A&P II Digestive system
lipid, proteins
A chylomicron is a ______ droplet surrounded by ______
micelle
A lipid droplet surrounded by bile salts in the small intestine is called a _____
fat
A major type of lipid molecule that can store energy, insulate, and act to cushion the body describes a(n) ______
6
A monosaccharide will have about how many carbon atoms?
amino acids
A peptide bond is a chemical bond between two ___
enzyme
A protein that functions as a biological catalyst is called a(n)
enzyme
A substance that facilitates chemical reactions in the body by reducing the energy of activation required to allow the reaction to occur is a(n) ______
chylomicron
A type of lipoprotein consisting of mostly triglycerides along with phospholipids, cholesterol and protein is a(n)
starch
Amylase promotes the partial digestion of _____
glycogen
An energy-storage glucose polymer stored by the liver and skeletal muscle cells is
catalyst protein
An enzyme is a(n) ______
increasing
Bile helps in ______ the pH of the small intestine to allow for normal function of pancreatic enzymes.
nuclease
Chemical digestion of DNA and RNA
lipase
Chemical digestion of fats
amylase
Chemical digestion of polysaccharides
Proteolytic enzymes
Chemical digestion of proteins
stimulate
Cholecystokinin, secretin and the vagus nerve all ______ the release of pancreatic juices.
The process by which bile salts transform large lipid droplets into much smaller droplets
Describe emulsification.
Lipids are combined with protein to form lipoproteins.
Describe how lipids are transported through the blood.
to emulsify fats
Describe the primary function of bile salts. They serve ____
lipids
Fatty acids and glycerol are products of the chemical digestion of _____
long chains of carbon atoms with a carboxyl group attached to one end
Fatty acids are ______
produced in the liver
Heparin, globulins, clotting factors and albumin are _____
Detoxification
Hepatocytes convert ammonia to urea which is more easily excreted from the body. This is an example of _____
Lecithin Bile salts billirubin cholesterol mucus
Identify the components of bile
Enzymes to digest nucleic acids Enzymes to digest lipids Bicarbonate ions Enzymes to digest carbohydrates Enzymes to digest proteins
Identify the components of pancreatic juice
cystic duct common bile duct hepatopancreatic ampulla duodenum
Identify the ducts that bile passes through beginning with the gall bladder and ending with the small intestine.
bile canaliculus hepatic duct common hepatic duct common bile duct hepatopancreatic ampulla duodenum
Identify the ducts that bile passes through beginning with the liver and ending with the small intestine.
Cystic duct common hepatic duct
Identify the ducts that join to directly form the common bile duct.
Pancreatic duct Common bile duct
Identify the ducts that join to form the hepatopancreatic duct.
intercalated ducts intra-lobular ducts interlobular ducts pancreatic duct hepatopancreatic ampulla duodenum
Identify the ducts that pancreatic exocrine secretions will flow through beginning with the acini and ending with the small intestine.
Disaccharidases Amylase
Identify the enzymes that aid in the chemical digestion of carbohydrates
Bile salts Secretin Vagus nerve
Identify the factors that stimulate bile secretion from the liver.
vagus nerve cholecystokinin
Identify the factors that stimulate the gallbladder to release bile
Emulsification of lipids Raises pH of small intestine
Identify the functions of bile
-storage of glycogen, lipids, vitamins, and minerals -production of bile -phagocytosis -Interconversion of nutrients -synthesis of new molecules
Identify the functions of the liver.
Chymotrypsin Trypsin Carboxypeptidase
Identify the major proteolytic enzymes produced by the pancreas.
Monoglycerides Fatty acids
Identify the primary products of the chemical digestion of lipids.
Serves as an energy source Forms cell membrane structure
Identify the roles of carbohydrates in the body.
hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein hepatic sinusoid central vein hepatic vein inferior vena cava
Identify the structures in order through which blood will pass as it passes through and out of the liver.
Stomach Pancreas Small intestine
Identify the structures that secrete enzymes that aid in the chemical digestion of proteins.
Pancreas Lingual glands
Identify the structures that secrete lipase.
Stomach Small intestine
Identify the structures where lipid digestion occurs.
Trypsin Peptidases Carboxypeptidase Pepsin
Identify the substances that aid in the chemical digestion of proteins.
Trypsin Enterokinase
Identify what activates trypsinogen
A long chain of glucose molecules An energy storage molecule in animals Stored in the liver
Indicate all choices that describe glycogen
lipoprotein
Lipids combine with protein to form _____ that are transported in the blood.
Albumin heparin fibrinogen
List blood proteins produced by the liver
carbohydrates
Macromolecules composed of carbon and a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen, including sugars, starches, glycogen, and cellulose are categorized as _____.
an enzyme
Maltase is probably a(n) _____ because of the -ase on the end of its name
Triglycerides
Most fats in the body are ______
Hepatocytes
Name the cells which play a major role in detoxification.
hepatic artery hepatic portal vein
Name the vessels that enter the liver through the porta
vagus
Parasympathetic stimulation through the ______ nerve increases bile secretion from the liver.
proteins, stomach
Pepsin aids in the chemical digestion of ______. It is secreted by the ____
Hepatopancreatic ampulla Pancreatic duct Interlobular ducts Intercalated ducts
Select all of the structures below through which exocrine acini secretions flow.
fatty acids
The building blocks of triglycerides that are long chains of carbon atoms with a carboxyl group attached to one end are _____
bile salts
The emulsification of lipids occurs primarily through the action of
quaternary
The level of protein structure associated with the relationships between subunits is the _____ level.
lacteals, small intestine
The majority of lipids are absorbed into ______ of the _____
gallbladder
The organ that stores and concentrates bile is the
endocrine, exocrine
The pancreatic islets are the ______ part of the pancreas and the acini are the _______ part of the pancreas.
hormones, digestive enzymes
The pancreatic islets of the pancreas produce ______ and the acini of the pancreas produce ______
inactive
The proteolytic enzymes produced by the pancreas are produced and released into the duodenum in an ______ form
active site
The region of a protein that binds a ligand, such as the substrate-binding site of an enzyme or the hormone-binding site of a receptor is known as the
amino acid
The small organic molecules that are the monomers used to form proteins are _____
Bicarbonate ion
To raise the pH of the small intestine
false
True or false: Cholecystokinin and the glossopharyngeal nerve stimulate the release of bile into the small intestine.
false
True or false: Chymotrypsinogen, trypsinogen and enterokinase are all protease precursors produced by the pancreas.
Peptide bond
Two amino acids are being held together. What type of bond connects them?
Where it binds its substrate
What is the active site of an enzyme?
It prevents digestion of the pancreas.
Why are the proteolytic enzymes produced by the pancreas secreted in an inactive form?
chemical
____ digestion breaks covalent bonds in organic molecules through the action of digestive enzymes.
1. trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidase are secreted into the duodenum 2. enterokinase activates trypsinogen 3. trypsin activates chymotrypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidase
activation of pancreatic proteolytic enzymes
trypsin
what activates chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidase.