A&P Lab Chapter 2&3
Anaphase features in mitosis
- Spindle fibers pull chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell - Cell elongates - Cytokinesis begins as organelles and cytosol are divided - Remember: a is apart/away
Vesicle function
- Stores, transports, or digests materials within the cell from ER to GA - C in image - Remember: vacuum bags
What will happen if a membrane is impermeable to solutes?
- Water will move toward the more concentrated solutes. - Water will move from a solution with a lower solute concentration to one with a higher solute concentration
Osmotic pressure is measured in units of _______.
mm Hg
Which picture is cytokinesis/telophase?
C
Matching chromatids are held together by a:
Centromere
Replication of genetic material results in chromosomes consisting of two:
Chromatids
Division of the cytoplasm to produce two daughter cells is called:
Cytokinesis
What process divides the cytosol, organelles, and proteins?
Cytokinesis
Cellular material located outside the nucleus yet inside the plasma membrane is the ________.
Cytoplasm
The ________ provides structural support, strength, and flexibility to the cell.
Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm vs. cytosol
Cytosol: intracellular fluid Cytoplasm: intracellular fluid and organelles
Human cells that lack centrioles cannot __________.
Divide
Cytokinesis
Divides the cytosol and organelles equally between the two daughter cells
Two types of active transport via vesicles are __________.
Endocytosis and exocytosis
What types of cells go through mitosis?
Epithelial cells, fat cells, non-sex cells
When the solutes are evenly distributed throughout a solution, we say the solution has reached _______.
Equilibrium
Sodium ions move across the plasma membrane through a carrier protein using no energy in __________________.
Facilitated diffusion
Which process requires a membrane-bound carrier for transport?
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport of solutes across the plasma membrane __________.
Requires cells to expend energy (ATP)
Cytokinesis occurs concurrently with what stage of mitosis?
Telophase
Water diffuses _______________.
Towards solutes
What is the process by which RNA is made?
Transcription
True or false: the plasma membrane is a selectively permeable barrier.
True
Does simple cuboidal epithelium undergo mitosis?
Yes
What is the role of proteins in the plasma membrane?
- Act as channels, carriers, receptors, and/or enzymes - Provide structural support
Prophase features in mitosis
- Chromatin condense so sister chromatids are visible - Nucleus disperses - Spindle fibers appear and attach to chromosomes
Chromatin
- Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell - Form of DNA in its relaxed state/not actively dividing - Contain's a cell's genetic code
What is the role of phospholipids in the plasma membrane?
- Controls what comes in and out of the cell - Semipermeable
Plasma membrane
- Controls what enters and exits the cell - Separates the inside of the cell from the outside - Semipermeable, selectively permeable, differentially permeable
What is the role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?
- Helps with the fluidity and the cell to not collapse in on itself - Stabilizes structure
Hypertonic
- Higher solute concentration than cytosol of the cell - Hyper = more solution - Water moving OUT and cell's weight DECREASES - Remember: hyper skinny person
Describe the phospholipid bilayer
- Hydrophilic (polar) heads on outside - Hydrophobic (nonpolar) tails on inside
Hypotonic
- Lower solute concentration than cytosol of the cell - Hypo = less solution - Water moving IN and cell's weight INCREASES - Remember: hippo = big, fat
Peroxisome function
- Metabolizes fats - Synthesizes certain phospholipids
Centrosome function
- Microtubule organizing center for cell's cytoskeleton - Conductor of interphase: anchor pulling chromosomes apart during mitosis (aids in division of DNA) - Contain a pair of centrioles
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum function
- Modifies and folds proteins made by the ribosomes - Location: always around the nucleus; folds into the nuclear membrane
What is osmosis?
- Movement of water from a solution that has low concentration of solutes to a solution with a higher concentration of solutes - Water is going in both directions
Telophase features in mitosis
- Nuclear envelope starts to reform and 2 cells separate into 2 different membranes - Chromosomes are no longer distinct and DNA returns to chromatin form - Remember: T for 2 nuclei
Interphase features in mitosis
- Nucleolus is visible (densely packed nucleus in images) - Nuclear envelope encloses nucleus - DNA is in the form of chromatin - Chromosomes are indistinguishable - Centriole pairs are duplicated
Golgi apparatus function
- Processes proteins and lipids coming from the ER and packages them in vesicles bound for different destinations either within or outside the cell. - Modifies and secretes proteins produced by the rough endoplasmic reticulum. - Location: not attached to nucleus but nearby
Mitochondria function
- Produce energy (ATP) - Site of cellular respiration (break down glucose to make ATP) - Singular: mitochondrion; Plural: mitochondria
Lysosome function
- Site of intracellular digestion - Recycles old organelles - Remember: Lysol- breaks things apart
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum function
- Site of lipid synthesis - Detoxifies cell - Stores calcium ions - Location: always around nucleus
Ribosome function
- Site of protein synthesis - Found free in the cytoplasm or bound on the rough ER
Osmosis
- Specific for the movement of water - It is a type of diffusion - It is passive.
Metaphase features in mitosis
- Spindle fibers pull chromatids to align in the equator of the cell - Remember: m for middle
Functions of plasma membrane proteins
Act as channels, receptors, and enzymes
Nuclear pore
Allows passage of RNA out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm
During which phase of mitosis are sister chromatids separated when the mitotic spindle fibers shorten?
Anaphase
The phase of mitosis in which the sister chromatids separate, moving to opposite poles, is called:
Anaphase
The stage of mitosis during which sister chromatids separate and daughter chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell is called __________.
Anaphase
Between what two phases of mitosis does cytokinesis occur?
Anaphase and telophase
What organelle, found within the cell, is responsible for forming secretory vesicles?
Golgi apparatus
Which organelle modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for export from the cell?
Golgi apparatus
Cellular swelling is likely to occur when blood cells are immersed in a(an) __________ solution.
Hypotonic
If a cell is placed in a isotonic solution, water will move:
In and out and the cell's weight will stay the same
Which of the 3 general regions of a cell is the location of mRNA production?
In the nucleus
The portion of the cell's life cycle that does NOT involve cell division is known as:
Interphase
What phase of mitosis do cells spend most of their life in?
Interphase
If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, water will move:
Into the cell and the cell's weight will increase
Cytosol is also known as:
Intracellular fluid
Flagella
Long whiplike structure; aids in cellular movement
Name the mitochondrial structure identified by the question mark.
Matrix: innermost space inside the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Which phase of mitosis is pictured here?
Metaphase
A nonmembranous organelle that increases surface area is called:
Microvilli
Mitochondrial diseases occur when the mitochondria are dysfunctional. They mainly cause problems in the heart, brain, and skeletal muscles. Some signs of these diseases include migraines, seizures, developmental delays, fatigue, muscle weakness, digestive problems, liver failure, respiratory problems, and even problems with vision. Why would these diseases mainly affect the heart, brain, and skeletal muscles?
Mitochondria are the "powerhouses" of the cell and function for aerobic cellular respiration, the generation of ATP. Without ATP, cells can't do work and won't function normally. Those organs require the most energy and are therefore most affected by mitochondrial diseases.
What occurs during M phase?
Mitosis and cytokinesis
What is the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis?
Mitosis: nucleus divides Cytokinesis: rest of the cell divides
The _______ separates nuclear content from cytoplasm.
Nuclear envelope
A dark-staining speck in the center of the nucleus would be the:
Nucleolus
The site of ribosome assembly is _______.
Nucleolus
Where are ribosomes assembled?
Nucleolus
Where is rRNA made?
Nucleolus
Where do cells keep their DNA?
Nucleus
Structure where DNA is stored
Nucleus (A)
What are the three basic parts or regions of a cell?
Nucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane
If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, water will move:
Out of the cell and the cell's weight will decrease
List the phases of mitosis in order
PMAT Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
What part of the plasma membrane is hydrophobic?
Phospholipid tails
The lipid bilayer of a cell membrane is composed of what type of molecules?
Phospholipids
What are the 3 main chemical components of the plasma membrane?
Phospholipids, protein, cholesterol
A cancer drug interferes with the development of mitotic spindle fibers during cell division. Which phase is directly affected?
Prophase
What structure is not membrane bound?
Ribosomes (F)
Which structure synthesizes proteins?
Ribosomes (F)
During interphase, DNA replication occurs in the _______ phase.
S
Isotonic
Same concentration of solutes
Cilia
Short hairlike projections; provide sweeping motion
A hypertonic solution will induce cell shrinkage or swelling?
Shrinkage
Carbon dioxide is a small molecule that moves through the phospholipid bilayer with its concentration gradient by __________.
Simple diffusion
Which factors affect the rate of simple diffusion across a membrane?
Size and concentration of the solute
The ________ synthesize(s) lipids and glycogen.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Which organelle is involved in the synthesis of cholesterol?
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Diffusion is the movement of _________.
Solute down its concentration gradient
Hypertonic refers to the concentration of:
Solute in a solution
A _______________ is dissolved in a _______________ forming a _______________.
Solute; solvent; solution
Detergents are similar to phospholipids in that they are amphipathic compounds with both polar and nonpolar parts. What do you think would happen to a cell placed in a solution containing a detergent?
The cell membrane would break and dissolve in the detergent, spilling the contents equally throughout the solution. Because both the plasma membrane and the detergent are amphiphilic compounds, the lipophilic components of the detergent would seep through the nonpolar component of phospholipid and dissolve, thus breaking the cell membranes apart and spilling the cytoplasmic contents throughout the solution.
A cell is isotonic to the surrounding 4% dextrose solution. If the cell is moved to a 6% dextrose solution, then predict what will happen to the cell.
The cell will shrink because it moved to a hypertonic solution.
What would be the consequence of treating cancer with a drug that disrupts formation of the mitotic spindle?
The duplicated sister chromatids would not separate during anaphase.
Predict what will happen to a patient's red blood cells if you give the patient an IV of pure water.
The patient's RBCs will swell and burst if placed in pure water because water is hypotonic.