A&P II Female Reproductive Final Study Guide

What does the surge of LH cause to happen?

- Complete meiosis 1 - Complete Meiosis 2, but stop at metaphase 2 - Ovulation (release of ova from the follicle)

What are the different levels and roles of estrogen and progesterone during the ovarian cycle? (There are many things you will want to come up with)

- Early follicular phase: low levels of estradiol - Mid follicular phase: medium high levels of estradiol - Late follicular phase: high levels of estradiol, low levels of progesterone - Beginning of luteal phase: high levels of progesterone, medium high levels of estradiol inhibiting high levels of estradiol, low levels of progesterone - Luteal phase: high levels of progesterone, medium high levels of estradiol

How many primordial follicles do female fetuses have prior to birth and then by the time females are sexually mature?

- Prior to birth: 7 million ova - Time we're born: 2 million ova - Sexual maturity: 400, 000 ova

How are spermatocytes and oocytes different in terms of their cellular division and when in an individual's life this takes place?

- Spermatocytes are formed in the final mitotic division - Oocyes are produced in the ovary during female gametogenesis.

How are oogonia and spermatogoni (singular = spermatogonium) the same and different?

- both are diploid cells - Oogonia are released from the ovaries - Spermatogonia are released from the testis

How much time elapses between the surge and ovulation?

16-18 hours

What is estrogen (estradiol, really!) acting on .. (Hint: think of 2 different things)

Acting on GnRH and LH

Function of the fimbriae?

Create current to draw ova to the Fallopian tube.

12. Outline when the different phases of meiosis are present and what triggers them to start/finish

DRAW

Be able to diagram and answer questions based on the hormonal feedback mechanisms involving the granulosa and theca cells of the primary oocyte that allows for the increase in size (growth) and production of various hormones from the follicular structure during the early part of the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle

DRAW

Be able to diagram the "big picture" (both the follicular and luteal phases) of the feedback mechanism of oogenesis and answer questions based on the feedback mechanisms involved

DRAW

Where do you see an example of paracrine methods of cell signaling?

Estradiol will do paracrine signaling (low levels of estradiol triggering mitotic activity of the granulosa cells)

When is estrogen the predominant hormone and when is progesterone?

Estrogen predominant hormone: (late) follicular phase Progesterone predominant hormone: (beginning of) luteal phase

What is the stimulus for allowing the primary oocyte to complete meiosis I?

FSH and LH stimulating follicular growth and development

What are the two phases of the ovarian cycle?

Follicle phase and Luteal phase

A release of what hormone from the hypothalamus starts the follicular phase?

GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)

Why are no other oocytes being matured or released immediately after ovulation (the secretory phase)?

Have to wait and see what happens to the ovulated ova (can't start another ovarian cycle if pregnant)

What specifically triggers the "surge" of LH?

High level of estradiol and low level of progesterone will trigger the GnRH to increase the production of LH creating the LH surge

How long does hCG survive for?

If egg not fertilized 10-12 days If fertilized, 60-90 days

In what fashion is this hormone released - constant trickle or ....?

In a pulsatile fashion (60-90 minutes)

Which hormone is the dominant hormone during each of the two ovarian phases?

LH

what triggers ovulation?

LH surge

Where do you see negative feedback (NFB) and positive feedback (PFB) taking place in oogenesis?

NFB: if there's high progesterone levels and medium high estradiol levels then there's negative feedback on GnRH and FSH production PFB: High levels of estradiol and progesterone leads to the release of FSH and LH.

Do all secondary oocytes complete meiosis II?

Not until fertilization

What exact stage of meiosis are primary & secondary oocytes paused in?

Primary oocyte paused in prophase I, secondary oocyte paused in metaphase II

What role does aromatase have and in what cells?

Produces estradiol in follicle cells

Function of the ovaries?

Production of gametes and hormones

What is a primordial follicle made up of?

Simple squamous cells

What are the two different layers of the endometrium?

Stratum functionalis and stratum baslis

Function of the broad, round, lateral ligaments?

Support the uterus in maintaining its position in the pelvic cavity

What is the corpus luteum and what is its function?

The corpus luteum is a hormone secreting structure, (if woman is pregnant) and can maintain a fetus' existence for 60-90 days

What hormones are theca and granulosa cells each responding to?

Theca cells are responding to LH and granulosa cells are responding to FSH

What do theca cells produce, what do granulosa cells produce in response to their specific hormones?

Theca cells produce androgens, granulosa cells produce aromatase

Think about the type of cellular division and when in an individual's life spermatogenic and oogonia takes place

Undergoes mitosis during fetal development

What hormones are released from corpus luteum?

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

What is the trigger (stimulus) that allows for the completion of all of meiosis?

if Fertilization occurs after ovulation.

What is the role of inhibin?

inhibits FSH

What is the function of stratum Basilis?

replace tissue loss from menstruation

What is the function of stratum functionalis?

shedding during menstruation and grows back as a new tissue