describes the correct sequence of endogenous antigen presentation?
Proteins are broken into fragments, transported to the rough endoplasmic reticulum and combined with class I MHC's, move to the Golgi apparatus, and then to the plasma membrane.
Malaria is an example of a disease caused by:
Protozoans
Identify the fiver major categories of infectious agents.
Protozoans, fungi, bacteria, viruses, multicellular parasites.
Which categories of infectious agents are eukaryotic cells?
Protozoans, multicellular parasites, fungi
MHC class 2 molecules are synthesized by the:
RER
MHC class 2 molecules are synthesized by:
RER
MHC class II molecules are synthesized by the:
RER
What structure synthesizes MHC class 1 molecules?
RER
identify the location of leukocyte formation
Red Bone Marrow
Identify the signs/symptoms of inflammation.
Redness, swelling, pain
which of the following affect the ability of blood to carry oxygen?
the presence of hemoglobin; the solubility coefficient of oxygen
Endocytosis:
the process that brings an exogenous antigen into a cell
variable
the region of the antibody that binds to the antigen is the __ region
what information is described by the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve?
the relationship between partial pressure of oxygen and hemoglobin saturation with oxygen
of the presence of memory B cells
the second time you are exposed to the identical antigen, you produce more antibodies more quickly because
shorter more
the second time you are exposed to the same antigen the lag phase will be __ and you will produce __ antibodies
why is hemoglobin necessary to carry oxygen in the blood?
the solubility coefficient of oxygen is very low
constant
the stem of an antibody contains the following region
Classical pathway:
the type of complement activation that requires the presence of antibodies
Autoimmune disorders:
the type of disorder that occurs when the immune system fails to recognize the difference between self-antigens and non self-antigens
Which part of an antibody attached to an antigen?
the variable region
Alveolar ventilation is different from pulmonary ventilation. Why is this the case?
the ventilation of anatomic dead space reduces the ventilation of the alveoli
what prevents small bronchioles from collapsing?
their small diameter
Helper T cell
Releases interleukins and cytokines to stimulate other cells
whats a similarity between peripheral and central chemoreceptors?
they both monitor pH changes
which of the following factors may make the chest wall or lungs less elastic and therefore increase resistance to airflow?
thoracic cage arthritis, pulmonary fibrosis, vertebral column malformation
Immunity can be transferred from mother to child. When the child's immunity is acquired:
through the placenta or through breastmilk it is passive immunity
Lymphocytes are tested to see if they are immunocompetent in the bone marrow and __ gland.
thymus
Lymphocytes are tested to see if they are immunocompetent in the bone marrow and _____ gland
thymus
Lymphocytes are tested to see if they are immunocompetent in the bone marrow and _______ gland
thymus
Lymphocytes are tested to see if they are immunocomptent in the bone marrow and _______ gland
thymus
T-lymphocytes mature in the
thymus
T-lymphocytes mature in the ________
thymus
When you get a flu shot, you are receiving a(n) __, an injection of weakened flu virus or virus particles.
vaccine
When you get a flu shot, you are receiving a(n) ____, an injection of weakened flu virus or virus particles.
vaccine
When you get a flu shot, you are receiving a(n) _______ , an injection of weakened flu virus or virus particles
vaccine
When you get a flu shot, you are receiving a(n) ________, an injection of weakened flu virus or virus particles.
vaccine
Identify the characteristics of bacteria.
Single-celled organism, 1-2 micrometers in size.
Where are the epidermal dendritic cells located?
Skin
antibodies
Specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents
Where are foreign antigens found in the blood usually taken?
Spleen
Identify the type of hypersensitivity that occurs within 1 to 3 hours of exposure
Subacute hypersensitivities
positive selection
T lymphocyte than can bind with thymic epithelial cells that have MHC molecules have passed a test called
Which type of lymphocyte has coreceptors that assist in the interaction of the lymphocyte with a cell presenting antigen?
T-lymphocyte
Antigen receptor for a T-lymphocyte:
TCR
when a virus infects a cell, some of the viral proteins are broken down into peptide fragments
TRUE
antibodies ____
Tag pathogens for destruction by immune cells
How is the complement system activated? 1 of 2 ways
The alternative pathway occurs when a bacteria or fungus binds directly to the complement protein.
Which part of an antibody attaches to an antigen?
The variable region
Defecation and Vomiting
These are a part of the first line of defense for the gastrointestinal. They are removal of waste from the digestive tract that eliminate microbes before they can be absorbed into the blood.
Macrophages
These are big eater cells that act as the body's "clean up crew". These reside in tissues and are derived from monocytes that are recruited to the site of infection. These cells produce a toxic environment for pathogens. They arrive after the inflammatory response begins and stay longer than neutrophils.
Basophils and Mast Cells
These are both pro inflammatory chemical-secreting cells used in innate immunity. They release histamine and initiate inflammation. They release heparin as an anticoagulant.
Antimicrobial Proteins
These are components of the innate immune system that function against microbes. They include interferons and complement.
Pyrogens
These are immune chemicals that reset the body's thermostat upward.
Antigens
These are known as any foreign materials that activate an immune response; antibody generators.
Coughing and Sneezing
These are part of the first line of defense for the respiratory tract. They are blasts of expired air that provide as a mechanical elimination of microbes or other foreign substances from the respiratory tract.
Cilia
These are part of the first line of defense for the respiratory tract. They are extensions of plasma membranes that sweep mucus upward so that is can be expectorated or swallowed.
Vibrissiae
These are part of the first line of defense for the respiratory tract. They are hairs in the nasal cavity that trap microbes.
Nasal Secretions
These are part of the first line of defense for the respiratory tract. They contain antimicrobial substances. These secretions contain lysozyme, defensins, and IgA.
Histamine and Chemotactic Factors
These are primary chemicals of inflammation
Interferons
These are proteins released by virus-infected cells that inhibit viral replication. They act as alarm chemicals for neighboring healthy cells. This does not save the infected cell, but it serves the healthy cells in the vicinity. They also recruit macrophages and NK cells. They are produced by many cells, including leukocytes and fibroblasts.
Antibodies
These are proteins that bind specifically to foreign materials.
Dermicidin
These are secretions produced by the skin and mucous membranes that help in the first line of defense. These are small proteins produced by the skin that serve as an antibacterial agent against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria and as an antifungal agent.
Defensins
These are secretions produced the skin and mucous membranes that help in the first line of defense. These are small proteins that create pores in the plasma membrane of microbes, comprising their integrity.
Neutrophils
These are the most prevalent leukocyte in the blood and first to arrive during the inflammatory response. These phagocytes act as the "suicide squad" for innate immunity because they often die in high numbers during defense.
Antigen Presenting Cells
These are the scouts of the immune system. They function specifically to communicate the presence of antigen to both helper T-lymphocytes and cytotoxic lymphocytes.
First Line of Defense
These are the surface barriers that prevent entry of pathogens
T-lymphocytes
These attack abnormal cells. They release cytokines for activating other immune cells or for destroying infected cells.
B-lymphocytes
These cells produce antibodies for the adaptive immune system.
Chemotactic Factors
These come from mast cells. They attract specific leukocytes during the first step of the inflammatory response.
Eosinophils
These leukocytes play a role in innate immunity. They release enzymes and neurotoxins that attack multicellular parasites. They also participate in the immune response associated with allergy and asthma, and engage in phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes.
Epidermis and Dermis
These two layers are part of the first line of defense to the skin. These provide a physical, chemical and biological barrier for the body surface. Composed of stratified squamous epithelium, areolar and dense irregular connective tissue
Neutrophils and Macrophages
These two phagocytes play a key role in innate immunity and function to engulf unwanted substances such as infectious agents and cellular debris through phagocytosis.
Epithelial and Connective Tissue
These two tissues are part of the first line of defense for the mucous membranes. They provide physical, chemical, and biological barrier of the body structures exposed to the external environment. They line the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tracts.
the closing of the epiglottis over the larynx along with the simultaneous contraction of abdominal muscles, known as the ____________ _____________, results in an increase abdominal pressure
valsalva maneuver
Select all that are true of prions.
They spread through infected meat. They are responsible for "mad cow disease".
Immune System
This defends the body against pathogens and damage
Adaptive Immune System
This immune system is specific, systemic, and has memory. B cells, T cells, and APCs (Antigen Presenting Cells) are the three main types of cells in this system.
Adaptive Immunity
This is a delayed response to specific antigens. These are specific defenses mounted after a foreign material is detected. It is uncommitted until a defense against a threat is needed. These defenses include T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes such as plasma cells. These resources are dedicated to a defense against a single threat. It is systemic throughout the body and it has memory so future encounters will be taken care of more swiftly and powerfully.
Complement
This is a group of 20+ proteins in the blood that when activated, act by enhancing other innate immune responses such as inflammation and opsonization, as well as directly killing invading bacteria by insertion of the MAC (membrane attack complex) into the bacterial membrane.
Inflammation
This is a non-specific response to trauma, heat, chemical damage, and pathogens. It functions to prevent the spread of damaging agents, disposes of cell debris and pathogens, and promotes repair. Hallmark signs are redness, heat, swelling, pain, and impairment in function.
Hydrochloric Acid
This is a part of the first line of defense for the gastrointestinal tract. It is a strong acid produced within the stomach that creates a very low pH that destroys many bacteria, bacterial toxins, and other microbes that enter the stomach.
Saliva
This is a part of the first line of defense for the gastrointestinal tract. This consists of secretions released into the mount from the salivary glands; contains lysozyme and IgA. It helps wash away microbes and contains antimicrobial substances.
Mucus
This is a part of the first line of defense for the mucous membranes. It's a thick secretion that helps trap microbes. Contains antimicrobial substances such as lysozyme, defensins, and IgA.
Sebaceous Gland Secretions
This is a part of the first line of defense for the skin. It creates a low pH that interferes with the growth of microbes. Consists of secretions that contain lysozyme, defensins, and dermicidin.
Lactic Acid
This is a part of the first line of defense for the urogenital tract. It's a weak acid that is produced by the vagina. It's low pH prevents the growth of microbes.
Lacrimal Fluid
This is a secretion the body uses for it's first line of defense. It's a fluid produced by lacrimal glands that contain lysozyme and IgA. It washes microbes away from the surface of eyes and contains antimicrobial agents.
Cerumen
This is a secretion the body uses for it's first line of defense. This waxy secretion is produced in the external auditory meatus. These secretions act to waterproof the external auditory meatus and may trap microbes in the external ear.
Natural Killer Cells
This is a type of lymphocyte that targets cells without a self identifier, making them non-specific. They play a key role in innate immunity. They are formed in the bone marrow and circulate in the blood, accumulating in lymphatic structures such as the lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleen. Once activated, they aggressively attack a wide variety of foreign and defective cells. These cells also induce apoptosis, a programmed cell death.
Fever
This is an elevation of body temperature in response to infection that enhances the activity of the immune system. It has a kinetic effect to increase the number of chemical reactions and inhibits optimal bacterial growth.
Innate Immunity
This is an immediate response to a wide array of substances. They are relatively nonspecific and constitutive. These defenses include skin and mucosal membranes that prevent entry and nonspecific internal defenses such as cells, chemicals, and physiologic responses.
Normal Flora
This is part of the first line of defense for the skin and mucous membranes. These help prevent growth of pathogenic microbes. Composed of commensal flora, including nonpathogenic bacteria.
Exfoliation
This is part of the first line of defense for the skin. It helps remove potential pathogens from the skin surface; sloughing off of epidermal cells.
Hyaluronic Acid
This is part of the first line of defense for the skin. It slows migration of microbes that have penetrated the epidermis. It's a mucopolysaccharide with a gel-like consistency that is located in areolar tissue of the dermis.
Urine
This is part of the first line of defense for the urogenital tract. It's formed in the kidneys and transported out of the body through the urinary tract, flushing microbes with it.
Opsonization
This is the binding of a protein to a portion of bacteria or other cell type that enhances phagocytosis. Bacteria are tagged for destruction by macrophages. This immune response is enhanced by complement.
Release of various chemicals
This is the first step in the inflammatory process
Delivery of Plasma Proteins
This is the last step in the inflammatory response. Antibodies, complement, kinins, and clotting factors are brought to the site.
Chemotaxis
This is the migration of leukocytes along a chemical gradient. Leukocytes move towards increasing concentration of chemokines (chemotactic factors).
Margination
This is the process by which CAMs on leukocytes adhere to the CAMs on the endothelial cells of the capillaries within the injured tissue. The result is similar to "cellular velcro". Neutrophils are generally first to arrive and are short-lived, followed later by the longer-lived macrophages.
Diapedesis
This is the process by which leukocytes exit the blood by "squeezing out" between vessel wall cells, usually in the postcapillary venules, and then migrate to the site of infection.
Vascular Changes
This is the second step in the inflammatory response. Dilation occurs, increasing blood flood to the injured region resulting in renews and heat. There is increased permeability so fluid from the blood enters tissues more abundantly, and there is a display of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) on vessel endothelia.
Recruiting Leukocytes
This is the third step in the inflammatory response. Margination, diapedesis, and chemotaxis occur.
Lysosome
This secretion is produced by the skin and mucous membranes and helps in the first line of defense. It's an antibacterial enzyme that attacks the cell wall of gram positive bacteria.
Immunoglobulin A
This secretion is produced by the skin and mucous membranes and helps in the first of defense. It's a specific type of antibody present in areas exposed to the environment. These antibodies bind with a specific foreign substance, an antigen.
Histamine
This substance is released by basophils and mast cells to increase both dilation and capillary permeability, initiating inflammation.
Heparin
This substance is released by basophils and mast cells, acting as an anticoagulant.
Lymphocytes are tested to see if they are immunocompetent in the bone marrow & ___ gland.
Thymus
Antibody ___ in blood serum is one measure of immunologic memory.
Titer
Acid is produced by the digestive and reproductive systems, aiding the immune system. Stomach produces hydrochloric acid and the vagina creates lactic acid.
True
After receiving a scrape on the knee, the area becomes red, swollen, and warm. Based on these symptoms, this is likely a site of inflammation.
True
Due to their particular constant region, an antibody is classified into one of the major structural classes.
True
Eosinophils and lymphocytes are both types of leukocytes.
True
In addition to creating a physical barrier to pathogen entry, mucus contains antimicrobial substances such as IgA.
True
MHC Class II molecules are loaded with antigen after the antigen has been digested into fragments within a phagolysosome. t/f
True
Many different antibodies can be made against a single antigen.
True
Negative selection is the process by which cells learn self tolerance. t/f
True
Over their life span, plasma cells produce hundreds of millions of antibodies against one specific antigen.
True
The Fc region of some antibodies can trigger the activity of NK cells. t/f
True
The T-cell receptor binds antigen that has been processed by another cell first.
True
The first and second lines of defense are considered nonspecific resistance while the third line of defense is considered a specific defense, or immunity.
True
the ______________ membrane attaches the thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone
thyrohyoid
cartilages from mouth to chest
thyroid then cricoid then tracheal
Antibody concentration in the blood is also known as antibody
titer
Antibody concentration in the blood is also known as antibody __.
titer
Antibody concentration in the blood is also known as antibody ___.
titer
Antibody concentration in the blood is also known as antibody ___________
titer
Concentration of antibodies against a specific antigen in the blood is known as the antibody _______.
titer
The concentration of antibodies against a specific antigen in the blood is known as the antibody _____
titer
The concentration of antibodies against a specific antigen in the blood is known as the antibody ________
titer
the circulating blood concentration of antibody against a specific antigen is referred to as the antibody_____
titer
the concentration of antibodies against a specific antigen in the blood is known as the antibody ________
titer
the concentration of antibodies against a specific antigen in the blood is known as the antibody ____________________
titer.
Oxidative Burst
Used by neutrophils and phagocytes; destruction of microbes and viruses is facilitated by the production of reactive oxygen containing molecules, such as nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide. These molecules are toxic to us, destroyed by antioxidants. The release of these molecules is called what?
The region of an antibody that makes it antigen-specific is the ____ region
Variable
The region of an antibody that makes it antigen-specific is the _________ region.
variable
The region of the antibody that binds to the antigen is the ____________ region.
variable
Cytolysis
Various complement components trigger this response, direct killing of a target by forming a protein channel in the plasma membrane of a target cell called a Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)
Identify the type of microbe that interferon targets:
Viruses
the region of antibody that makes it antigen-specific is the ___________ region.
variable
When an antibody binds an antigen, it is binding with its
variable region
HIV becomes identified as AIDS when which of the following occurs?
When the patient develops an opportunistic infection
cytolysis
various complement proteins kill target cell through the creation of a protein channel that allows fluid to enter the cell
Identify the lymphatic tissues
tonsils, spleen, lymph nodes
respiratory acidosis occurs when blood carbon dioxide levels are ___________
too high
Helper T-cells contain:
a CD4 protein
interferon
a class of cytokines released from leukocytes are called __ also referred to as IFN
characteristics among all the bronchi?
a complete ring of smooth muscle is found between the mucosa and the cartilage; the epithelium changes from pseudo stratified ciliated columnar as the bronchi get smaller; the amount of cartilage decreases as the bronchi decrease in diameter
Pyrexia is the presence of
a fever
Pyrexia is the presence of:
a fever
inflammation
a localized physical condition in which part of the body becomes reddened, swollen, hot, and often painful, especially as a reaction to injury or infection.
protein channel
a membrane attack complex is the name for
which of the following are potential causes of hyperventilation?
a panic attack; ascending to high altitude; conscious control of breathing muscles
Antigens are usually
a protein or large polysaccharide
Antigens are usually:
a protein or large polysaccharide
Lymphocytes usually first encounter their foreign antigen in:
a secondary lymphatic structure
Superior to the larynx is the laryngopharynx. Inferior to the larynx is the _________________ and posterior to the larynx is the __________.
trachea, esophagus
there are 15-20 c-shaped __________ cartilages that support the anterior and lateral walls of the trachea
tracheal
the posterior sides of the tracheal C-shaped pieces of cartilage are bound together by the
trachealis muscle
Identify the benefits of fever
accelerated tissue repair, inhibition bacteria reproduction, and promotion of interferon activity
If someone is infected with a virus, resulting in activated and memory B-lymphoctes and T-lymphoctes, they are exhibiting ____________ immunity.
active
Naturally acquired & artificially acquired immunity are types of ___ immunity.
active
The immunity that occurs as a result of a vaccination is ___ immunity.
active
The immunity that occurs as a result of a vaccination is _________ immunity.
active
Vaccines provide a type of adaptive immunity called artificially acquired __ immunity.
active
Vaccines provide a type of adaptive immunity called artificially acquired ____ immunity.
active
Vaccines provide a type of adaptive immunity called artificially acquired _____ immunity
active
Vaccines provide a type of adaptive immunity called artificially acquired ________ immunity
active
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is involved in:
acute Hypersensitivities
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is involved in:
acute hypersensitivities
Acquired immunity is also called __ immunity.
adaptive
acquired immunity is also called ______________ immunity
adaptive
A delayed response to a specific antigen is provided by
adaptive immunity
A delayed response to a specific antigen is provided by:
adaptive immunity
If the wrong blood type is given to a patient, their red blood cells clump up because antibodies cross-like them in a process known as __.
agglutination
If the wrong blood type is given to a patient, their red blood cells clump up because antibodies cross-link them in a process known as _________
agglutination
The clumping of blood during a mismatched blood transfusion is due to a property of the antigen-binding region of antibodies called
agglutination
The clumping of foreign cells that occurs when antibodies cross-link their antigens is known as:
agglutination
if the wrong blood type is given to a pt, their red blood cells clump up because antibodies cross-link them in a process known as _____________.
agglutination
normally, only ________ passes through the nasopharynx
air
useful for treating asthma?
allergy shots, oral steroids, inhaled steroids
in a healthy person, what effect would administration of pure oxygen have on oxygen saturation of hemoglobin?
almost no effect
The complement system is usually activated in one of two ways. The _________ pathway occurs when a bacteria or fungus pathway occurs when a bacteria or fungus binds directly to the complement protein
alternative
the complement system is usually activated in one of two ways. the __________ pathway occurs when a bacteria or fungus binds directly to the complement protein
alternative
the collective volume of the alveoli in the lungs is known as the ______________ volume
alveolar
the respiratory portion in the lungs is composed of which of the following?
alveolar ducts, alveoli, respiratory bronchioles
dust cells are also called
alveolar macrophages
small openings in the walls between adjacent alveoli are called ________ _________
alveolar pores
the distal end of the alveolar duct terminates as a dilated ________ ________.
alveolar sac
the type of alveolar cell that promotes rapid gas diffusion across the alveolar wall is the
alveolar type 1 cell
the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts contain small out pockets called ________
alveoli
the respiratory portion of the lower respiratory tract includes which of the following?
alveoli, alveolar ducts, respiratory bronchioles
A pathogen located outside of a cell is referred to as:
an exogenous antigen
Pathogen located outside of a cell is referred to as:
an exogenous antigen
The secondary response of immunologic memory is often called the memory response or ____
anamnestic
the trachea is ________ to the esophagus, _______ to the larynx, and _________ to the primary bronchi
anterior, inferior, superior
What are considered the effectors of humoral immunity?
antibodies
PLASMA CELLS
antibodies that are produced by activated B cells
A Y-shaped immunoglobulin molecule is made of four polypeptide chains and referred to as a ___ monomer.
antibody
A Y-shaped immunoglobulin molecule is made of four polypeptide chains and referred to as a(n) __ monomer.
antibody
A Y-shaped immunoglobulin molecule is made of four polypeptide chains and referred to as a(n) _________ monomer
antibody
a Y-shaped immunoglobulin molecule is made of 4 polypeptide chains and referred to as an ______________
antibody monomer
An immunoglobulin is a
antibody, which is a protein molecule
An immunoglobulin is a(n):
antibody, which is a protein molecule
The exposure to an antigen is called the:
antigen challenge
The first exposure to an antigen is called the
antigen challenge
The first exposure to an antigen is called the ____
antigen challenge
The first exposure to an antigen is called the:
antigen challenge
Immune complexes consist of
antigen plus antibody
both MHC class 1 and 11 molecules
antigen presenting cells displays
TCR
antigen receptor for a T-lymphocyte
B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes identify pathogenic organisms by recognizing their _____
antigens
B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes identify pathogenic organisms by recognizing their:
antigens
Foreign substances that elicit an immune response are termed
antigens
Substances that stimulate adaptive immunity are called __________.
antigens
cytotoxic t cells release granzymes onto infected cells, inducing cell death by _______
apoptosis
Cilia:
are hair-like extensions of plasma membranes that in the respiratory system, function to sweep mucus upward so that it can be expectorated or swallowed
After leaving the thymus, T-lymphocutes
are naive, are immunocompetent,
which of the following are included in a lung lobule?
arteriole, terminal bronchiole, venule
Receiving protection from a virus through a vaccine is an example of __________ immunity.
artificially acquired active
Receiving antivenom to treat a snake bite is an example of ___________ immunity.
artificially acquired passive
in the study of respiration, the pressure of the outside air measured at sea level is known as the __________ pressure
atmospheric
what are the characteristics of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?
attach to arytenoid and corniculate cartilages; close larynx when swallowing; change dimensions of rima glottis
When the body fails to distinguish between foreign antigens ______ disorders occur.
autoimmune
When the body fails to distinguish between foreign antigens and self-antigens __ disorders occur.
autoimmune
When the body fails to distinguish between foreign antigens and self-antigens _________ disorders occur
autoimmune
When the body fails to distinguish between foreign antigens and self-antigens __________ disorders occur
autoimmune
Booster shots are required following certain vaccinations bc the memory B-lymphocytes produced in response to the intitial vaccination don't survive indefinitley. t/f
true
Complements facilitates inflammation by activating basophils and mast cells and by attracting macrophages and neutrophils. t/f
true
Dendritic cells serve as antigen-presenting cells. t/f
true
High fevers can lead to protein denaturation and raise the likelihood of seizures. t/f
true
In addition to creating a physical barrier to pathogen entry, mucus contains antimicrobial substances such as igA. t/f
true
In passive immunity, the individual has not had an antigenic challenge. t/f
true
One function of helper T-lymphocytes is to enhance the activity of cells of the innate immune system. t/f
true
Over their life span, plasma cells produce hundreds of antibodies ag one specific antigen. t/f
true
Some antibodies cross the placenta. t/f
true
Identify the type of infectious agent that is a prokaryote cell
bacteria
the wide ________ of the lung rests upon the diaphragm
base
Identify the cells that produce histamine and heparin
basophils and mast cells
in a secondary response to a specific antigen, your antibody titer will _____
be higher.
Why are functions of t-lymphocytes referred to as "cell mediated" immunity?
because t-lymphocytes work ag antigens associated with cells
most carbon dioxide is carried in the blood as ________
bicarbonate
inside red blood cells, carbonic acid (H2CO3) breaks down into ______________.
bicarbonate and a hydrogen ions
Gas exchange in the respiratory system involves the movement of respiratory gases between what locations?
blood and systemic tissues; blood and alveoli
Because memory B cells do not last forever, you need to get a(n) ___________ shot for tetanus every ten years
boaster
Because memory B cells do not last forever, you need to get a(n) __ shot for tetanus every ten years.
booster
Because memory B cells do not last forever, you need to get a(n) ______ shot for tetanus every ten years
booster
When they leave the red marrow, pre- T-lymphocytes have:
both the CD4 and CD8 proteins
consuming meat that has been infected with a prion can lead to the disease
bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Regulatory respiratory centers are located within the _________ through the medulla oblongata and the pons
brainstem
the involuntary, rhythmic activities that deliver and remove gases are located in which part of the CNS?
brainstem
the conducting airways of the lower respiratory tract include which of the following?
bronchi, trachea, larynx
the ________ is a highly branched system of air conducting passages that originates from the left and right primary bronchi and progressively branches into narrower tubes ending in terminal bronchioles
bronchial tree
the autonomic nervous system innervates which of the following in the respiratory system
bronchial tree; lungs; trachea
contraction of the smooth muscle surrounding the bronchioles results in ______________________.
bronchoconstriction
the left and right lung are partitioned into 8-10 _________ segments
bronchopulmonary
In positive selection of T-lymphocytes, those cells that:
can bind MHC survive.
dendritic cels
capture antigens and bring them to the lymph nodes
the haldane effect describes the effect of ________ ________ binding to hemoglobin or the ability of oxygen to bind to hemoglobin
carbon dioxide
which statement describes the movement of carbon dioxide during external respiration?
carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the alveoli
which statement describes the net movement of carbon dioxide during internal respiration?
carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues to the blood
conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid (H2CO2) is aided by the enzyme _______ __________
carbonic anhydride
the most inferior tracheal cartilage separates the primary bronchi and forms an internal ridge called the ______________.
carnia
If t-lymphocytes that failed the negative selection test were not destroyed, one might predict that the person's immune system would:
cause autoimmune disorders
vasodilation
causes a decrease in blood pressure
Chemotaxis is the process by which:
cells migrate along chemical gradients
squamous cell carcinoma--> small cell carcinoma --> adenocarcinoma-->
cells of respiratory membrane neuroendocrine cells mucin producing cells
T-lymphocytes are a part of __ immunity.
cellular
T-lymphocytes are a part of _______ immunity.
cellular
T-lymphocytes are a part of _________ immunity
cellular
which of the following chemical changes can trigger chemoreceptor reflexes?
changes in blood pH, changes in blood PCO2, changes in CSF pH
_________ are hair-like extensions of plasma membranes that in the respiratory system, function to sweep mucus upward so that it can be expectorated or swallowed
cilia
the trachea is lined with __________ which will propel mucus laden particles toward the pharynx where they can be swallowed
cilia
basophils
circulates in blood; release granules of histamine & heparin
as inhaled gases pass through conducting airways, the gases are "conditioned" in which of the following ways?
cleansed of particulates, warmed to body temperature, humidified
alveolar pores provide
collateral ventilation
Poison ivy contains a toxin that acts as a hapten by:
combining with a body protein and then triggering an immune response.
In the classical pathway of complement activation:
complement binds to an antibody that is bound to a foreign substance
Identify each antibody function in the picture
complement fixation opsonization activation of NK cells
Identify factors that affect an antigen's immunogenicity:
complexity and size
Identify the factors that affect an antigens immunogenicity
complexity and size
The secondary stimualtion of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activation involves stimulation of the cell by interleukin 2 released by helper T-lymphocytes. t/f
true
the bony projections along the lateral wall of the nasal cavity are called _________ and the air passages that lie between them are called nasal __________.
conchae, meatuses
during inhalation, the external intercostals _________ to increase the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity
contract
during inhalation, the diaphragm _________ & __________.
contracts, flattens
in hemoglobin, the effect of bound oxygen on the binding of additional oxygen molecules is known as the _________ __________ effect
cooperative binding
The only tissue that is transplanted that does not involve MHC matching is the _______
cornea
The only tissue that is transplanted that does not involve MHC matching is the ____________
cornea
Creutsfeldt-Jakob disease is caused by prions. It is also called mad __ disease.
cow
the ring shaped _________ cartilage of the inferior portion of the larynx connects to the trachea inferiorly
cricoid
the ___________ ligament attaches the cricoid cartilage to the inferior edge of the thyroid cartilage
criocthyroid
along with direct contact between the plasma cell and a helper t-lympocyte, specific type of ____________ released from the helper t-lymphocyte is necessary for class switching
cytokine
Along with direct contact between the plasma cell and a helper T-lymphocyte, specific type of __ released from the helper T-lymphocyte is necessary for class switching.
cytokines
Interferons are one of the classes of
cytokines
Once a helper t-lymphocyte recognizes an antigen, it begins the immune response by secreting chemical signals called:
cytokines
Small proteins called __ serve as a means of communication between immune system cells.
cytokines
Match each cell type with its effector response:
cytotoxic T cells --> destroys infected cell via apoptosis plasma cell --> produce antibodies helper T cell --> release interleukins and cytokines to stimulate other cells
MHC class I molecules on a cell allow it to interact with:
cytotoxic t-lymphocytes.
True or False: nonpathogenic microorganisms reside on the skin of healthy individuals
true
depression of the ribs ___________ the lateral dimensions of the thoracic cavity
decreases
when the volume of the thoracic cavity increases, during inhalation, the intrapulmonary pressure ___________ and air flows ______ the lungs
decreases, into
Identify the last event of a fever
defervescene
HHb is the abbreviation for
deoxyhemoglobin
contraction of the internal intercostals ______________ the ribs.
depresses
The primary goal of the immune response is:
destruction or inactivation of pathogens and foreign material.
functions of respiratory system
detection of odors; sound production; exchange of O2 and CO2; air passageway
Identify the true statements regarding active immunity
development of memory cells and direct contact with an antigen
Identify the process by which cells squeeze out of the bloodstream and migrate to sites of infection
diapedesis
which might require a tracheotomy?
difficulty breathing due to severe chest wall injury; respiratory disease; an upper airway obstruction
Active immunity requires
direct encounter with antigen
Active immunity requires:
direct encounter with the antigen
which of the following are mechanisms for carrying carbon dioxide in the blood?
dissolved carbon dioxide in the blood; as bicarbonate; bound to hemoglobin
increases in the PCO2 of as little as 5 mmHg can ____________ breathing rate.
double
Identify the process that brings an exogenous antigen into a cell
endocytosis
Alveolar macrophages
engulf microorganisms or particulate material that has reached the alveoli
A patient has a parasitic infection. Upon examination of a blood sample under the microscope, an abundance of granuloctyes are present. These are likely
eosinophils
Which type of cell is the most effective to attack multicellular parasites such as tapeworms?
eosinophils
when successful swallowing occurs, the __________ closes over the opening to the larynx to prevent materials from entering the larynx
epiglottis
the mucous membrane is composed of _________ and is ciliated in most portions of the respiratory tract conducting zone
epithelium
the laryngopharynx extends inferiorly form the hyoid bone and is continuous with the larynx and _______________,
esophagus
the thoracic cavity dimensions return their original size during _______.
exhalation
when the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases, the intrapulmonary pressure increases and ___________ occurs.
exhalation
which of the following option is correctly identified as one of the major respiratory volumes?
expiratory reserve volume; inspiratory reserve volume; tidal volume; residual volume
Which of the following lists the body first, second, and third lines of defense in order?
external innate immunity, internal innate immunity, adaptive immunity
Which of the following lists the body's first, second, and third lines of defense in order?
external innate immunity, internal innate immunity, adaptive immunity
During inflammation, increased fluid, protein, and immune cells leave the capillaries and enter the interstitial space. This material is called
exudate
If someone had a cut in their skin though which a bacterium was then destroyed by a neutrophil, this would be an example of:
failed external innate immunity, but successful internal innate immunity.
B-lymphocytes cannot bind directly with an antigen, and so require presentation by another type of cell. t/f
false
Erythrocytes are antigen-presenting cells. t/f
false
Helper T-lymphocytes primarily contain the CD8 coreceptor. t/f
false
Sustained fevers that are 1 degree C above normal core body temp usually lead to irreversible brain damage. t/f
false
The inflammatory response includes a decrease in the permeability of capillaries to prevent excessive blood loss after injury. t/f
false
Pyrexia is the presence of
fever
spleen
filters blood; storage of platelets and erythocytes
lymph node
filters lymph
the breathing that accompanies exercise involves more muscles and deeper breaths. this is known as ______________ breathing
forced
breathing involving more muscles and greater changes in volume is known as ___________ ____________.
forced breathing
during normal quiet breathing, the ___________ is inactive and exhalation is a passive event that does not require nervous stimulation
ventral respiratory group
near the vestibule of the nose are coarse hairs called _________
vibrissae
Under an electron microscope, an infectious agent is identified that is not cellular. This must be a
virus
Identify the five major categories of infectious agents
viruses, fungi, multicellular parasites, bacteria, and protozoans
the total amount of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs by forced breathing is known as the ________ _________.
vital capacity
precipitated
when antibodies clump together viral particles , they become insoluble or __
eicosanoids
which structure leukotrienes, a chemical of inflammation
the trachea is more commonly called the ___________.
windpipe