Cognitive psych exam 2

Réussis tes devoirs et examens dès maintenant avec Quizwiz!

Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning?

Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio

Free recall of the stimulus list "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will most likely yield which of these response patterns?

"apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, pants, lamp, chair"

In the experiment conducted by Viskontas and coworkers using picture pairs, a participant's later experience of familiarity with a particular pair was coded as ________.

"know"

What is the typical duration of short-term memory?

15 to 20 seconds

Jacoby's experiment, in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of

24 hours

According to your text, which of the following movies is LEAST accurate in its portrayal of a memory problem?

50 First Dates

Explicit memory is to ___________ as implicit memory is to ___________.

aware; unaware

Extrapolating from the cultural life script hypothesis, which of the following events would be easiest to recall?

graduating from college at age 22

Believing that a particular statement is true simply because you have seen the statement in previous instances is known as the ________ effect.

propaganda

Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ___________ memories.

recent and remote episodic

This multiple-choice question is an example of a ___________ test.

recognition

Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on

reconsolidating

Before going to the grocery store, Jamal quickly made a list in his head of the few items he needed to cook dinner. Driving to the store, he repeated the list over and over to himself so that he wouldn't forget anything. How would Broadbent describe Jamal's actions in the car?

rehearsal in short-term memory

According to Tulving, an episodic memory is distinguished by the process of ________ it.

reliving

A patient with impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty in

remembering graduating from college

Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for ______ memories.

remote

Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by

repeating it over and over

Which of the following is key to the illusory truth effect?

repetition

The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words. One way to eliminate the recency effect is to

have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last work of the list

Despite scientific evidence to the contrary, Harry believes that drinking dandelion tea would improve his long-term memory because he saw several news stories and articles about it online. What is Harry experiencing?

illusory truth effect

Work with brain-injured patients reveals that ___________ memory does not depend on conscious memory.

implicit and procedural

The primary effect of chunking is to

increase the efficiency of short-term memory

Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of

increased firing in the neurons

Much research has been dedicated to improving the reliability of eyewitness testimony. One finding reveals that when constructing a lineup,

increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of missed identification of some guilty suspects.

Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that

information in sensory memory fades within one or two seconds

Your text describes an "Italian woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty remembering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects

intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory

K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests

intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory

Physiological studies indicate that damage to the brain's___________can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory.

prefrontal cortex

Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She explains how to hold the racquet, how to stand, and how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of ___________ memory.

procedural

Compared to the whole report technique, the partial report procedure involves

a smaller response set

The constructive episodic stimulation hypothesis describes how our memories are connected to our ________.

future

A person who is activating their visuospatial sketch pad is likely to say which of the following?

"I can see it in my mind's eye"

Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to autobiographical memories?

Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content

___________ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption.

Consolidation

Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory?

Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing

Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory?

I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes

A man suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome would be able to perform which of the following activities without difficulty?

Identifying a photograph of his childhood home

___________ memories are those that we are not aware of.

Implicit

Katie and Alana are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00-11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Alana will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances?

Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect

Which of the following is NOT a conclusion from the case of H.M., who had an operation to help alleviate his epileptic seizures?

Long-term memories are unaffected by damage to the hippocampus

Which of the following statements is true of the cognitive interview technique?

Police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer

Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text?

Replacing the short-term memory component of the modal model with working memory

___________ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory.

Retrieval

The following statement represents what kind of memory? "The Beatles stopped making music together as a group in the early 1970s."

Semantic

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into long-term memory?

Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.

Which of the following is most closely associated with implicit memory?

The propaganda effect

Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information?

Thuy has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up.

In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated?

Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory

Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit) reflect

a failure of memory consolidation

Which of the following terms does NOT reflect the concept of flashbulb memories?

accurate

On what factor do working memory and short-term memory most differ?

activity

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented

after the event

Have you ever tried to think of the words and hum the melody of one song while the radio is playing a different song? People have often noted that this is very difficult to do. This difficulty can be understood as

articulatory suppression

Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for ___________ of a list.

both the first and last words

Mantyla's "banana/yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created

by the person whose memory will be tested

The conclusion to be drawn from the man named Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory is that having memory like a video recorder

can seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life

The research by Ericsson and colleagues (1980) examined the ability of a college student to achieve amazing feats of memory by having him remember strings of random digits that were recited to him. They found that this student used his experience with running times to help him retain these strings of numbers. The significance of this finding was that

chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts

Schrauf and Rubin's "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later. These results support the

cognitive hypothesis

Which of the following stimulus characteristics most challenges the processing capacity of short-term memory?

complexity

According to the ______ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations.

constructive

The "telephone game" is often played by children. One child creates a story and whispers it to a second child, who does the same to a third child, and so on. When the last child recites the story to the group, his or her reproduction of the story is generally shorter than the original and contains many omissions and inaccuracies. This game shows how memory is a __________ process.

constructive

In the "word list" false memory experiment where several students incorrectly remembered hearing the word sleep, false memory occurs because of

constructive memory processes

Imagine you are driving to a friend's new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. To remember the address, you used a(n)___________process in short-term memory.

control

Regarding free recall of a list of items, which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear by preventing rehearsal?

counting backward for 30 seconds before recall

Arkes and Freedman's "baseball game" experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved

creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge

Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as

cryptoamnesia

In the "War of the Ghosts" experiment, participants' reproductions contained inaccuracies based on

cultural expectations

Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to ___________, but later research showed that it was actually due to ___________.

decay; interference

When investigating the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds

decreases the recency effect

Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during

delay

Which of the following is a key factor in the memory-enhancing capacity of sleep?

distraction

Research into reconsolidation of memories in people who have PTSD has focused on the ________ aspects of memory.

emotional

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget what they wanted when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of

encoding specificity

"I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of ___________ memory.

episodic

Which of the following is not a stage in the information processing model of memory?

episodic memory

As people get older, their memories of past experiences tend to have an emphasis on ________.

facts

The coding of a stimulus into memory refers to which of the following?

form

The concept of reconsolidation is based on the ________ of retrieved memories.

fragility

According to Tulving, the defining property of the experience of episodic memory is that

it involves mental time travel

Semantic memory is to ________ as episodic memory is to ________.

knowing; remembering

"S," who had a photographic memory that was described as virtually limitless, was able to achieve many feats of memory. According to the discussion in your text, S's memory system operated

less efficiently than normal

If the brain can be considered a busy factory that takes in and processes information, which of the following would occur during the synaptic state in Stokes's working memory concept?

machine would shut down for material resupply

Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants

make more errors in their recollections

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?

making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

The observation that older adults often become nostalgic for the "good old days" reflects the self-image hypothesis, which states that

memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume life identities

After witnessing a bank robbery downtown, Javier completed a cognitive interview at the police station. What term would Javier likely use to describe his interview experience?

multidimensional

The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the

narrative rehearsal hypothesis

It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if

one is handled by the visuospatial sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop

When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of

persistence of vision

__________ occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence.

pragmatic inference

Funahashi's work on monkeys doing a delayed response task examined the role of neurons in the

prefrontal cortex

Latoya is remembering a fun day at the beach that she had with her dad when she was a little girl. Which region of brain will have the LEAST connection to the more personal aspects of Latoya's memory?

prefrontal cortex

Memories of the past that have been pushed out of a person's consciousness are considered to be ________.

repressed

What is the key difference between synaptic consolidation and systems consolidation?

scale

Jackie went to the grocery store to pick up yogurt, bread, and apples. First, she picked up a hand basket for carrying her groceries, and then she searched the store. After finding what she needed, she stood in a check-out line. Then, the cashier put her items in a plastic bag, and soon after, Jackie left the store. As readers of this event, we understand that Jackie paid for the groceries, even though it wasn't mentioned, because we are relying on a grocery store _____.

script

Information remains in sensory memory for

seconds or a fraction of a second

Remembering that a tomato is a fruit rather than a vegetable is an example of ___________ memory.

semantic

Which of the following terms does NOT reflect the concept of control processes?

sensory

According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are

short and across several days

Digit span is one measure of capacity of

short-term memory

The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory?

the central executive and long-term memory

The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true

simply because we have been exposed to them before

Procedural memories are also known as ________ memories.

skill

Research suggests that the capacity of short-term memory is

somewhat small, holding only about seven items at one time

The "wedding reception" false memory experiment shows that false memories can be explained as a product of familiarity and

source misattribution

The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as encoding

specificity

According to the cognitive hypothesis, experiences that occur during periods of rapid personal development followed by periods of stability tend to be easier to remember due to which of the following?

strong encoding

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is

strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated

___________ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale.

systems

Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the

tendency of objects in the same category to become organized

One function of ___________ is to pull information out of long-term memory.

the central executive

Your text discusses how episodic and semantic memories are interconnected. This discussion revealed that when we experience events,

the knowledge that makes up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal experience based in episodic memory

Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos

the person took himself or herself

Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on

the self-reference effect

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if

the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task

Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory?

the visuospatial sketch pad

Which term best reflects the core concept of echoic memory?

time

When the methods used to encode and retrieve information are the same, this is called ________ processing.

transfer-appropriate

According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?

trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned

Which of the following correctly lists types of memory from least to most complex?

visual, semantic, episodic

Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that

when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed

Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that

when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in his or her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of his or her choice, even when the choice is wrong

Ellen is 52 years old. Which of the following experiences has most likely faded from her memory?

winning the first grade spelling bee

The ability to manipulate information in memory temporarily while remembering something else is called

working memory


Ensembles d'études connexes

Chapter 22 Management of patients with upper respiratory tract infections

View Set

Eggers Law Exam 2 - CH 6, 3, 8, 9

View Set

Globalization: A Very Short Introduction Chapter 3

View Set