Chapter 16 AP test
Although perhaps best known as the longtime companion of Voltaire, Gabriel-Emilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, marquise du Châtelet, published
the first translation of Newton's Principia into French.
Rousseau's concept of the general will asserts that
the general will is not necessarily the will of the majority.
The enlightened policies of Frederick the Great included
simplifying Prussia's laws.
How did Enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the Middle Ages and Renaissance?
Enlightenment thinkers believed that their era had surpassed antiquity, which demonstrated the possibility of human progress.
Copernicus's theory of the universe
postulated a sun-centered view of the universe.
Joseph II's conversion of peasant labor obligations to cash payments
was opposed by both nobles and peasants.
In general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government?
He believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for in government.
Who was the author of On Crimes and Punishments, a passionate plea for the reform of the penal system?
Cesare Beccaria
Which book by the baron de Montesquieu is considered the first major work in the French Enlightenment?
The Persian Letter
Johannes Kepler believed that the elliptical orbit of planets
produced a musical harmony of heavenly bodies.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that
women were best suited to a passive role in social relations.
Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as
rococo
The concept of the reading revolution refers to the
shift from reading religious texts aloud as a family to reading diverse texts individually.
According to its editor, the fundamental goal of the Encyclopedia was to
"improve the material life of Europeans."
Voltaire was a deist who viewed God as akin to a
clockmaker who set the universe in motion and then ceased to intervene in human affairs.
To improve the rural economy and the lives of peasants, Empress Maria Theresa of Austria
reduced nobles' power over their serfs.
What was the core concept of the Enlightenment?
The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life.
Who wrote the influential Historical and Critical Dictionary (1697)?
Pierre Bayle
How did governments respond to the new science?
They established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research.
How did Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation bring the Scientific Revolution to maturity?
It synthesized mathematics with physics and astronomy to demonstrate that the entire universe was unified into one coherent system.
Which of the following correctly characterizes the response of various religious perspectives to Nicolaus Copernicus's hypothesis?
Protestants rejected Copernicus's idea that the earth moved, while the Catholic Church largely overlooked his theory until declaring the hypothesis false in the seventeenth century.
The most influential aspect of René Descartes' theories of nature was that
the universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion.
What change within the Jewish community accompanied the Haskalah Enlightenment movement
Interactions between Jews and Christians increased, and rabbinic controls diminished.
Who was Denis Diderot's co-editor of the Encyclopedia?
Jean le Rond d'Alembert
Galileo was placed on trial for heresy owing to publication of
Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World.
Catherine the Great of Russia came to power in 1762 through
military coup
Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as
Empiricism
How did the idea of "race" transform Europeans' idea of their superiority over other peoples?
European superiority was increasingly defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior.
Which country spearheaded the trend in scientific expeditions?
Spain
Madame du Châtelet, Voltaire's longtime companion,
believed that women's limited contribution to science was the result of unequal education.
In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke claimed that
human development is determined by education and society.
The idea of the public sphere that emerged during the Enlightenment refers to
an idealized space where individuals gathered to discuss social and political issues.
The discipline of natural philosophy focused on
fundamental questions about the nature, purpose, and function of the universe.
What was the primary goal of Galileo Galilei's experimental method?
To discover what actually occurred in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur
A striking feature of the salons was that
philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled.