A&P II Cumulative Final
Diabetes Insipidus results from deficiency in ___ while Diabetes mellitus results from a deficiency in ____. A) insuin; ADH B) Glucagon; insulin C) ADH; insulin D) ADH; Glucagon E) insulin; glucagon
C) ADH; Insulin
This is the only electrical connection between the atria and ventricles: A) SA node B) AV Node C) AV Bundle D) Purkinje Fibers
C) AV Bundle
This helps endure against experiemtner bias: A) Placebo B) High Sample Size C) Double-blind design D) Control group
C) Double-blind design
Which of the following correctly matches the valve to its function? A) tricuspid valve- permits one-way blood flow from the right to the left atrium B) pulmonary valve- permits one-way blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta C) Mitral valve- permits one-way blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle D) Aortic valve- permits one-way blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk
C) Mitral valve - permits one-way blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle
Anatomical knowledge is typically derived from the ___ method of inquiry, while physiological knowledge is typically gathered using the ___ method of inquiry. A) Inductive; Seductive B) Hypothetico-deductive; Inductive C) Pre-inductive; Inductive D) Inductive, Hypothetico-deductive E) Inductive, Pre-Inductive
C) Pre-inductive; Inductive
Which of the following is directly a part of the adaptive immune response? A) phagocytosis B) inflammation C) Production of antibodies D) synthesis of defensins
C) Production of antibodies
Innate defense include all of the following EXCEPT: A) phagocytitic cells B) physical barriers C) antibodies D) inflammation E) interferon
C) antibodies
Which of these is NOT a function of the respiratory system? A. Supply body with O2 B. Dispose of CO2 C. Catabolize C6H12O6 D. Olfaction E. Speech
C) catabolize C6H12O6
T lymphocytes are directly responsible for: A) programming macrophages B) humoral immunity C) cell-mediated immunity D) producing antibodies
C) cell-mediated immunity
Gallstones are usually composed of a. calcium salts. b. uric acid. c. cholesterol. d. bile pigments
C) cholesterol
The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are A) carbohydrates. B) proteins. C) fats. D) nucleic acids. E) vitamins.
C) fats
Which of the following sexually transmitted diseases is not caused by bacteria? A. chlamydia B. gonorrhea C. genital warts D. syphilis
C) genital warts
Which of the following restricts or inhibits the clotting process? A) Vitamin K B) thrombin C) heparin D) clotting factors E) calcium ions
C) heparin
What acid is most prevalent in the stomach? A. Carbonic Acid B. Citric Acid C. Hydrochloric Acid D. Acetic Acid E. Fatty Acid
C) hydrochloric acid
Gastrin, which stomach cells secrete, a. inhibits production of hydrochloric acid. b. contracts the stomach. c. increases secretion by the gastric glands, releasing more gastric juice. d. changes pepsin into pepsinogen.
C) increases secretion by the gastric glands, releasing more gastric juices
Bacteria cause dental caries by a. infecting the gums. b. destroying the gums so that the teeth loosen. c. metabolizing carbohydrates in food, producing acidic by-products that damage enamel and dentin. d. secreting acids that dissolve enamel.
C) metabolizing carbohydrates in food, producing acidic by- products that damage enamel and dentin
Chemical digestion begins in the A) stomach. B) duodenum. C) mouth. D) jejunum
C) mouth
. Normal urine from a healthy person should not contain __________. A. sodium B. urea C. proteins
C) protein
Matthew takes a drug that inhibits the production of HCl in the stomach to ease the symptoms of a gastric ulcer. If he takes it for a long time, digestion of which nutrient would be affected the most? a. Carbohydrates b. Lipids c. Proteins d. Miner
C) proteins
Airflow INCREASES when: A. Pressure decreases B. Resistance increases C. Resistance decreases D. Friction increases
C) resistance decreases
The organ that produces a secretion that contains fructose, prostaglandins, and fibrinogen is the A) prostate gland. B) bulbourethral gland. C) seminal gland (seminal vesicle). D) corpus cavernosum. E) preputial gland.
C) seminal gland (Seminal vesicle)
Females are at higher risk of contracting a urinary tract infection because A. the female urethra is longer than the male's. B. women use toilet paper when they urinate. C. the female urethra is shorter than the male's.
C) the female urethra is shorter than the male
The only function of the stomach that is essential to life is its absorption of: A. Alcohol B. Selenium C. vitamin B12 D. Aspirin E. Fatty Acids
C) vitamin B12
Undescended testes cause infertility because A. there is too little testosterone. B. they become entangled in the seminiferous tubules, which then degenerate. C. sperm development is impeded by the higher internal body temperature. D. they undergo apoptosis, and can no longer produce sperm.
C. sperm development is impeded by the higher internal body temperature.
Irreversible decrease in ability to force air out of lungs: Most develop respiratory failure accompanied by respiratory acidosis, hypoxemia
COPD
This hormone increases calcium levels in the bloodstream by releasing stored calcium fro the bone
Calcitonin
When fully saturated, each one of the Hb groups contain ____ O2 molecules. A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5
D) 4
The following are structural compnents of the conducting system of the heart. 1. Purkinje Fibers 2. AV Bundle 3. AV Node 4. SA Node 5. Bundle Branches The sequence in which excitation would move through this system is: A) 1,4,3,2,5 B) 3,2,4,5,1 C)3,5,4,2,1 D) 4,3,2,5,1 E) 4,2,3,5,1
D) 4,3,2,5,1
After brain surgery, a patient receiving postoperative care in ICU began to pass large volumes of very dilute urine. The ICU nurse administered a medicine that mimics one of the following hormones. Which one? A) Aldosterone B) epinephrine C) renin D) ADH E) cortisol
D) ADH
Which of these is not a layer of the heart? A) Myocardium B) Pericardium C) Endocardium D) Epicardium
D) Epicardium
Which of the following is FALSE regarding the cardiovascular response to hemorrhaging? A) The body's initial response is to elevate blood pressure B) The hormones erythropoietin and ADH are used to restore blood volume C) Blood volume is restored by a recall of fluids from interstitial spaces D) Heart rate will decrease in order to help elevate blood pressure
D) Heart rate will decrease in order to help elevate blood pressure
The ductus arteriosus allows fetal blood to move from the: A) right atrium to the left atrium B) left atrium to the right atrium C) Aorta into the pulmonary trunk D) Pulmonary trunk into the aorta
D) Pulmonary trunk into the Aorta
A child born without a thymus would not have mature: A) macrophages B) B-lymphocytes C) dendritic cells D) T-Lymphocytes
D) T-Lymphocytes
If a female body builder starts taking injections of testosterone (an anabolic steroid) on a daily basis. After 3 weeks, which of the following do you expect to observe? A) increased sex drive B) increase in muscle mass C) enlarged clitoris D) all of the above E) none of the above
D) all of the above
The binding of an antigen to an antibody can result it: A) neutralization of the antigen B) agglutination or precipitation C) complement activation D) all of the above E) A & B only
D) all of the above
Which of the following is NOT compatible with penile erection? A. parasympathetic stimulation B. arterial dilation C. venous compression D. blood leaves erectile tissue
D) blood leaves erectile tissue
When smooth muscles in the walls of the arteries are stimulated to contract: A) peripheral resistance decreases B) Viscosity increases C) blood pressure decreases D) blood pressure increases
D) blood pressure increases
Anabolism is the _______ of molecules and involves a(n) ______of energy. A. splitting, expenditure B. combining, expenditure C. splitting, release D. combining, release
D) combining , release
Drug used to reduce the tissue rejection reaction following the transplantation of tissue from one person to another: A) stimulate the formation of antibodies by the recipient's cells B) reduce the differences between donor proteins and recipient proteins C) reduce the chance of infection in the recipient D) depress the recipient's immune response
D) depress the recipient's immune response
As a result of very low arterial blood pressure, glomerular hydrostatic pressure A. drops and filtration increases. B. rises and filtration decreases. C. rises and filtration increases. D. drops and filtration decreases.
D) drops and filtration decreases
Which of these factors DOES NOT influence external respiration? A. Thickness and surface area of respiratory membrane B. Partial pressure gradients and gas solubilities C. Ventilation-perfusion coupling D. Heart Rate
D) heart rate
Marsha gets a splinter in her finger. What is her body's immediate response to any novel microbe that might try to enter her body as a result of the splinter breaking the skin? A) Specific defense B) cyotoxic T cell response C) adaptive defense D) innate defense
D) innate defense
Suppose you were mistaken for a vampire and a villager with poor aim stabbed you in the middle lobe of one of your lungs with a wooden tomato stake. Where is your injury? A. upper left thoracic region B. upper right thoracic region C. middle left thoracic region D. middle right thoracic region E. lower left thoracic region
D) middle right thoracic region
The type of resistance acquired by a newborn through breast milk is: A) naturally acquired active immunity B) artificially acquired passive immunity C) artificially acquired active immunity D) naturally acquired passive immunity
D) naturally acquired passive immunity
Blood pressure increases with all of the following, except increased: A) Cardiac output B) peripheral resistance C) blood volume D) parasympathetic innervations E) force of cardiac contraction
D) parasympathetic innervations
The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the A) T cells B) B cells C) NK cells D) phagocytes E) Plasma cells
D) phagocytes
The _____ regulates food entering the small intestine. A) ileocecal valve B) cardiac sphincter C) external anal sphincter D) pyloric sphincter
D) pyloric Sphincter
In adults, the only site of red blood cells production, and the primary site of white blood cell formation, is the: A) liver B) thymus C) spleen D) red bone marrow E) yellow bone marrow
D) red bone marrow
Which of the following is false regarding micturition? A. It is another name for urination. B. It is a reflex triggered by stretch receptors in the urinary bladder. C. It requires the opening of two sphincters. D. Sympathetic stimulation may cause contraction of the detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder
D) sympathetic stimulation may cause contraction of the detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder
Which of the following would not be characterized as an endocrine-controlled process? A) puberty B) maintenance of reproductive abilities in a female until menopause C) pregnancy D) the constriction of the iris muscles when a bright light is shined in the eye
D) the constriction of the iris muscles when a bright light is shined in the eye
All of these are one of the modern major food groups EXCEPT: A. Fruit B. Vegetables C. Dairy D. Meat E. Grains
Dairy
A/an ___ in oxygen in the peripheral tissues will cause vasodilation
Decrease
A/an ___ in oxygen in the peripheral tissues will cause vasodilation.
Decrease
Arteriosclerosis causes a/an ___ in blood flow.
Decrease
Blood pressure with the general release of nitrous oxide
Decrease
The release of nitrous oxide will cause blood pressure to ___.
Decrease
When an individual first beings to hemorrhage, blood pressure will ___.
Decrease
This problem occurs when the posterior pituitary gland no longer releases enough ADH
Diabetes Insipidus
Which of the following statements concerning red blood cells is FALSE? A) RBCs are biconcave discs B) RBCs lack a nuclues C) RBCs are specialized for carrying oxygen D) RBCs can form stacks called rouleaux E) RBCs are able to produce their own proteins
E) RBCs are able to produce their own proteins
Enocrine and synaptic communication are similar in that both A) share the chemical messengers epinephrine and nonepinerphrine B) use the bloodstream for transmission C) work to preserve homeostasis D) are limited to very specific areas E) both A & C
E) both A & C
Each of the following is a function of hydrochloric acid, except A) converts pepsinogen to pepsin. B) killing many microorganisms that are ingested with food. C) denaturation of proteins found in foods. D) absorption of fatty foods. E) breaking down plant cell walls.
E) breaking down plant cell walls
Which of these concentration trends in the tissues is the most powerful respiratory stimulant? A. Decreased Oxygen B. Increased Oxygen C. Increased Carbon Monoxide D. Decreased Carbon Dioxide E. Increased Carbon Dioxide
E) increased carbon dioxide
Which of these following structures is most closely associated with the larynx? A. Testicles B. Tongue C. Thymus D. Thorax E. Thyroid
E) thyroid
Permanent enlargement of alveoli; destruction of alveolar walls; decreased lung elasticity
Emphysema
Thyroid is what type of gland
Endocrine
Increases during allergic reactions and parasite prescense
Eosinophils
These can release enzymes to digest parasitic worms
Eosinophils
Hematocrit measures the % of blood volume that is _____
Erythrocytes
Not included in the 'buffy coat' layer of a centrifuges blood sample
Erythrocytes
these are typically kept inactive and mobile by nitric oxide and prostacyclin from endothelial cells lining blood vessels
Erythrocytes
Salivary Glands are what type of glands
Exocrine
The efferent arteriole supplies blood to the glomerulus. T or F
False
Can be in the form of antibodies; also transport metals and lipids
Globulins
Commonly called "the clap"; Bacterial infection of mucosae of reproductive and urinary tracts
Gonorrhea
Caused by hyper-secretion of TH
Grave's Disease
This is genetic disorder caused by a deficiency in certain clotting factors
Hemophilia
A major cell involved is Memory B
Humoral immunity
This is the only antibody that normally crosses the placenta
IgG
First class of antibosy secreted after an antigen arrive (primary response)
IgM
As sympathetic stimulation increases, blood pressure will ___.
Increase
Blood flow via vasoldilation of precapillary sphincters.
Increase
Blood pressure as sympathetic stimulation increases
Increase
Doubling the length of a blood vessel will result in a/an ___ in vascular resistance.
Increase
Heart rate at the onset of a hemorrhage
Increase
Vascular resistance when doubling the length of a blood vessel
Increase
Vasodilation of precapillary sphincters will result in a/an ___ in blood flow.
Increase
Viscosity when blood doping by athletes
Increase
Viscosity will ___ if an athlete participates in blood doping.
Increase
this hormone helps to surpresses appetite and acts on the hypthoalmus by controlling normal levels of GnRH
Leptin
Complete cells
Leukocytes
Near the body surface in inguinal, axillary, and cervical regions of body. Filters lymph and activates immune system.
Lymph Nodes
Contains numerous valves to prevent backflow
Lymph vessels
Fluid within propelled by milking action of skeletal muscles
Lymph vessels
Will leave circulation, enter tissue, and differentiate into macrophages
Lymphocytes
Punctured lung
Atelectasis
Your target cholesterol level is not to exceed: A. 20mg/dL B. 200mg/dL C. 200mg/L D. 200g/L E. 20g/L
B) 200 mg/dl
Billy Baseball who prided himself on having a full set of beautiful white teeth took a line drive in the face and lost two incisors and a canine in the last game of his long career. How many teeth does he still have in his head? A. 27 B. 29 C. 17 D. 32 E. 31
B) 29
The specialized arteries that are able to tolerate the pressure shock produced each time ventricular systole occurs and blood leaves the heart are: A) Muscular arteries B) Elastic Arteries C) Arterioles D) Fenstrated Arteries
B) Elastic Arteries
When chemoreceptors sense an increase in CO2 or descrease in O2, A) the respiratory rate decreases B) Heart rate increases C) Cardiac output decreases D) vasodilation occurs
B) Heart rate increases
This is an organ transplant between identical twins. It is almost always successful. A) Allograft B) Isograft C) Autograft D) Xenograft
B) Isograft
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) cripples the immune system by interfering with the activity of: A) B-cells B) Th cells C) Tc cells D) Antibodies
B) Th cells
One of the functions of the large intestine is to a. secrete digestive enzymes. b. Absorb and reclaim ingested water. c. regulate the release of bile. d. break down hemoglobin
B) absorb and reclaim ingested water
The organ that secretes a mucus-like fluid that functions to lubricate the penis and neutralize the pH in the urethra is the A. prostate gland. B. bulbourethral (or Cowper's) gland. C. seminal gland (seminal vesicle). D. corpus cavernosum.
B) bulbourethral gland
Functions of the blood include all but: A) distributing substances B) conduction of neurotransmitters C) regulating blood levels of substances D) Protection
B) conduction of Neurotransmitters
All of the following are actions of antibodies EXCEPT A) attracting macrophages and neutrophils to the region B) directly stimulating apoptosis C) causing agglutination and precipitation D) promoting inflammation to help prevent the spread of antigens
B) directly stimulating apoptosis
ADH levels in nephrons regulate water output by causing the _____. A. glomerular capsule and nephron loop to absorb more or less water B. distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to reabsorb more or less water C. glomerulus and proximal convoluted tubule to filter less or more water
B) distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to reabsorb more or less water
Which of the following would have a diuretic effect? A. eating salty pretzels B. drinking alcohol C. sleeping
B) drinking alcohol
Heartburn is usually caused by the effects of gastric juice on the a. heart. b. esophagus. c. stomach. d. small intestine.
B) esophagus
Tina is singing a song. At a certain point in the song she forces a large volume of air out of the glottis and at the same time increases the tension on her vocal chords (causing them to shorten) the sound that she produces is: A) low pitched an loud B) high pitched and loud C) low pitched and soft D) high pitched and soft E) medium pitched and soft
B) high pitched and loud
What happens to your RBC count when you move to a higher altitude for a long period of time? A. It decreases and remains lower than previous B. It increases and remains higher than previous C. It initially increases then returns to previous D. It initially decreases then returns to previous
B) increases and remains higher than previous
The brush border enzyme needed to break down milk sugar is A) salivary amylase. B) lactase. C) pepsin. D) sucrose.
B) lactase
All of these are considered digestive glands EXCEPT: A. Salivary glands B. Liver C. Pancreas D. Gall Bladder
B) liver
Which of the following lists the body's first, second, and third lines of defense in order? A) Adaptive immunity, mechanical barriers, internal innate immunity (such as inflammation or fever) B) mechanical barriers, internal innate immunity (such as inflammation or fever), adaptive immunity C) mechanical barriers, adaptive immunity, internal innate immunity (such as inflammation or fever)
B) mechanical barriers, internal innate immunity (such as inflammation or fever), adaptive immunity
Which of these is NOT a function of the nose? A. Provides an airway for respiration B. Moistens and warms exiting air C. Filters and cleans inspired air D. Serves as resonating chamber for speech E. Houses olfactory receptors
B) moistens and warms exiting air
In a ____ feedback mechanism, the product of the reaction serves to slow down or stop the initial recation. A) Positive B) negative C) Neutral D) Retrograde
B) negative
These are locally acting chemicals that affect cells other than those that secrete them. A) autocrines B) peracrines C) Endocrine hormones D) exocrine hormones
B) peracrines
As blood travels from arteries to veins, A) pressure builds B) pressure drops C) Flow becomes turbulent D) Viscosity increases E) Diameter if the blood vessels gets progressively smaller
B) pressure drops
Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate by the __________. A. renal corpuscle B. proximal convoluted tubule C. distal convoluted tubule
B) proximal convoluted tubule
In a ECG pattern, the T wave is caused by: A) repolarization of atrial muscle fibers B) repolarization of ventricular muscle fibers C) Depolarization of atrial muscle finbers D) depolarization of ventricular muscle finers
B) repolarization of ventricular muscle fibers
During urine formation, some substances move from the plasma in the peritubular capillary into the renal tubule by the process called _____. A. filtration B. secretion C. reabsorption
B) secretion
Sperm production occurs in the A) ductus deferens. B) seminiferous tubules. C) epididymis. D) seminal glands (seminal vesicles). E) rete testis.
B) seminiferous tubules
What type of epithelial cells would you expect to find comprising the walls of the aveoli? A. stratified squamous B. simple squamous C. stratified cuboidal D. pseudostratified columnar E. simple columnar
B) simple squamous
The normal pacemaker of the heart is located in the: A) Purkinje fibers B) Sinoatrial node C) atrioventricular node D) Wall of the left ventricle E) both the left and right ventricles
B) sinoatrial Node
Multiple hormones produce the same effect on target cells other than those that secrete them: A) permissiveness B) synergism C) Antagonism D) Agnosticism
B) synergism
When a man steps into a cold pool, his testes will move ____ his body; if he steps into a hot tub, his testes will move ____ his body. A. behind; in front B. towards; away from C. in front; behind D. away from; towards
B) towards; away from
Which of these is NOT a region of the pharynx? A. Nasopharynx B. Tracheopharynx C. Laryngopharynx D. Orophayrynx
B) tracheopharynx
The functions of the lymphatic system do not include: A) protecting the body against infection B) transporting hormones to intestinal smooth muscle C) returning interstitial fluid to the blood stream D) transporting the products of lipid digestion from the intestine to the liver
B) transporting hormones to the intestinal smooth muscle
Where does the epididymis direct sperm cells into? A. vas efferens B. vas deferens C. rete testis D. prostate gland
B) vas deferens
Which of the following would reduce the glomerular filtration rate? A. Vasodilation of the afferent arteriole B. Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole C. An increase in osmotic pressure in the glomerular capsule
B) vasocontriction of the afferent arteriole
Which of these has no part in voice production? A. vocal cords B. vocal folds C. Glottis D. Lungs
B) vocal folds
This is the most abundant chemical in the body. It serves as an environment from chemical reactions and is the fluid for secretions and excretions. A) oxygen B) water C) nitrogen D) calcium E) cellulose
B) water
Activities of the digestive system generally increase when it is stimulated by a. sympathetic impulses. b. parasympathetic impulses. c. sensory impulses. d. somatic impulses.
B)parasympathetic impulses
Heart disease can lead to an increase in ____; this will cause fluid to move out of the blood into the peripheral tissues, resulting in ____. A) Capillary hydrostatic pressure; edema B) Capillary hydrostatic pressure; dehydration C) Blood colloid osmotic pressure; edema D) Blood osmotic pressure; dehydration
A) Capillary hydrostatic pressure; edema
If the partial pressure of O2 is lower in the pulmonary capillaries than in the alveolus, then: A) O2 will diffuse out of the Alveolus into the pulmonary capillaries B) O2 will diffuse out of the pulmonary capillaries into the alveolus C) there will be no net diffusion of oxygen D) O2 will diffuse from an area of lesser concentration to the area of greater concentration
A) O2 will diffuse out of the alveolus into the pulmonary capillaries
The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is: A) TSH B) ACTH C) FSH D) LH E) GH
A) TSH
The majority of O2 carried in the bloodstream is: A. bound to the heme group in hemoglobin B. dissolved in the plasma C. bound to the globin group in hemoglobin D. bound in bicarbonate
A) bound to the heme group in hemoglobin
When your calorie intake exceeds your daily expenditures of energy, you: A. gain weight B. lose weight C. neither gain or lose weight
A) gain weight
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes the disease known as AIDS selectively infects ___ cells A) helper T B) memory B C) NK D) memory T E) Plasma
A) helper T
This cell releases cytokines to activate B-cells, increase the activity of cytotoxic T-cells, and in general regulates the overall immune response A) helper T-cells B) Natural Killer cells C) basophils D) Suppressor T-cells
A) helper T-cells
When blood glucose levels ride, A) insulin is released B) glucagon is released C) peripheral cells take up more glucose D) protein synthesis increases E) both B & D
A) insulin is released
Hyperventilation causes a decrease in respiration rate due to: A) lower CO2 levels B) elevated CO2 Levels C) Lower levels of O2 D) elevated O2 levels
A) lower CO2 levels
Decreasing levels of progesterone and estrogen at the end of the uterine cycle results in A. menstruation. B. thickening of the endometrium. C. ovulation. D. increased hCG levels.
A) menstration
The _______ is the layer of the digestive system that absorbs nutrients. a. mucosa b. submucosa c. muscular layer d. serosa
A) mucosa
Pulmonary veins carry: A. Oxygenated blood to the heart B. Oxygen poor blood away from the heart C. Oxygenated blood away from the heart D. Oxygen poor blood to the heart
A) oxygenated blood to the heart
The structure of the tooth that firmly attaches the tooth to the jaw is the a. periodontal ligament. b. dentin. c. gingiva. d. root canal.
A) periodontal ligament
Why are glomerular pressures higher than pressure in other capillaries? A. The efferent arteriole has a smaller diameter than the afferent arteriole, increasing resistance. B. Sodium content of the filtrate increases pressure. C. E and NE cause increased glomerular pressure. D. The length of the afferent arteriole is longer than the efferent arteriole.
A) the efferent arteriole has a smaller diameter than the afferent arteriole, increasing resistance
This condition is caused by excessive growth hormone secreted after the epiphyseal plated have closed
Acromegaly
What gland produces Aldosterone
Adrenal Cortex
In females: beard, masculine pattern of body hair, clitoris resembles small penis
Adrenogenital Syndrome
Most abundant plasma protein that transports fatty acids and thyroid hormones
Albumins
Cortex contains follicles with germinal centers, heavy with dividing B cells
Appendix
Thick wall of smooth muscle
Arteries
Contains large amounts of histamine
Basophils
Releases histamine and heparin
Basophils
At our absolute best, we are only ___% efficient in our energy conversions. A. 25 B. 65 C. 38 D. 62 E. 49
C) 38
These cells are responsible for the production and secretion od circulating immunoglobulins
Plasma Cells
This can be caused by a deficiency of Vitamin B12
Pornicious Anemia
This hormone is most important in childhood or late stages of pregnancy in order to stimulate bone growth and mineral depostion
Prolactin
Hypothalmus is what type of gland
Neuroendocrine
"bacteria slayer" --- very phagocytic
Neutrophils
Most abundant white blood cell
Neutrophils
Part of the innate (nonspecific) defenses, these cells are the first line of cellular defense against pathogens
Neutrophils
Blood volume via short term regulation of blood pressure
No effect
This hormone rises during sexual arousal and also stimulates smooth muscle contractions, promoting labor
Oxytocin
The product of this gland stimulates osteoclasts, increases plasma calcium, increases reabsorption of calcium from the kidney, and stimulates formation of active vitamin D.
Parathyroid gland
Clusters of lymphoid follicles in wall of distal of small intestine
Payer's Patch
I am a red blood cell that has just returned from the venous system to the ____ where I am pumped to the ___ through the ____ valve. I am pumped from there through the pulmonary semilunar valve, entering the pulmonary circuit where I pass through the capillaries of the lungs. I return to the heart through the ____ valve where I pass into the ____, through the ____ valve, and into the ____ which then pumps me through the aorta and into systemic circualtion
Right Atrium; Right Ventricle; Tricuspid Valve; Primary Semimitral; Left Atrium; Mitral Valve; Left Ventricle
With this disorder, a person's body makes abnormal forms of hemoglobin.
Thalassemia
Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver? a. takes in nutrients directly from the digestive system through the hepatic portal vein. b. secretes amylase. c. synthesis of bile. d. produces and stores glycogen
b) secrete amylase
This is not a part of the small intestine.
cecum
Destroys the target pathogen by stimulating apoptosis
cellular immunity
Requires co-stimulation in order to activate the immune cell
cellular immunity
Utilizes the activity of helper T cels
cellular immunity
Most common bacterial STI in United States
chlamydia
Is bound on one end by the pyloric valve
deudunom
The common bile duct dumps into this section of the small intestine
deudunom
The first section of the small intestine.
deudunom
May have epiploic appendages on its exterior
deudunom and jejunum
Second most common STI in United States
genital warts
Anaerobic bacteria infect gums but the infection is reversible if calculus removed
gingivitis
This hormone stimulates the breakdown of gylcogen in the lver
glucagon
Stomach acid regurgitates into esophagus
heart burn
Usually caused by viral infection, drug toxicity, or wild mushroom poisoning
hepatitis
utilizes the inflammatory response
humoral and cellular immunity
Defense against Pathogens in body fluids
humoral immunity
One form of this can be caused by Carbon Monoxide
hypoxia
Is bound on one end by the ileocecal
illieum
Rosemary loves nothing more than eating a giant barbacoa and bean burrito from Joey's before volleyball practice. The only problem is that sometimes it upsets her stomach a little. Usually, her three ___41___(s) keep her from defecating every time she needs to "relieve a little pressure". As always, practice in the poorly ventilated gym was becoming a little uncomfortable for her teammates when Rosemary realized that feces had descended into her ___42___ and her __43__ had relaxed in preparation for defecation! However, she thought for sure that she had it under conscious control. As she dove to make a particularly hard dig, she was no longer able to control the __44__ which she had held constricted for way too long. The anticipation of hitting the court caused her to perform the __45__, which is a closing of the glottis, coupled with contraction of diaphragm and abdominal wall muscles. this caused increased intra-abdominal pressure and feces therefore to uncontrollably leave her body. Rosemary could have been horribly embarrassed, but luckily brown is one of her team colors
internal anal sphincters, rectal valve, external anal sphincter, anal, Valsalva maneuver
Recurring abdominal pain, stool changes, bloating, flatulence, nausea, depression with stress as a common precipitating factor
irritable bowel syndrome
This hormone is secreted in excess levels when dark and inhibits reproductive functions
melatonin
Suppose we make the ___ that our morning cup of Community Coffee is often accompanied by a period of increased respiration. Based upon this, we formulate a ____ that predicts the ingestion of caffeinated coffee to cause an increase in respiration. We decide to test this by splitting our BIO225 class into two groups. One group gets fully caffeinated coffee and the other group gets decaffeinated coffee. The decaffeinated coffee is considered a ___ because it doesn't contain the active ingredient, but the student drinking it doesn't know that. The students drinking the decaffeinated coffee are the ___ group. Caffeine is the ____ variable and respiration is the ____ variable. In order to eliminate as much bias as possible, we decide to make this a ___ study, where neither the ones administering the coffee or the ones drinking the coffee knows which group they are in. We find that there is indeed statistically significant increase in respiration following ingestion of caffeinated coffee, but not of decaffeinated coffee.... we need a donut.
observation; hypothesis; placebo; control; independent; dependent; double blind
Most caused by Helicobacter pylori bacteria
peptic ulcers
Inflammation of nasal mucosa
rhinitis
Characterized by gummas (lesions of CNS, blood vessels, bones, and skin): Treatment - penicillin
syphillis
Increases in size and most active during childhood
Thymus
What gland produces Calcitonin
Thyroid gland
What gland produces Thyroxine and Triodothyronine?
Thyroid gland
Simplest lymphoid organs. Gather and remove pathogens in food and air.
Tonsils
Infectious disease caused by bacterium
tuberculosis
Which of the following pairs of homologous embryonic tissue of males and females is not correctly matched? A. vagina and spongy urethra B. scrotum and labia majora C. penis and clitoris
vagina and spongy urethra
The efficiency of gas exchange would be hindered if: A) surface area is decreased B) An individual travels to a higher altitude C) A pulmonary embolism is present D) A & C only E) A, B, & C
E) A, B, & C
In a fit of rage after seeing that his professor put a narrative on the exam, Bobbie accidentally stabbed himself in the face with a pencil. This was bad enough, but on his way from his apartment he had stepped in dog excrement and used that same pencil to clean out the crevices of his shoe. Bobbie just introduced a novel coliform bacterium into the tissues of his dermis, bypassing the ___ that would typically keep such bacteria out. the next line of defense is the cells of the ___ Immune system, which include the large, mobile, and heavily phagocytic ____ and the smaller ___, which attacks these cells that lack "self" cell surface receptors by inducing apoptosis. Cells in the tissues (with large, branching appendages) known as ___ can also engulf these pathogens and serve as an APC for training of the ___ Immune system. the humoral branch of this system includes ___, which mature in the bone marrow and will produce ____. The cellular branch of this system produces ____, which mature from CD4 cells and ____ which mature from CD8 cells. Luckily, memory cells from bobbie's cellular and humoral branch will remain in his body for some time because Dr. Watson is going to put a narrative on every exam.... Too bad you can't go to the doctor and get a ____ for "stupid"... if so, he would be able to mount a secondary defense against it without ever having to experience the actual ailment.
Mechanical barrier; Innate; Macrophages; Natural Killer Cells; Dendritic Cells; Adaptive; B-cell; Antibodies; Th cell; Tc cell
What hormone is responsible for regulating to time cycles, such as your circadian rythms
Melatonin
Pancreas is what type of gland
Mixed Endocrine and Exocrine
Become macrophages when they enter the tissue; engulf pathogens ) somtimes larger than themselves
Monocytes
T cells and B cells
Monocytes
These are the cells that secrete perforins that will cause cells (such as cancer) to lyse
Natural Killer cells (NK cells)
Contains lymphocytes, macrophages, and huge numbers of erythrocytes
Spleen
Largest Lymphoid organ. Cleanses blood of aged cells and platelets, macrophages remove debris
Spleen
Blood returns via superior and interior venea cavae and the coronary sinus
Veins
