A&P II Digestive system

lipid, proteins

A chylomicron is a ______ droplet surrounded by ______

micelle

A lipid droplet surrounded by bile salts in the small intestine is called a _____

fat

A major type of lipid molecule that can store energy, insulate, and act to cushion the body describes a(n) ______

6

A monosaccharide will have about how many carbon atoms?

amino acids

A peptide bond is a chemical bond between two ___

enzyme

A protein that functions as a biological catalyst is called a(n)

enzyme

A substance that facilitates chemical reactions in the body by reducing the energy of activation required to allow the reaction to occur is a(n) ______

chylomicron

A type of lipoprotein consisting of mostly triglycerides along with phospholipids, cholesterol and protein is a(n)

starch

Amylase promotes the partial digestion of _____

glycogen

An energy-storage glucose polymer stored by the liver and skeletal muscle cells is

catalyst protein

An enzyme is a(n) ______

increasing

Bile helps in ______ the pH of the small intestine to allow for normal function of pancreatic enzymes.

nuclease

Chemical digestion of DNA and RNA

lipase

Chemical digestion of fats

amylase

Chemical digestion of polysaccharides

Proteolytic enzymes

Chemical digestion of proteins

stimulate

Cholecystokinin, secretin and the vagus nerve all ______ the release of pancreatic juices.

The process by which bile salts transform large lipid droplets into much smaller droplets

Describe emulsification.

Lipids are combined with protein to form lipoproteins.

Describe how lipids are transported through the blood.

to emulsify fats

Describe the primary function of bile salts. They serve ____

lipids

Fatty acids and glycerol are products of the chemical digestion of _____

long chains of carbon atoms with a carboxyl group attached to one end

Fatty acids are ______

produced in the liver

Heparin, globulins, clotting factors and albumin are _____

Detoxification

Hepatocytes convert ammonia to urea which is more easily excreted from the body. This is an example of _____

Lecithin Bile salts billirubin cholesterol mucus

Identify the components of bile

Enzymes to digest nucleic acids Enzymes to digest lipids Bicarbonate ions Enzymes to digest carbohydrates Enzymes to digest proteins

Identify the components of pancreatic juice

cystic duct common bile duct hepatopancreatic ampulla duodenum

Identify the ducts that bile passes through beginning with the gall bladder and ending with the small intestine.

bile canaliculus hepatic duct common hepatic duct common bile duct hepatopancreatic ampulla duodenum

Identify the ducts that bile passes through beginning with the liver and ending with the small intestine.

Cystic duct common hepatic duct

Identify the ducts that join to directly form the common bile duct.

Pancreatic duct Common bile duct

Identify the ducts that join to form the hepatopancreatic duct.

intercalated ducts intra-lobular ducts interlobular ducts pancreatic duct hepatopancreatic ampulla duodenum

Identify the ducts that pancreatic exocrine secretions will flow through beginning with the acini and ending with the small intestine.

Disaccharidases Amylase

Identify the enzymes that aid in the chemical digestion of carbohydrates

Bile salts Secretin Vagus nerve

Identify the factors that stimulate bile secretion from the liver.

vagus nerve cholecystokinin

Identify the factors that stimulate the gallbladder to release bile

Emulsification of lipids Raises pH of small intestine

Identify the functions of bile

-storage of glycogen, lipids, vitamins, and minerals -production of bile -phagocytosis -Interconversion of nutrients -synthesis of new molecules

Identify the functions of the liver.

Chymotrypsin Trypsin Carboxypeptidase

Identify the major proteolytic enzymes produced by the pancreas.

Monoglycerides Fatty acids

Identify the primary products of the chemical digestion of lipids.

Serves as an energy source Forms cell membrane structure

Identify the roles of carbohydrates in the body.

hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein hepatic sinusoid central vein hepatic vein inferior vena cava

Identify the structures in order through which blood will pass as it passes through and out of the liver.

Stomach Pancreas Small intestine

Identify the structures that secrete enzymes that aid in the chemical digestion of proteins.

Pancreas Lingual glands

Identify the structures that secrete lipase.

Stomach Small intestine

Identify the structures where lipid digestion occurs.

Trypsin Peptidases Carboxypeptidase Pepsin

Identify the substances that aid in the chemical digestion of proteins.

Trypsin Enterokinase

Identify what activates trypsinogen

A long chain of glucose molecules An energy storage molecule in animals Stored in the liver

Indicate all choices that describe glycogen

lipoprotein

Lipids combine with protein to form _____ that are transported in the blood.

Albumin heparin fibrinogen

List blood proteins produced by the liver

carbohydrates

Macromolecules composed of carbon and a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen, including sugars, starches, glycogen, and cellulose are categorized as _____.

an enzyme

Maltase is probably a(n) _____ because of the -ase on the end of its name

Triglycerides

Most fats in the body are ______

Hepatocytes

Name the cells which play a major role in detoxification.

hepatic artery hepatic portal vein

Name the vessels that enter the liver through the porta

vagus

Parasympathetic stimulation through the ______ nerve increases bile secretion from the liver.

proteins, stomach

Pepsin aids in the chemical digestion of ______. It is secreted by the ____

Hepatopancreatic ampulla Pancreatic duct Interlobular ducts Intercalated ducts

Select all of the structures below through which exocrine acini secretions flow.

fatty acids

The building blocks of triglycerides that are long chains of carbon atoms with a carboxyl group attached to one end are _____

bile salts

The emulsification of lipids occurs primarily through the action of

quaternary

The level of protein structure associated with the relationships between subunits is the _____ level.

lacteals, small intestine

The majority of lipids are absorbed into ______ of the _____

gallbladder

The organ that stores and concentrates bile is the

endocrine, exocrine

The pancreatic islets are the ______ part of the pancreas and the acini are the _______ part of the pancreas.

hormones, digestive enzymes

The pancreatic islets of the pancreas produce ______ and the acini of the pancreas produce ______

inactive

The proteolytic enzymes produced by the pancreas are produced and released into the duodenum in an ______ form

active site

The region of a protein that binds a ligand, such as the substrate-binding site of an enzyme or the hormone-binding site of a receptor is known as the

amino acid

The small organic molecules that are the monomers used to form proteins are _____

Bicarbonate ion

To raise the pH of the small intestine

false

True or false: Cholecystokinin and the glossopharyngeal nerve stimulate the release of bile into the small intestine.

false

True or false: Chymotrypsinogen, trypsinogen and enterokinase are all protease precursors produced by the pancreas.

Peptide bond

Two amino acids are being held together. What type of bond connects them?

Where it binds its substrate

What is the active site of an enzyme?

It prevents digestion of the pancreas.

Why are the proteolytic enzymes produced by the pancreas secreted in an inactive form?

chemical

____ digestion breaks covalent bonds in organic molecules through the action of digestive enzymes.

1. trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidase are secreted into the duodenum 2. enterokinase activates trypsinogen 3. trypsin activates chymotrypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidase

activation of pancreatic proteolytic enzymes

trypsin

what activates chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidase.