A&P LAB 1

Filtration

Filtration occurs when particles are pushed through a membrane, or filter, by pressure.

Passive Process

Substances cross the membrane without any energy input from the cell.

Posterolateral (Mastoid) fontanelle

*green

Ramus of the Mandible

*green

Sagittal Suture of the Skull

*green

Superior Nasal Conchae of the Ethmoid Bone

*green

Zygomatic process of the Temporal Bone

*green

Sella turcia of the Sphenoid Bone

*green (Turkish saddle=pituitary)

External Occipital protuberance of the Occipital Bone

*green (feel on yourself)

Occipital condyles of the Occipital Bone

*green (knuckles)

Cribriform plate of the Ethmoid Bone

*green (olfactory nerves)

Alveoli of the Maxilla

*green (top "sockets")

Anterolateral (Sphenoid) fontanelle

*red

Inferior portion of the Perpendicular Plate of the Ethmoid Bone

*red

Internal auditory meatus of the Temporal Bone

*red

Lacrimal Bone

*red

Lambdoidal Suture of the Skull

*red

Nasal Bone

*red

Occipital Bone

*red

Parietal Bone

*red

Squamosal Suture of the Skull

*red

Supraorbital margin of the Frontal Bone

*red

Temporal Bone

*red

Temporal process of the Zygomatic Bone

*red

Transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae

*red

Condylar Process of the Mandible Bone

*red ("TMJ" joint)

Crista galli of the Ethmoid Bone

*red (roosters comb)

Carotid canal of the Temporal Bone

*yellow

External auditory (acoustic) meatus of the Temporal Bone

*yellow

Jugular foramen of the Temporal Bone

*yellow

Lacrimal sulcus

*yellow

Maxillary sinus of the Maxilla

*yellow

Optic canal of the Sphenoid Bone

*yellow

Posterior (Occipital) fontanelle

*yellow

Alveoli of the Mandible

*yellow ("sockets" for teeth)

Mandibular foramen of the Mandible

*yellow (nerve block)

Mental foramen of the Mandible

*yellow (nerve block)

Foramen magnum of the Occipital Bone

*yellow (spinal cord)

Palatine Bone

*blue

Perpendicular plate of the Ethmoid Bone

*blue

Zygomatic Bone

*blue

Infraorbital foramen of the Maxilla

*blue (feel on yourself=a nerve passes through; under eyes)

Coronal Suture of the Skull

*green

Frontal Bone

*green

Mandibular fossa of the Temporal Bone

*green

Body or Shaft of the Rib

*Area between Blue dots

Body or Centrum of the Thoracic Vertebrae (not on atlas)

*Blue

Clavicular Notch of the Sternum

*Blue

Coracoid Process of the Right Scapula

*Blue

Dens (Odontoid) Process of the Axis

*Blue

Intertubercular sulcus or bicipital groove of the right humerus

*Blue

Intervertebral Discs

*Blue

Sacral Foramina of the Sacrum

*Blue

Sacral Foramina of the Sacrum (Anterior View)

*Blue

Spinous Process of the Thoracic Vertebrae (not on atlas)

*Blue

Supraspinous Fossa of the Right Scapula

*Blue

Transverse Costal Facet of the Thoracic Vertebrae (where tubercle of rib articulates)

*Blue

Xiphoid Process of the Sternum

*Blue

Auricular Surface of the Sacrum

*Green

Bifid Spinous Process of the Cervical Vertebrae

*Green

Costal Cartilage of Ribs

*Green

Greater Tubercle of the Right Humerus

*Green

Head of Right Humerus

*Green

Head of the Rib

*Green

Infraspinous Fossa of the Right Scapula

*Green

Lateral Epicondyle of the Right Humerus

*Green

Manubrium of the Sternum

*Green

Sternal End of the Left Clavicle

*Green

Vertebral Foramen of the Thoracic Vertebrae

*Green

Acromial End of the Left Clavicle

*Red

Acromion of the Right Scapula

*Red

Ala of the Sacrum

*Red

Body of the Sternum

*Red

Deltoid tuberosity of the right humerus

*Red

Glenoid Cavity or fossa of Right Scapula

*Red

Inferior Articular Processes of the Thoracic Vertebrae

*Red

Intervertebral Foramina

*Red

Jugular Notch of the Sternum

*Red

Lesser Tubercle of the Right Humerus

*Red

Medial Epicondyle of the Right Humerus

*Red

Subscapular Fossa

*Red

Superior Articular Facets of the Sacrum

*Red

Superior Articular Processes of Thoracic Vertebrae

*Red

Scapula

*The whole thing

Costal Notch of the Sternum

*Yellow

Sacral Canal (Hiatus) of the Sacrum

*Yellow

Spine of the Right scapula

*Yellow

Transverse Process of the Thoracic Vertebrae

*Yellow

Metopic (Frontal) suture

*arrow

Coccygeal (coccyx): composed of 3-5 fused vertebrae

*black

Ethmoid Bone

*black

Maxilla

*black

Sacral: composed of 5 fused vertebrae

*black

Sphenoid bone

*black

Lumbar: 5 Vertebrae, (L1-L5)

*black (Eat Dinner at 5pm)

Cervical: 7 vertebrae, (C1-C7)

*black (Eat breakfast at 7am)

Thoracic: 12 Vertebrae, (T1-T12)

*black (Eat lunch at noon)

Anterior (frontal) fontanelle

*blue

Frontal sinus of the Frontal Bone

*blue

Mastoid process of the Temporal Bone

*blue

Middle Nasal Conchae of the Ethmoid Bone

*blue

Describe diffusion and explain how simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion differ.

-Diffusion Net movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. -Simple diffusion is the unassisted diffusion of solutes (dissolved substances) through a selectively permeable membrane. --Facilitated diffusion is when molecules are transported across the plasma membrane, down a concentration gradient,, by either active or passive transport through cellular structure.

What type of carbohydrates is glucose? sucrose? and starch? Which sugars does sucrose break down into?

-Glucose=Monosaccharide -Sucrose= Disaccharides -Starch=Polysaccharides -Sucrose breaks down into glucose &fructose

Define osmosis and explain the difference between isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions. Relate this to the experiment.

-Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane. -Isotonic solution contains a concentration of nonpenetrating solutes equal to that in the cells (same solute/water concentration)-No change to cell appearance-does not cause an osmotic flow of water into or out of the cell -Hypotonic solution contains fewer nonpenetrating solute particles than the interior of the cell—causes a net flow of water into the cell Cells will swell and may burst. -Hypertonic solution contains more nonpenetrating solutes particles than the interior of the cell—causes a net flow of water out of the cell Cells will shrivel.

Define selectively permeability and explain the difference between active and passive transport. Define the role of the dialysis bag? What did it represent? Understand sac pore size in the relationship to the size of the molecules in the bag and beaker. Did the movement of molecules in the experiment involve active or passive transport?

-Selective permeability allows nutrients to enter the cell but keeps out the undesirable substance. - Passive transport is when molecules travels from a higher concentration to a lower concentration through a concentration gradient. -Active transport refers to when molecule travels from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration against the concentration gradient. - The role of the dialysis bag is providing information on the movement of water and solutes. - It represents a cell membrane. -The movement of molecules in the experiment involved passive transport.

In active / passive processes, the cell provides energy in the form of ATP to power the transport process.

Active

A passive process, diffusion / osmosis is the movement of solute molecules from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration.

Diffusion

Vascular Transport

Fluids containing large particles and macromolecules are transported across cellular membranes inside the membranous sacs called vesicles.

What carbohydrate source does your body prefer?

Glucose

A semipermeable sac, containing 4% NaCl, 9% glucose, and 10 % albumin, is suspended in a solution with the following composition: 10% NaCl, 10%glucose, and 40% albumin. Assume the sac is permeable to all substances except albumin. (a) move into the sac, (b) move out of the sac, or (c) not move. What will happen to the glucose? Which way will water move? Which way will albumin move? Which way does NaCl move

Glucose: (a) move into the sac Water: (b) move out of the sac Albumin: (c) not move NaCl: (a) move into the sac

In pinocytosis / phagocytosis, parts of the plasma membrane and cytoplasm extend and engulf a relatively large or solid material.

Phagocytosis

Crenation

The contraction of cell when exposed to a hypertonic solution.

Why did the starch solution in the sac turn purple? What role did iodine play?

The iodine will diffuse out of the bag [high iodine concentration], through the dialysis membrane, into the starch solution [low iodine concentration] , turning it purple.When iodine reacts with starch, a purple color is produced.

Exocytosis

The transport of material out of a cell.

Clavicle

The whole thing

Rib

The whole thing

Sternum

The whole thing

Which of the following would require an input of energy? a. diffusion b. filtration c. osmosis d. vesicular transport

Vesicular Transport

Active Process

When a cell uses the bond energy of ATP to move substances across the membrane.

Hemolysis

When a red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution and the cell burst because water is coming in.

Endocytosis

When large particles or fluids that need to be moved into the cell come in contact with the cell membrane, the membrane actually breaks away and envelopes the material.

Assume you are conducting the experiment illustrated in the next figure. Both hydrochloric acid (HCl) with a molecular weight of about 36.5 and ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) with a molecular weight of 35 are volatile and easily enter the gaseous state. When they meet the following reactions will occur: NCl+NH4OH--->H2O+NH4Cl Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) will be deposited on the glass tubing as a smoky precipitate where two gases meet. Predict which gas will diffuse more quickly and indicate to which end of the tube the smoky precipitate will be closer. a. The faster-diffusing gas is_______. b. The precipitate forms closer to the ______end.

a. NH4OH b. HCl

A solution surrounding a cell is hypertonic if: a. it contains fewer nonpenetrating solute particles than the interior of the cell. b. it contains more nonpenetrating solute particles than the interior of the cell. c. it contains the same amount of nonpenetrating solute particles as the interior of the cell.

a. it contains fewer nonpenetrating solute particles than the interior of the cell.

The diagrams below represent three microscope fields containing red blood cells. Arrows show the direction of net osmosis. Which field contains a hypertonic solution? _________ The cells in this field are said to be ___________________. Which field contains an isotonic bathing solution? ____ Which field contains a hypotonic solution? ________ What is happening to the cells in this field? ____________________________________________________

c, crenated, b, a, Hemolysis; they are bursting as excessive water entry occurs.

Tonicity of solutions

measure of the osmotic pressure gradient

Mandible

the whole thing