A&P II Urinary System Combined Set
Where does most nutrient reabsorption occur? 4 3 2 6 5
3
Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body. 1. major calyx 2. minor calyx 3. nephron 4. urethra 5. ureter 6. collecting duct 6, 3, 2, 1, 5, 4 2, 1, 3, 6, 5, 4 3, 1, 2, 6, 5, 4 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4
3 6 2 1 5 4
About what percent of a young adult's body weight is due to water? 98 to 99% 10 to 12% 4 to 5% 50 to 60%
50-60%
A patient's anxiety caused her to develop respiratory alkalosis. What breathing technique did the nurse recommend, and why? A) The nurse instructed the patient to breathe slower and deeper, and to breathe into a paper bag. This will increase the patient's blood level of carbon dioxide by eliminating less carbon dioxide from the lungs, and by breathing in the expired air which has a higher concentration of carbon dioxide. As a result, the blood pH will decrease. B) The nurse instructed the patient to breathe faster and deeper. This will decrease the patient's blood levels of carbon dioxide by eliminating more carbon dioxide from the lungs, resulting in a decrease in the blood pH. C) The nurse instructed the patient to breathe more shallowly. This will decrease the patient's blood levels of carbon dioxide by eliminating more carbon dioxide from the lungs, resulting in a decrease in the blood pH. D) The nurse instructed the patient to breathe faster and deeper. This will increase the patient's blood levels of carbon dioxide by eliminating less carbon dioxide from the lungs, resulting in a decrease in the blood pH.
A
An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ________. A) increase in the production of ADH B) decrease in the concentration of the blood plasma C) increase in the production of aldosterone D) decrease in the production of ADH
A
Excretion of dilute urine requires ________. A) impermeability of the collecting tubule to water B) the presence of ADH C) relative permeability of the distal tubule to water D) transport of sodium and chloride ions out of the descending nephron loop
A
If one says that the clearance value of glucose is zero, what does this mean? A) Normally all the glucose is reabsorbed. B) The clearance value of glucose is relatively high in a healthy adult. C) The glucose molecule is too large to be filtered out of the blood. D) Most of the glucose is filtered out of the blood and is not reabsorbed in the convoluted tubules.
A
If the Tm for a particular amino acid is 120 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230 mg/100 ml, the amino acid will ________. A) appear in the urine B) be completely reabsorbed by the tubule cells C) be actively secreted into the filtrate D) be completely reabsorbed by secondary active transport
A
If the glomerular mesangial cells contract, reducing the overall surface area of the glomerulus which of the following is not likely to occur? A) Systemic blood pressure will be lowered. B) Glomerular filtration rate will decrease. C) Net filtration rate will decrease. D) Urine output will decrease.
A
In the ascending limb of the nephron loop the ________. A) thick segment moves ions out into interstitial spaces for reabsorption B) thin segment is freely permeable to water C) thin segment is not permeable to sodium and chloride D) thick segment is permeable to water
A
Most electrolyte reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________. A) hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments B) not limited by a transport maximum C) in the distal convoluted tubule D) accomplished after the nephron loop is reached
A
Reabsorption of nutrients like glucose and amino acids takes place in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) via cotransporters that utilize secondary active transport. Which of the following would stop the reabsorption of glucose at the apical surface of the cells in the PCT? A) loss of Na+-K+ ATPase in the basolateral surface of PCT cells B) loss of K+ leak channels at the apical surface C) increasing Na+ concentration in the filtrate D) increasing Na+ in the interstitial fluid
A
Select the correct statement about the ureters. A) The ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract. B) Ureters contain sphincters at the entrance to the bladder to prevent the backflow of urine. C) The ureter is innervated by parasympathetic nerve endings only. D) The epithelium is stratified squamous like the skin, which allows a great deal of stretch.
A
The factor favoring filtrate formation at the glomerulus is the ________. A) glomerular hydrostatic pressure B) myogenic mechanism C) capsular hydrostatic pressure D) colloid osmotic pressure of the blood
A
The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the ________. A) nephron B) glomerular capsule C) nephron loop D) capsular space
A
The urinary bladder is composed of ________ epithelium. A) transitional B) stratified squamous C) pseudostratified columnar D) simple squamous
A
What is the best explanation for the microvilli on the apical surface of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)? A) They increase the surface area and allow for a greater volume of filtrate components to be reabsorbed. B) Their movements propel the filtrate through the tubules. C) They increase the amount of surface area that comes in contact with the blood's plasma to help activly excrete toxins. D) They hold on to enzymes that cleanse the filtrate before reabsorption.
A
Which of the choices below is a function of the nephron loop? A) form a large volume of very dilute urine or a small volume of very concentrated urine B) absorb electrolytes actively and water by osmosis in the same segments C) absorb water and electrolytes into the tubular network D) form a large volume of very concentrated urine or a small volume of very dilute urine
A
Which of the choices below is not a glomerular filtration rate control method? A) electrolyte levels B) hormonal regulation C) renal autoregulation D) neural regulation
A
Which of the following best describes kidney function in older adults (70 years or older)? A) Kidney function decreases due to kidney atrophy. B) Only about 3% of older adults have any loss of kidney function. C) Only obese and diabetic older adults have any kidney dysfunction. D) Kidney function remains the same throughout life, regardless of age.
A
Which of the following statements best describes the difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic controls of the kidney? A) Extrinsic controls have the greatest effect on systemic blood pressure while intrinsic control have a greater effect on GFR. B) Extrinsic controls will reduce blood plasma volume while intrinsic controls will increase blood plasma volumes. C) Intrinsic controls raise blood pressure while extrinsic controls lower blood pressure. D) Extrinsic and intrinsic controls work in nearly opposite ways.
A
Which of the following is the best explanation for why the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) contain so many mitochondria? Contraction of the PCT moves filtrate through the tubule. Cells of the PCT go through a great deal of mitosis. This provides the energy needed to fight kidney infection. A great deal of active transport takes place in the PCT.
A great deal of active transport takes place in the PCT.
The _______ delivers blood to the glomerular capsule. Bowman's capsule Afferent arteriole Efferent arteriole Loop of Henle PCT
Afferent arteriole
Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it ________. A) is not reabsorbed by the tubule cells B) inhibits the release of ADH C) increases the rate of glomerular filtration D) increases secretion of ADH
B
Cells and transport proteins are physically prevented from passing through the filtration membrane. This has the following effect on filtration. A) decreased osmotic pressure in the filtrate that increases the amount of filtration B) increasing osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries that reduces the amount of filtration C) neutral change in osmotic pressure with no effect on filtration D) increased osmotic pressure in the filtrate the draws plasma through the membrane
B
Hydrostatic pressure is the primary driving force of plasma through the filtration membrane into the capsular space. All but one of the following statements reflects why hydrostatic pressure is so high in the glomerular capillaries. Select the one statement that does not explain the high pressure within the glomerular capillaries. A) The diameter of the efferent arteriole is smaller than the afferent arteriole. B) The volume of plasma in the efferent arteriole is higher when compared to the afferent arteriole. C) The efferent arteriole has higher resistance to blood flow than the afferent arteriole. D) The flow of blood is reduces as blood reaches the efferent arteriole.
B
If the diameter of the efferent arterioles leading away from the glomerulus decrease (vasoconstriction) which of the following is not likely to occur? A) Urine output will increase. B) Systemic blood pressure will go up. C) Glomerular filtration rate will increase. D) Net filtration pressure will increase.
B
Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body. 1. major calyx 2. minor calyx 3. nephron 4. urethra 5. ureter 6. collecting duct A) 6, 3, 2, 1, 5, 4 B) 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4 C) 3, 1, 2, 6, 5, 4 D) 2, 1, 3, 6, 5, 4
B
Select the correct statement about the nephrons. A) Podocytes are the branching epithelial cells that line the tubules of the nephron. B) The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium. C) The glomerulus is correctly described as the proximal end of the proximal convoluted tubule. D) Filtration slits are the pores that give fenestrated capillaries their name.
B
The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is ________. A) the ionic electrochemical gradient B) glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure) C) protein-regulated diffusion D) the size of the pores in the basement membrane of the capillaries
B
The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it ________. A) produces vitamin D and other chemicals needed by the kidney B) stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position C) is necessary as a barrier between the adrenal glands and kidneys D) ensures adequate energy for the adrenal glands to operate efficiently
B
The filtration membrane includes all except ________. A) basement membrane B) renal fascia C) glomerular endothelium D) podocytes
B
The presence of protein in the urine indicates which of the following? A) too much protein in the diet B) damage to the filtration membrane C) high levels of transcription and translation by the bodies tissues D) damage to the renal tubules
B
What is the most direct function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus? A) help regulate blood pressure and the rate of excretion by the kidneys B) help regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by the kidneys C) help regulate water and electrolyte excretion by the kidneys D) help regulate urea absorption by the kidneys
B
What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal? A) Capsular osmotic pressure would compensate so that filtration would not change. B) Net filtration would decrease. C) Net filtration would increase above normal. D) Filtration would increase in proportion to the increase in capsular pressure.
B
Which of the following does not describe the justaglomerular complex? A) Its granular cells produce rennin. B) Its macula densa cells produce aldosterone. C) It helps control systemic blood pressure. D) It regulates the rate of filtrate formation.
B
Which of the following is not true regarding tubular reabsorption? A) It involves hormonal signals in the collecting ducts. B) It is a purely passive transport process. C) It is a reclamation process. D) It occurs via transcellular or paracellular routes.
B
Which of the following is the best explanation for why the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) contain so many mitochondria? A) Cells of the PCT go through a great deal of mitosis. B) A great deal of active transport takes place in the PCT. C) Contraction of the PCT moves filtrate through the tubule. D) This provides the energy needed to fight kidney infection.
B
Bulk flow of nutrients, ions and water into the peritubular capillaries is the result of all of the following except one. Select the answer below that does not describe a cause of bulk flow of fluids into the peritubular capillaries. A) higher osmotic pressure in the peritubular capillary B) increased resistance to blood flow at the efferent arteriole C) leaky tight junctions of peritubular capillary's endothelium D) lower hydrostatic pressure in the peritubular capillary
C
If the diameter of the afferent arterioles leading to the glomerulus decreases (vasoconstriction) which of the following is not likely to occur? A) Glomerular filtration rate will decrease. B) Urine output will decrease. C) Systemic blood pressure will decrease. D) Net filtration pressure will decrease.
C
If the diameter of the afferent arterioles leading to the glomerulus increases (vasodilation) which of the following is not likely to occur? A) Net filtration pressure will increase. B) Urine output will increase. C) Systemic blood pressure will go up. D) Glomerular filtration rate will increase.
C
If the diameter of the efferent arterioles leading away from the glomerulus increases (vasodilation) which of the following is not likely to occur? A) Urine output will decrease. B) Net filtration pressure will decrease. C) Systemic blood pressure will decrease. D) Glomerular filtration rate will decrease.
C
The ________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney. A) interlobar B) cortical radiate C) arcuate D) lobar
C
The descending limb of the nephron loop ________. A) is not permeable to water B) is freely permeable to sodium and urea C) contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla D) pulls water by osmosis into the lumen of the tubule
C
The function of angiotensin II is to ________. A) decrease the production of aldosterone B) decrease water absorption C) constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure D) decrease arterial blood pressure
C
The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________. A) filtration B) active transport C) osmosis D) cotransport with sodium ions
C
The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the ________. A) collecting duct B) glomerular filtration membrane C) nephron loop D) distal convoluted tubule
C
Which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)? A) the pressure of the fluid in the bladder B) motor neurons C) the stretching of the bladder wall D) the sympathetic efferents
C
Which of the following is not a part of the juxtaglomerular complex? A) macula densa B) granular cells C) podocyte cells D) mesangial cells
C
Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule? A) K+ B) Na+ C) creatinine D) glucose
C
Which of the following is the correct sequence of kidney development from embryo to fetus? A) mesonephros, metanephros, pronephros B) pronephros, metanephros, mesonephros C) pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros D) mesonephros, pronephros, metanephros
C
Which of the hormones below is responsible for facultative water reabsorption? A) thyroxine B) atrial natriuretic peptide C) ADH D) aldosterone
C
An important characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or density, which is ________. A) less than water B) much higher than water C) the same as water D) slightly higher than water
D
If blood pressure drops very low (MAP is below 80mmHg) renin enzyme will be secreted by granular cells. Which of the following is not likely to occur? A) Blood plasma and extracellular fluids volume will increase B) Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) will decrease C) Net filtration pressure (NFP) will decrease D) Kidney perfusion will increase
D
Select the correct statement about urinary system development. A) The metanephric ducts will become the urethras. B) The pronephros (first tubule system) develops during the tenth week of gestation. C) The mesonephros will develop into the kidneys. D) Kidneys develop from urogenital ridges.
D
The fluid in glomerular capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of ________. A) electrolytes B) hormones C) glucose D) plasma protein
D
The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________. A) when the pH of the urine decreases B) when the specific gravity of urine rises above 1.10 C) when the peritubular capillaries are dilated D) by a decrease in the blood pressure
D
The macula densa cells respond to ________. A) changes in pressure in the tubule B) aldosterone C) antidiuretic hormone D) changes in Na+ content of the filtrate
D
The relatively long half-life of lipid soluble hormones (steroid hormones) compared to water soluble hormones is due in part to the way that these hormones are passed into the filtrate from the glomerular capillaries. From the list below select the best explanation for why lipid soluble (steroid) hormones have a relatively long half-life. A) The large size of the steroid hormones prevents them from passing through the filtration membrane. B) Steroid hormones are absorbed by target cells before they can reach the kidneys. C) The relatively small size of steroid hormones allows them to easily pass back into the peritubular capillaries if released into the filtrate. D) Steroid hormones travel in the plasma on large transport proteins that cannon pass through the filtration membrane.
D
The thin segment of the nephron loop's descending limb ________. A) helps to pack a greater number of nephron loops into a smaller space B) aids in the passive excretion of nitrogenous waste C) is easily broken and replaced often D) aids in the passive movement of water out of the tubule
D
Which of the choices below are the most important hormone regulators of electrolyte reabsorption and secretion? A) angiotensin I and epinephrine B) angiotensin I and atrial natriuretic peptide C) angiotensin II and ADH D) angiotensin II and aldosterone
D
Which of the choices below is not a function of the urinary system? A) helps maintain homeostasis by controlling the composition, volume, and pressure of blood B) maintains blood osmolarity C) regulates blood glucose levels and produces hormones D) eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat
D
Which of the choices below is not a method by which the cells of the renal tubules can raise blood pH? A) by producing new bicarbonate ions B) by reabsorbing filtered bicarbonate ions C) by secreting hydrogen ions into the filtrate D) by secreting sodium ions
D
Which of the choices below is the salt level-monitoring part of the nephron? A) nephron loop B) vasa recta C) principal cell D) macula densa
D
Which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle? A) a fenestrated capillary B) a podocyte C) an efferent arteriole D) a vasa recta
D
One of the major physiological factors that triggers thirst is ________. a rise in plasma osmolality drinking caffeinated beverages a dry mouth from high temperatures becoming overly agitated
a rise in plasma osmolality
If the Tm for a particular amino acid is 120 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230 mg/100 ml, the amino acid will ________. be completely reabsorbed by secondary active transport be actively secreted into the filtrate appear in the urine be completely reabsorbed by the tubule cells
appear in the urine
The term alkaline reserve is used to describe the ________ buffer system. hemoglobin bicarbonate phosphate protein
bicarbonate
The descending limb of the nephron loop ________. is not permeable to water is freely permeable to sodium and urea contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla pulls water by osmosis into the lumen of the tubule
contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla
Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule? glucose creatinine Na+ K+
creatinine
The presence of protein in the urine indicates which of the following? too much protein in the diet damage to the renal tubules damage to the filtration membrane high levels of transcription and translation by the body's tissues
damage to the filtration membrane
Which of the following is NOT a method for regulating the hydrogen ion concentration in blood? respiratory changes diet chemical buffers renal mechanisms
diet
Dan has been lost in the desert for 2 days with very little water. As a result of this exposure you would expect to observe cells enlarged with fluid. increased blood volume. elevated ADH levels. normal urine production. low blood osmolarity
elevated adh levels
A realistic value for the ___ is about 125 ml/min. glomerular filtration rate filtrate arriving at the DCT adult urine output renal perfusion with blood nutrient reabsorption
glomerular filtration rate
Urine normally contains all of the following, except one. Which one? sodium. urea. glucose. creatinine. potassium.
glucose
What is the most direct function of the juxtaglomerular complex? help regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by the kidneys help regulate blood pressure and the rate of excretion by the kidneys help regulate urea absorption by the kidneys help regulate water and electrolyte excretion by the kidneys
help regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by the kidneys
The most important force causing net outward water flow across capillary walls is ________. hydrostatic pressure of capillary blood osmotic pressure of plasma proteins hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid intracellular hydrostatic pressure
hydrostatic pressure of capillary blood
A decreased sodium plasma level is called hypocalcemia hyponatremia hypochloremia hypokalemia none of the above
hyponatremia
Excretion of dilute urine requires ________. the presence of ADH transport of sodium and chloride ions out of the descending loop of Henle impermeability of the collecting tubule to water relative permeability of the distal tubule to water
impermeability of the collecting tubule to water
The difference between volume depletion and dehydration is Non existent. They refer to the same condition. in the osmolarity of the body fluids. In volume depletion there is normal osmolarity, in dehydration hyperosmolarity. in the osmolarity of the body fluids. In volume depletion there is hypoosmolarity, in dehydration hyperosmolarity.
in the osmolarity of the body fluids. In volume depletion there is normal osmolarity, in dehydration hyperosmolarity.
An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ________. increase in the production of ADH decrease in the concentration of the blood plasma decrease in the production of ADH increase in the production of aldosterone
increase in the production of ADH
Antidiuretic hormone increases water and sodium reabsorption. increases water reabsorption but not sodium reabsorption. increases urine output but not urine concentration. increases the volume and concentration of the urine. reduces the glomerular filtration rate.
increases water reabsorption but not sodium reabsorption.
Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it ________. inhibits the release of ADH increases the rate of glomerular filtration is not reabsorbed by the tubule cells increases secretion of ADH
inhibits the release of ADH
In which of these compartments is Na+ concentration the lowest? intracellular fluid Lymph fluid Blood plasma interstitial fluid none of the above it is the same in all.
intracellular fluid
Which of the following cations is most concentrated in the intracellular fluid? K+ Na+ NH4+ Fe2+ Ca2+
k+
When antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels are low ________. nearly all of the filtered water is reabsorbed aquaporins are inserted into the principal cell apical membranes a small volume of concentrated urine is excreted most of the water reaching the collecting ducts is not reabsorbed
most of the water reaching the collecting ducts is not reabsorbed
The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the ________. glomerular capsule nephron loop nephron capsular space
nephron
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a hormone that is made in the atria of the heart. The influence of this hormone is to ________. prevent pH changes caused by organic acids reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism enhance atrial contractions
reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention
ICU patient Jane Doe who is comatose after a car accident was hooked up to IV-fluids and catheterized and also has a urine collection bag. She produces 100 ml of urine in the first hour after catheterization. Due to this result You should increase IV fluids. Leave fluid input as is. Reduce IV fluid input.
reduce iv fluid input
Hypoventilation will cause respiratory alkalosis. metabolic acidosis. respiratory acidosis. metabolic alkalosis.
respiratory acidosis
Part complete The physiological buffer system that works the faster is the______ system, and the physiological buffer system that buffers the greater quantity of acid or base is the_______ system. urinary; respiratory respiratory; digestive respiratory; urinary
respiratory;urinary
Which is NOT a kidney function? (Read carefully) pH regulation Regulate blood volume and pressure Waste elimination Secrete glucose Secrete erythropoietin
secrete glucose
Respiratory acidosis can occur when ________. a person consumes excessive amounts of antacids the kidneys secrete hydrogen ions a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction a runner has completed a very long marathon
the persons breathing is shallow due to obstruction
Part complete Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate by the glomerular capillaries. the collecting duct. the renal corpuscle. the proximal convoluted tubule. the distal convoluted tubule.
the proximal convoluted tubule
Which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)? motor neurons the sympathetic efferents the stretching of the bladder wall the pressure of the fluid in the bladder
the stretching of the bladder wall
In the kidneys, the countercurrent mechanism involves the interaction between the flow of filtrate through the loop of Henle of the juxtamedullary nephrons (the countercurrent multiplier) and the flow of blood through the limbs of adjacent blood vessels (the countercurrent exchanger). This relationship establishes and maintains an osmotic gradient extending from the cortex through the depths of the medulla that allows the kidneys to vary urine concentration dramatically. True False
true
The normal pH of blood is 7.35-7.45. True False
true
In response to high levels of aldosterone (and normal ADH levels), the kidneys will produce _________ than the urine they produced before aldosterone levels were up. urine with less urea a smaller volume of urine urine with a higher concentration of sodium ions urine with a higher concentration of potassium ions a larger volume of urine
urine with a higher concentration of potassium ions
