Cognitive psych exam 2
Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning?
Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio
Free recall of the stimulus list "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will most likely yield which of these response patterns?
"apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, pants, lamp, chair"
In the experiment conducted by Viskontas and coworkers using picture pairs, a participant's later experience of familiarity with a particular pair was coded as ________.
"know"
What is the typical duration of short-term memory?
15 to 20 seconds
Jacoby's experiment, in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of
24 hours
According to your text, which of the following movies is LEAST accurate in its portrayal of a memory problem?
50 First Dates
Explicit memory is to ___________ as implicit memory is to ___________.
aware; unaware
Extrapolating from the cultural life script hypothesis, which of the following events would be easiest to recall?
graduating from college at age 22
Believing that a particular statement is true simply because you have seen the statement in previous instances is known as the ________ effect.
propaganda
Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ___________ memories.
recent and remote episodic
This multiple-choice question is an example of a ___________ test.
recognition
Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on
reconsolidating
Before going to the grocery store, Jamal quickly made a list in his head of the few items he needed to cook dinner. Driving to the store, he repeated the list over and over to himself so that he wouldn't forget anything. How would Broadbent describe Jamal's actions in the car?
rehearsal in short-term memory
According to Tulving, an episodic memory is distinguished by the process of ________ it.
reliving
A patient with impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty in
remembering graduating from college
Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for ______ memories.
remote
Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by
repeating it over and over
Which of the following is key to the illusory truth effect?
repetition
The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words. One way to eliminate the recency effect is to
have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last work of the list
Despite scientific evidence to the contrary, Harry believes that drinking dandelion tea would improve his long-term memory because he saw several news stories and articles about it online. What is Harry experiencing?
illusory truth effect
Work with brain-injured patients reveals that ___________ memory does not depend on conscious memory.
implicit and procedural
The primary effect of chunking is to
increase the efficiency of short-term memory
Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of
increased firing in the neurons
Much research has been dedicated to improving the reliability of eyewitness testimony. One finding reveals that when constructing a lineup,
increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of missed identification of some guilty suspects.
Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that
information in sensory memory fades within one or two seconds
Your text describes an "Italian woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty remembering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects
intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory
K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests
intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory
Physiological studies indicate that damage to the brain's___________can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory.
prefrontal cortex
Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She explains how to hold the racquet, how to stand, and how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of ___________ memory.
procedural
Compared to the whole report technique, the partial report procedure involves
a smaller response set
The constructive episodic stimulation hypothesis describes how our memories are connected to our ________.
future
A person who is activating their visuospatial sketch pad is likely to say which of the following?
"I can see it in my mind's eye"
Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to autobiographical memories?
Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content
___________ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption.
Consolidation
Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory?
Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing
Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory?
I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes
A man suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome would be able to perform which of the following activities without difficulty?
Identifying a photograph of his childhood home
___________ memories are those that we are not aware of.
Implicit
Katie and Alana are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00-11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Alana will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances?
Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect
Which of the following is NOT a conclusion from the case of H.M., who had an operation to help alleviate his epileptic seizures?
Long-term memories are unaffected by damage to the hippocampus
Which of the following statements is true of the cognitive interview technique?
Police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer
Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text?
Replacing the short-term memory component of the modal model with working memory
___________ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory.
Retrieval
The following statement represents what kind of memory? "The Beatles stopped making music together as a group in the early 1970s."
Semantic
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into long-term memory?
Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.
Which of the following is most closely associated with implicit memory?
The propaganda effect
Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information?
Thuy has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up.
In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated?
Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory
Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit) reflect
a failure of memory consolidation
Which of the following terms does NOT reflect the concept of flashbulb memories?
accurate
On what factor do working memory and short-term memory most differ?
activity
The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented
after the event
Have you ever tried to think of the words and hum the melody of one song while the radio is playing a different song? People have often noted that this is very difficult to do. This difficulty can be understood as
articulatory suppression
Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for ___________ of a list.
both the first and last words
Mantyla's "banana/yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created
by the person whose memory will be tested
The conclusion to be drawn from the man named Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory is that having memory like a video recorder
can seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life
The research by Ericsson and colleagues (1980) examined the ability of a college student to achieve amazing feats of memory by having him remember strings of random digits that were recited to him. They found that this student used his experience with running times to help him retain these strings of numbers. The significance of this finding was that
chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts
Schrauf and Rubin's "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later. These results support the
cognitive hypothesis
Which of the following stimulus characteristics most challenges the processing capacity of short-term memory?
complexity
According to the ______ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations.
constructive
The "telephone game" is often played by children. One child creates a story and whispers it to a second child, who does the same to a third child, and so on. When the last child recites the story to the group, his or her reproduction of the story is generally shorter than the original and contains many omissions and inaccuracies. This game shows how memory is a __________ process.
constructive
In the "word list" false memory experiment where several students incorrectly remembered hearing the word sleep, false memory occurs because of
constructive memory processes
Imagine you are driving to a friend's new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. To remember the address, you used a(n)___________process in short-term memory.
control
Regarding free recall of a list of items, which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear by preventing rehearsal?
counting backward for 30 seconds before recall
Arkes and Freedman's "baseball game" experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved
creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge
Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as
cryptoamnesia
In the "War of the Ghosts" experiment, participants' reproductions contained inaccuracies based on
cultural expectations
Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to ___________, but later research showed that it was actually due to ___________.
decay; interference
When investigating the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds
decreases the recency effect
Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during
delay
Which of the following is a key factor in the memory-enhancing capacity of sleep?
distraction
Research into reconsolidation of memories in people who have PTSD has focused on the ________ aspects of memory.
emotional
People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget what they wanted when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of
encoding specificity
"I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of ___________ memory.
episodic
Which of the following is not a stage in the information processing model of memory?
episodic memory
As people get older, their memories of past experiences tend to have an emphasis on ________.
facts
The coding of a stimulus into memory refers to which of the following?
form
The concept of reconsolidation is based on the ________ of retrieved memories.
fragility
According to Tulving, the defining property of the experience of episodic memory is that
it involves mental time travel
Semantic memory is to ________ as episodic memory is to ________.
knowing; remembering
"S," who had a photographic memory that was described as virtually limitless, was able to achieve many feats of memory. According to the discussion in your text, S's memory system operated
less efficiently than normal
If the brain can be considered a busy factory that takes in and processes information, which of the following would occur during the synaptic state in Stokes's working memory concept?
machine would shut down for material resupply
Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants
make more errors in their recollections
According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?
making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned
The observation that older adults often become nostalgic for the "good old days" reflects the self-image hypothesis, which states that
memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume life identities
After witnessing a bank robbery downtown, Javier completed a cognitive interview at the police station. What term would Javier likely use to describe his interview experience?
multidimensional
The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the
narrative rehearsal hypothesis
It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if
one is handled by the visuospatial sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop
When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of
persistence of vision
__________ occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence.
pragmatic inference
Funahashi's work on monkeys doing a delayed response task examined the role of neurons in the
prefrontal cortex
Latoya is remembering a fun day at the beach that she had with her dad when she was a little girl. Which region of brain will have the LEAST connection to the more personal aspects of Latoya's memory?
prefrontal cortex
Memories of the past that have been pushed out of a person's consciousness are considered to be ________.
repressed
What is the key difference between synaptic consolidation and systems consolidation?
scale
Jackie went to the grocery store to pick up yogurt, bread, and apples. First, she picked up a hand basket for carrying her groceries, and then she searched the store. After finding what she needed, she stood in a check-out line. Then, the cashier put her items in a plastic bag, and soon after, Jackie left the store. As readers of this event, we understand that Jackie paid for the groceries, even though it wasn't mentioned, because we are relying on a grocery store _____.
script
Information remains in sensory memory for
seconds or a fraction of a second
Remembering that a tomato is a fruit rather than a vegetable is an example of ___________ memory.
semantic
Which of the following terms does NOT reflect the concept of control processes?
sensory
According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are
short and across several days
Digit span is one measure of capacity of
short-term memory
The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory?
the central executive and long-term memory
The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true
simply because we have been exposed to them before
Procedural memories are also known as ________ memories.
skill
Research suggests that the capacity of short-term memory is
somewhat small, holding only about seven items at one time
The "wedding reception" false memory experiment shows that false memories can be explained as a product of familiarity and
source misattribution
The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as encoding
specificity
According to the cognitive hypothesis, experiences that occur during periods of rapid personal development followed by periods of stability tend to be easier to remember due to which of the following?
strong encoding
The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is
strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated
___________ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale.
systems
Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the
tendency of objects in the same category to become organized
One function of ___________ is to pull information out of long-term memory.
the central executive
Your text discusses how episodic and semantic memories are interconnected. This discussion revealed that when we experience events,
the knowledge that makes up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal experience based in episodic memory
Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos
the person took himself or herself
Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on
the self-reference effect
Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if
the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task
Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory?
the visuospatial sketch pad
Which term best reflects the core concept of echoic memory?
time
When the methods used to encode and retrieve information are the same, this is called ________ processing.
transfer-appropriate
According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?
trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned
Which of the following correctly lists types of memory from least to most complex?
visual, semantic, episodic
Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that
when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed
Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that
when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in his or her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of his or her choice, even when the choice is wrong
Ellen is 52 years old. Which of the following experiences has most likely faded from her memory?
winning the first grade spelling bee
The ability to manipulate information in memory temporarily while remembering something else is called
working memory
