A&P II Smartbook questions
If all autonomic innervation of the heart were removed or blocked, the natural intrinsic firing rate of the SA node is about _____ beats per minute (BPM)
100
When VENTRICLES contract, blood surging against the ____ valves forces them closed.
AV (atrioventricular valves)
The Frank- Starling law of the heart states that stroke volume is proportional to the ______.
End-diastolic volume
The cardiovascular system includes the_____ and ______.
Heart; blood vessels
Increasing calcium availability will _____ the contractility of the heart.
Increase
With the onset of ventricular contraction, the pressure within the ventricles ________.
Increases
The groove that extends downward from the coronary sulcus on the front of the heart is the anterior ________ sulcus
Interventricular
The blood vessel within the posterior interventricular sulcus on the back of the heart that collects venous drainage from the posterior portion of the heart is the posterior __________ vein.
Interventricular (middle cardiac)
The left ________ vein is the blood vessel that collects venous drainage from the apex and the left aspect of the heart.
Marginal
The right ______ artery is the branch of the right coronary artery that runs toward the apex, supplying blod to the lateral right atrium ventricle.
Marginal
Inadequate blood flow to the myocardium of the heart is clinically referred to as _____ ______.
Myocardial ischemia
The condition called ____ involves compression of the heart by an abnormal accumulation of fluid or clotted blood in the pericardial cavity
Pericardial effusion
Consider the phases of the action potential of a cardiocyte. Contraction of the cardiocyte occurs during the ________phase of it's action potential
Plateau
Repolarization of a cardiocyte is due to opening of _____ channels
Potassium
Stimulation of the SA node by the _____ nervous system raises the heart rate
Sypathetic
Circuit that supplies blood to every organ of the body, including other parts of the lungs and the wall of the heart itself is the ________ circuit
Systemic (left)
If the volume of the blood pumped by the right side of the heart was less than the volume pumped by the ride side, the result would be:
Systemic Edema
The internal ridges of myocardium seen in the ventricles are called _______.
Trabeculae carneae
The epicardium (the serous layer of the pericardium is also called the:
Visceral pericardium
The blunt tapered INFERIOR portion of the heart is the _____ of the heart
apex
An increase in venous return to the heart leads to a/n ___________ in preload and a/n _______ in stroke volume
increase/Increase
The left ____ artery is the branch of the circumflex artery that travels down the left side of the heart and furnishes blood to the left ventricle.
marginal
a spontaneously developing LOCAL potential that generates action potentials in the SA node is called a/n ________ potential.
pacemaker
The ______ cavity is the space between the visceral and parietal layers of the pericardium
pericardial
leakage of fluid from the pericardium into the pericardial cavity is know as ______ _______.
pericardial effusion
Ther serous fluid called the ______ ________ fills the pericardial cavity and lubricated the membranes.
pericardial fluid
The cardiac nerves convey signals from the _____ nervous system to the heart
sympathetic
The groove that encircle the hear near its base separating the atria from the ventricles is the ________ sulcus
coronary
When ventricles are relaxed and their pressure is low, the ______ valves are open.
AV
the first heart sound is associated with the closing of the ______ valves
AV (lubb)
Parasympathetic effects on the heart involve the release of the neurotransmitter called
Acetylcholine
Cardiac muscle require oxygen and therefore relies on _________ metabolism to produce ATP.
Aerobic
The ____ branch of the left coronary artery travels down the front of the heart to the apex of the heart.
Anterior interventricular
Ventricular contraction begins at the ____ of the heart
Apex
Abnormal cardiac rhythm is know as________.
Arrhythmia
______ is a disorder described as an accumulation of lipid deposits in coronary arterial walls that degrade the arterial wall and obstruct the lumen.
Atherosclerosis
The opening between the atria and the ventricles is regulated by the:
Atrioventricular
Flap-like extensions of the right and left artium _______.
Auricles
The ability to rhythmically depolarize without outside stimulation is referred to as_______.
Autorhythmic
The broad superior part of the heart is the _____ of the heart
Base
A persistent low resting heart rate below 60 BMP is called:
Bradycardia
Parasympathetic nerve fibers transmit ______ effects from the cardiac center to the heart
Cardioinhibitory
The blood vessel of the left coronary artery is the _______ branch
Circumflex
The branch of the left coronary artery that continues around the back of the heart in the coronary sulcus is the _____ artery
Circumflex
A term that means alternative route for blood circulation is a _______ circulation.
Collateral
The strength of contraction for a given preload is defined as the _______ of the myocardium.
Contractility
The term ______ is used to describe the constriction of the coronary arteries, usually by atherosclerosis.
Coronary artery disease
In the posterior coronary sulcus is a large vein called the _____ which collects venous drainage from all of the coronary veins and drains into the right atrium.
Coronary sinus
an excess in blood calcium ion lvls can cause a/n ______ in HR.
Decrease
The QRS wave of an ECG is a recording of the ______ of the ventricular myocardium.
Depolarization
When the membrane potential of the SA node reaches threshold, voltage-regulated _______ channels open
Fast calcium
At rest, the heart gets about 60% of its energy from ______ acids
Fatty
The framework of collagenous and elastic fibers found in the walls between chambers form the _____ skeleton of the heart.
Fibrous
Cardiac output is equal to:
HR x SV
A measure of the ____ _____ can be obtained by taking a pulse at a point where an artery runs close to the body surface
Heart Rate
The cause of arrhythmia is _____, failure of the cardiac conduction system to transmit signals.
Heart block
The catecholamines (norepinephrine and epinephrine) raise sarcoplamic calcium ion levels in cardiocytes; therefore these compounds will _____ contractility.
Increase
When the volume of blood in the heart chamber is increased, the pressure within the chamber is________.
Increased
When the volume of blood within a heart chamber is decreased (leaving the chamber), the pressure within the chamber is:
Increased (inverse correlation)
Factors that are "positive inotropic agents" will cause:
Increased contractility
The heartbeat originates in the heart muscle itself. The term that describes this characteristic is_________
Myogenic
Firing of the SA node will occur at the beginning of the _____ wave of the ECG.
P
The _____ wave of an ECG is a recording of the depolarization of the atrial myocardium.
P
The time period it takes for impulses to travel from the SA node to the AV node is represented by the _____ segment. ---also when the atrial systole begins on the ECG during the cardiac cycle.
PQ
What segment of an ECG does atrial systole (contraction) occur?
PR interval
The pericardial sac is also called the _____
Parietal pericardium
The name of the internal ridges of myocardium found in the right atrium and auricle are the _____ _______.
Pectinate muscles
The arterial branch that usually arises from the right coronary artery and supplies the back wall of the heart, both left and right ventricle is the ________ _________ Branch.
Posterior interventricular
_______ is the electrolyte that has the greatest chronotrophic (heart rate) effect on the ehart. An imbalance in this electrolyte is a medical emergency.
Potassium
The _____ of the heart is the amount of tension in the ventricular myocardium immediately before it begins to contract.
Preload
The opening and closing of heart valves are governed by changes in ______ within heart chambers
Pressure
Circuit that carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange________ circuit
Pulmonary (right)
During the cardiac cycle as recorded on an ECG, ventricular systole begins shortly after what defection?
QRS Wave
The difference between maximum cardiac output and resting cardiac output is referred to as the cardiac_______.
Reserve
The ______ artery runs along the sulcus and supplies blood to the right atrium and SA node.
Right Coronary
in a healthy person at rest, the ________ node normally fires about 75 times per minute, setting the heart rate.
SA
The condition called _____ involve abnormal openings in the interarterial or interventricular septum which alter blood flow through the heart
Septal defects
The pacemaker potential of SA node cells is due to the influx of _____ ions
Sodium
A ______ is the instrument used to measure bood pressure
Sphygmomanometer
The amount of blood ejected per beat
Stroke Volume
The ______ _______ is the volume of blood ejected from the heart with each beat.
Stroke volume
A consistently elevated resting heart rate of above 100 bpm is called
Tachycardia
The role of the papillary muscles is to do what?
Tense the tendinous cords just prior to ventricular contraction
The blood vessel that collects venous drainage from the ANTERIOR side of the heart and travels alongside the anterior interventricular artery is the _____ vein.
The Great Cardiac
The amount of blood ejected by a ventricle is the _____ the amount of blood received during ventricular filling.
The same as
What happens in the cardiac cycle during the T wave of an ECG?
The ventricles repolarize
True or False: The coronary blood vessels are part of the systemic circulation?
True
The term _____ _____ refers to the steady background firing of the vagus nerve.
Vagal tone
The _____ nerve conveys parasympathetic signals to the heart.
Vagus
The semilunar valves will open when the pressure with in the _____ exceeds the pressure within the ______.
Ventricles; Great arteries
During which phase of the cardiac cycle does blood flow through the coronary circulation?
Ventricular diastole (heart relaxation)
The blood pressure in the great arteries determines the _______ of the heart.
afterload
An ear-like extension of the heart chamber
auricle
Sympathetic stimulation on the heart is via ____ effects
beta-
Impulse conduction through the cardiac conduction system is slowest through the _______ node, allowing pause between atrial contraction and ventricular contraction.
AV
The atrioventricular valve between the right atrium and ventricle is also called the ______valve
tricuspid
