A&P II Smartbook questions

If all autonomic innervation of the heart were removed or blocked, the natural intrinsic firing rate of the SA node is about _____ beats per minute (BPM)

100

When VENTRICLES contract, blood surging against the ____ valves forces them closed.

AV (atrioventricular valves)

The Frank- Starling law of the heart states that stroke volume is proportional to the ______.

End-diastolic volume

The cardiovascular system includes the_____ and ______.

Heart; blood vessels

Increasing calcium availability will _____ the contractility of the heart.

Increase

With the onset of ventricular contraction, the pressure within the ventricles ________.

Increases

The groove that extends downward from the coronary sulcus on the front of the heart is the anterior ________ sulcus

Interventricular

The blood vessel within the posterior interventricular sulcus on the back of the heart that collects venous drainage from the posterior portion of the heart is the posterior __________ vein.

Interventricular (middle cardiac)

The left ________ vein is the blood vessel that collects venous drainage from the apex and the left aspect of the heart.

Marginal

The right ______ artery is the branch of the right coronary artery that runs toward the apex, supplying blod to the lateral right atrium ventricle.

Marginal

Inadequate blood flow to the myocardium of the heart is clinically referred to as _____ ______.

Myocardial ischemia

The condition called ____ involves compression of the heart by an abnormal accumulation of fluid or clotted blood in the pericardial cavity

Pericardial effusion

Consider the phases of the action potential of a cardiocyte. Contraction of the cardiocyte occurs during the ________phase of it's action potential

Plateau

Repolarization of a cardiocyte is due to opening of _____ channels

Potassium

Stimulation of the SA node by the _____ nervous system raises the heart rate

Sypathetic

Circuit that supplies blood to every organ of the body, including other parts of the lungs and the wall of the heart itself is the ________ circuit

Systemic (left)

If the volume of the blood pumped by the right side of the heart was less than the volume pumped by the ride side, the result would be:

Systemic Edema

The internal ridges of myocardium seen in the ventricles are called _______.

Trabeculae carneae

The epicardium (the serous layer of the pericardium is also called the:

Visceral pericardium

The blunt tapered INFERIOR portion of the heart is the _____ of the heart

apex

An increase in venous return to the heart leads to a/n ___________ in preload and a/n _______ in stroke volume

increase/Increase

The left ____ artery is the branch of the circumflex artery that travels down the left side of the heart and furnishes blood to the left ventricle.

marginal

a spontaneously developing LOCAL potential that generates action potentials in the SA node is called a/n ________ potential.

pacemaker

The ______ cavity is the space between the visceral and parietal layers of the pericardium

pericardial

leakage of fluid from the pericardium into the pericardial cavity is know as ______ _______.

pericardial effusion

Ther serous fluid called the ______ ________ fills the pericardial cavity and lubricated the membranes.

pericardial fluid

The cardiac nerves convey signals from the _____ nervous system to the heart

sympathetic

The groove that encircle the hear near its base separating the atria from the ventricles is the ________ sulcus

coronary

When ventricles are relaxed and their pressure is low, the ______ valves are open.

AV

the first heart sound is associated with the closing of the ______ valves

AV (lubb)

Parasympathetic effects on the heart involve the release of the neurotransmitter called

Acetylcholine

Cardiac muscle require oxygen and therefore relies on _________ metabolism to produce ATP.

Aerobic

The ____ branch of the left coronary artery travels down the front of the heart to the apex of the heart.

Anterior interventricular

Ventricular contraction begins at the ____ of the heart

Apex

Abnormal cardiac rhythm is know as________.

Arrhythmia

______ is a disorder described as an accumulation of lipid deposits in coronary arterial walls that degrade the arterial wall and obstruct the lumen.

Atherosclerosis

The opening between the atria and the ventricles is regulated by the:

Atrioventricular

Flap-like extensions of the right and left artium _______.

Auricles

The ability to rhythmically depolarize without outside stimulation is referred to as_______.

Autorhythmic

The broad superior part of the heart is the _____ of the heart

Base

A persistent low resting heart rate below 60 BMP is called:

Bradycardia

Parasympathetic nerve fibers transmit ______ effects from the cardiac center to the heart

Cardioinhibitory

The blood vessel of the left coronary artery is the _______ branch

Circumflex

The branch of the left coronary artery that continues around the back of the heart in the coronary sulcus is the _____ artery

Circumflex

A term that means alternative route for blood circulation is a _______ circulation.

Collateral

The strength of contraction for a given preload is defined as the _______ of the myocardium.

Contractility

The term ______ is used to describe the constriction of the coronary arteries, usually by atherosclerosis.

Coronary artery disease

In the posterior coronary sulcus is a large vein called the _____ which collects venous drainage from all of the coronary veins and drains into the right atrium.

Coronary sinus

an excess in blood calcium ion lvls can cause a/n ______ in HR.

Decrease

The QRS wave of an ECG is a recording of the ______ of the ventricular myocardium.

Depolarization

When the membrane potential of the SA node reaches threshold, voltage-regulated _______ channels open

Fast calcium

At rest, the heart gets about 60% of its energy from ______ acids

Fatty

The framework of collagenous and elastic fibers found in the walls between chambers form the _____ skeleton of the heart.

Fibrous

Cardiac output is equal to:

HR x SV

A measure of the ____ _____ can be obtained by taking a pulse at a point where an artery runs close to the body surface

Heart Rate

The cause of arrhythmia is _____, failure of the cardiac conduction system to transmit signals.

Heart block

The catecholamines (norepinephrine and epinephrine) raise sarcoplamic calcium ion levels in cardiocytes; therefore these compounds will _____ contractility.

Increase

When the volume of blood in the heart chamber is increased, the pressure within the chamber is________.

Increased

When the volume of blood within a heart chamber is decreased (leaving the chamber), the pressure within the chamber is:

Increased (inverse correlation)

Factors that are "positive inotropic agents" will cause:

Increased contractility

The heartbeat originates in the heart muscle itself. The term that describes this characteristic is_________

Myogenic

Firing of the SA node will occur at the beginning of the _____ wave of the ECG.

P

The _____ wave of an ECG is a recording of the depolarization of the atrial myocardium.

P

The time period it takes for impulses to travel from the SA node to the AV node is represented by the _____ segment. ---also when the atrial systole begins on the ECG during the cardiac cycle.

PQ

What segment of an ECG does atrial systole (contraction) occur?

PR interval

The pericardial sac is also called the _____

Parietal pericardium

The name of the internal ridges of myocardium found in the right atrium and auricle are the _____ _______.

Pectinate muscles

The arterial branch that usually arises from the right coronary artery and supplies the back wall of the heart, both left and right ventricle is the ________ _________ Branch.

Posterior interventricular

_______ is the electrolyte that has the greatest chronotrophic (heart rate) effect on the ehart. An imbalance in this electrolyte is a medical emergency.

Potassium

The _____ of the heart is the amount of tension in the ventricular myocardium immediately before it begins to contract.

Preload

The opening and closing of heart valves are governed by changes in ______ within heart chambers

Pressure

Circuit that carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange________ circuit

Pulmonary (right)

During the cardiac cycle as recorded on an ECG, ventricular systole begins shortly after what defection?

QRS Wave

The difference between maximum cardiac output and resting cardiac output is referred to as the cardiac_______.

Reserve

The ______ artery runs along the sulcus and supplies blood to the right atrium and SA node.

Right Coronary

in a healthy person at rest, the ________ node normally fires about 75 times per minute, setting the heart rate.

SA

The condition called _____ involve abnormal openings in the interarterial or interventricular septum which alter blood flow through the heart

Septal defects

The pacemaker potential of SA node cells is due to the influx of _____ ions

Sodium

A ______ is the instrument used to measure bood pressure

Sphygmomanometer

The amount of blood ejected per beat

Stroke Volume

The ______ _______ is the volume of blood ejected from the heart with each beat.

Stroke volume

A consistently elevated resting heart rate of above 100 bpm is called

Tachycardia

The role of the papillary muscles is to do what?

Tense the tendinous cords just prior to ventricular contraction

The blood vessel that collects venous drainage from the ANTERIOR side of the heart and travels alongside the anterior interventricular artery is the _____ vein.

The Great Cardiac

The amount of blood ejected by a ventricle is the _____ the amount of blood received during ventricular filling.

The same as

What happens in the cardiac cycle during the T wave of an ECG?

The ventricles repolarize

True or False: The coronary blood vessels are part of the systemic circulation?

True

The term _____ _____ refers to the steady background firing of the vagus nerve.

Vagal tone

The _____ nerve conveys parasympathetic signals to the heart.

Vagus

The semilunar valves will open when the pressure with in the _____ exceeds the pressure within the ______.

Ventricles; Great arteries

During which phase of the cardiac cycle does blood flow through the coronary circulation?

Ventricular diastole (heart relaxation)

The blood pressure in the great arteries determines the _______ of the heart.

afterload

An ear-like extension of the heart chamber

auricle

Sympathetic stimulation on the heart is via ____ effects

beta-

Impulse conduction through the cardiac conduction system is slowest through the _______ node, allowing pause between atrial contraction and ventricular contraction.

AV

The atrioventricular valve between the right atrium and ventricle is also called the ______valve

tricuspid