Chapter 16 AP test

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Although perhaps best known as the longtime companion of Voltaire, Gabriel-Emilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, marquise du Châtelet, published

the first translation of Newton's Principia into French.

Rousseau's concept of the general will asserts that

the general will is not necessarily the will of the majority.

The enlightened policies of Frederick the Great included

simplifying Prussia's laws.

How did Enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the Middle Ages and Renaissance?

Enlightenment thinkers believed that their era had surpassed antiquity, which demonstrated the possibility of human progress.

Copernicus's theory of the universe

postulated a sun-centered view of the universe.

Joseph II's conversion of peasant labor obligations to cash payments

was opposed by both nobles and peasants.

In general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government?

He believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for in government.

Who was the author of On Crimes and Punishments, a passionate plea for the reform of the penal system?

Cesare Beccaria

Which book by the baron de Montesquieu is considered the first major work in the French Enlightenment?

The Persian Letter

Johannes Kepler believed that the elliptical orbit of planets

produced a musical harmony of heavenly bodies.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that

women were best suited to a passive role in social relations.

Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as

rococo

The concept of the reading revolution refers to the

shift from reading religious texts aloud as a family to reading diverse texts individually.

According to its editor, the fundamental goal of the Encyclopedia was to

"improve the material life of Europeans."

Voltaire was a deist who viewed God as akin to a

clockmaker who set the universe in motion and then ceased to intervene in human affairs.

To improve the rural economy and the lives of peasants, Empress Maria Theresa of Austria

reduced nobles' power over their serfs.

What was the core concept of the Enlightenment?

The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life.

Who wrote the influential Historical and Critical Dictionary (1697)?

Pierre Bayle

How did governments respond to the new science?

They established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research.

How did Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation bring the Scientific Revolution to maturity?

It synthesized mathematics with physics and astronomy to demonstrate that the entire universe was unified into one coherent system.

Which of the following correctly characterizes the response of various religious perspectives to Nicolaus Copernicus's hypothesis?

Protestants rejected Copernicus's idea that the earth moved, while the Catholic Church largely overlooked his theory until declaring the hypothesis false in the seventeenth century.

The most influential aspect of René Descartes' theories of nature was that

the universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion.

What change within the Jewish community accompanied the Haskalah Enlightenment movement

Interactions between Jews and Christians increased, and rabbinic controls diminished.

Who was Denis Diderot's co-editor of the Encyclopedia?

Jean le Rond d'Alembert

Galileo was placed on trial for heresy owing to publication of

Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World.

Catherine the Great of Russia came to power in 1762 through

military coup

Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as

Empiricism

How did the idea of "race" transform Europeans' idea of their superiority over other peoples?

European superiority was increasingly defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior.

Which country spearheaded the trend in scientific expeditions?

Spain

Madame du Châtelet, Voltaire's longtime companion,

believed that women's limited contribution to science was the result of unequal education.

In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke claimed that

human development is determined by education and society.

The idea of the public sphere that emerged during the Enlightenment refers to

an idealized space where individuals gathered to discuss social and political issues.

The discipline of natural philosophy focused on

fundamental questions about the nature, purpose, and function of the universe.

What was the primary goal of Galileo Galilei's experimental method?

To discover what actually occurred in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur

A striking feature of the salons was that

philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled.


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