A&P Lab Chapter 2&3

Anaphase features in mitosis

- Spindle fibers pull chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell - Cell elongates - Cytokinesis begins as organelles and cytosol are divided - Remember: a is apart/away

Vesicle function

- Stores, transports, or digests materials within the cell from ER to GA - C in image - Remember: vacuum bags

What will happen if a membrane is impermeable to solutes?

- Water will move toward the more concentrated solutes. - Water will move from a solution with a lower solute concentration to one with a higher solute concentration

Osmotic pressure is measured in units of _______.

mm Hg

Which picture is cytokinesis/telophase?

C

Matching chromatids are held together by a:

Centromere

Replication of genetic material results in chromosomes consisting of two:

Chromatids

Division of the cytoplasm to produce two daughter cells is called:

Cytokinesis

What process divides the cytosol, organelles, and proteins?

Cytokinesis

Cellular material located outside the nucleus yet inside the plasma membrane is the ________.

Cytoplasm

The ________ provides structural support, strength, and flexibility to the cell.

Cytoskeleton

Cytoplasm vs. cytosol

Cytosol: intracellular fluid Cytoplasm: intracellular fluid and organelles

Human cells that lack centrioles cannot __________.

Divide

Cytokinesis

Divides the cytosol and organelles equally between the two daughter cells

Two types of active transport via vesicles are __________.

Endocytosis and exocytosis

What types of cells go through mitosis?

Epithelial cells, fat cells, non-sex cells

When the solutes are evenly distributed throughout a solution, we say the solution has reached _______.

Equilibrium

Sodium ions move across the plasma membrane through a carrier protein using no energy in __________________.

Facilitated diffusion

Which process requires a membrane-bound carrier for transport?

Facilitated diffusion

Active transport of solutes across the plasma membrane __________.

Requires cells to expend energy (ATP)

Cytokinesis occurs concurrently with what stage of mitosis?

Telophase

Water diffuses _______________.

Towards solutes

What is the process by which RNA is made?

Transcription

True or false: the plasma membrane is a selectively permeable barrier.

True

Does simple cuboidal epithelium undergo mitosis?

Yes

What is the role of proteins in the plasma membrane?

- Act as channels, carriers, receptors, and/or enzymes - Provide structural support

Prophase features in mitosis

- Chromatin condense so sister chromatids are visible - Nucleus disperses - Spindle fibers appear and attach to chromosomes

Chromatin

- Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell - Form of DNA in its relaxed state/not actively dividing - Contain's a cell's genetic code

What is the role of phospholipids in the plasma membrane?

- Controls what comes in and out of the cell - Semipermeable

Plasma membrane

- Controls what enters and exits the cell - Separates the inside of the cell from the outside - Semipermeable, selectively permeable, differentially permeable

What is the role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?

- Helps with the fluidity and the cell to not collapse in on itself - Stabilizes structure

Hypertonic

- Higher solute concentration than cytosol of the cell - Hyper = more solution - Water moving OUT and cell's weight DECREASES - Remember: hyper skinny person

Describe the phospholipid bilayer

- Hydrophilic (polar) heads on outside - Hydrophobic (nonpolar) tails on inside

Hypotonic

- Lower solute concentration than cytosol of the cell - Hypo = less solution - Water moving IN and cell's weight INCREASES - Remember: hippo = big, fat

Peroxisome function

- Metabolizes fats - Synthesizes certain phospholipids

Centrosome function

- Microtubule organizing center for cell's cytoskeleton - Conductor of interphase: anchor pulling chromosomes apart during mitosis (aids in division of DNA) - Contain a pair of centrioles

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum function

- Modifies and folds proteins made by the ribosomes - Location: always around the nucleus; folds into the nuclear membrane

What is osmosis?

- Movement of water from a solution that has low concentration of solutes to a solution with a higher concentration of solutes - Water is going in both directions

Telophase features in mitosis

- Nuclear envelope starts to reform and 2 cells separate into 2 different membranes - Chromosomes are no longer distinct and DNA returns to chromatin form - Remember: T for 2 nuclei

Interphase features in mitosis

- Nucleolus is visible (densely packed nucleus in images) - Nuclear envelope encloses nucleus - DNA is in the form of chromatin - Chromosomes are indistinguishable - Centriole pairs are duplicated

Golgi apparatus function

- Processes proteins and lipids coming from the ER and packages them in vesicles bound for different destinations either within or outside the cell. - Modifies and secretes proteins produced by the rough endoplasmic reticulum. - Location: not attached to nucleus but nearby

Mitochondria function

- Produce energy (ATP) - Site of cellular respiration (break down glucose to make ATP) - Singular: mitochondrion; Plural: mitochondria

Lysosome function

- Site of intracellular digestion - Recycles old organelles - Remember: Lysol- breaks things apart

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum function

- Site of lipid synthesis - Detoxifies cell - Stores calcium ions - Location: always around nucleus

Ribosome function

- Site of protein synthesis - Found free in the cytoplasm or bound on the rough ER

Osmosis

- Specific for the movement of water - It is a type of diffusion - It is passive.

Metaphase features in mitosis

- Spindle fibers pull chromatids to align in the equator of the cell - Remember: m for middle

Functions of plasma membrane proteins

Act as channels, receptors, and enzymes

Nuclear pore

Allows passage of RNA out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm

During which phase of mitosis are sister chromatids separated when the mitotic spindle fibers shorten?

Anaphase

The phase of mitosis in which the sister chromatids separate, moving to opposite poles, is called:

Anaphase

The stage of mitosis during which sister chromatids separate and daughter chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell is called __________.

Anaphase

Between what two phases of mitosis does cytokinesis occur?

Anaphase and telophase

What organelle, found within the cell, is responsible for forming secretory vesicles?

Golgi apparatus

Which organelle modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for export from the cell?

Golgi apparatus

Cellular swelling is likely to occur when blood cells are immersed in a(an) __________ solution.

Hypotonic

If a cell is placed in a isotonic solution, water will move:

In and out and the cell's weight will stay the same

Which of the 3 general regions of a cell is the location of mRNA production?

In the nucleus

The portion of the cell's life cycle that does NOT involve cell division is known as:

Interphase

What phase of mitosis do cells spend most of their life in?

Interphase

If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, water will move:

Into the cell and the cell's weight will increase

Cytosol is also known as:

Intracellular fluid

Flagella

Long whiplike structure; aids in cellular movement

Name the mitochondrial structure identified by the question mark.

Matrix: innermost space inside the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Which phase of mitosis is pictured here?

Metaphase

A nonmembranous organelle that increases surface area is called:

Microvilli

Mitochondrial diseases occur when the mitochondria are dysfunctional. They mainly cause problems in the heart, brain, and skeletal muscles. Some signs of these diseases include migraines, seizures, developmental delays, fatigue, muscle weakness, digestive problems, liver failure, respiratory problems, and even problems with vision. Why would these diseases mainly affect the heart, brain, and skeletal muscles?

Mitochondria are the "powerhouses" of the cell and function for aerobic cellular respiration, the generation of ATP. Without ATP, cells can't do work and won't function normally. Those organs require the most energy and are therefore most affected by mitochondrial diseases.

What occurs during M phase?

Mitosis and cytokinesis

What is the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis?

Mitosis: nucleus divides Cytokinesis: rest of the cell divides

The _______ separates nuclear content from cytoplasm.

Nuclear envelope

A dark-staining speck in the center of the nucleus would be the:

Nucleolus

The site of ribosome assembly is _______.

Nucleolus

Where are ribosomes assembled?

Nucleolus

Where is rRNA made?

Nucleolus

Where do cells keep their DNA?

Nucleus

Structure where DNA is stored

Nucleus (A)

What are the three basic parts or regions of a cell?

Nucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane

If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, water will move:

Out of the cell and the cell's weight will decrease

List the phases of mitosis in order

PMAT Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

What part of the plasma membrane is hydrophobic?

Phospholipid tails

The lipid bilayer of a cell membrane is composed of what type of molecules?

Phospholipids

What are the 3 main chemical components of the plasma membrane?

Phospholipids, protein, cholesterol

A cancer drug interferes with the development of mitotic spindle fibers during cell division. Which phase is directly affected?

Prophase

What structure is not membrane bound?

Ribosomes (F)

Which structure synthesizes proteins?

Ribosomes (F)

During interphase, DNA replication occurs in the _______ phase.

S

Isotonic

Same concentration of solutes

Cilia

Short hairlike projections; provide sweeping motion

A hypertonic solution will induce cell shrinkage or swelling?

Shrinkage

Carbon dioxide is a small molecule that moves through the phospholipid bilayer with its concentration gradient by __________.

Simple diffusion

Which factors affect the rate of simple diffusion across a membrane?

Size and concentration of the solute

The ________ synthesize(s) lipids and glycogen.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Which organelle is involved in the synthesis of cholesterol?

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Diffusion is the movement of _________.

Solute down its concentration gradient

Hypertonic refers to the concentration of:

Solute in a solution

A _______________ is dissolved in a _______________ forming a _______________.

Solute; solvent; solution

Detergents are similar to phospholipids in that they are amphipathic compounds with both polar and nonpolar parts. What do you think would happen to a cell placed in a solution containing a detergent?

The cell membrane would break and dissolve in the detergent, spilling the contents equally throughout the solution. Because both the plasma membrane and the detergent are amphiphilic compounds, the lipophilic components of the detergent would seep through the nonpolar component of phospholipid and dissolve, thus breaking the cell membranes apart and spilling the cytoplasmic contents throughout the solution.

A cell is isotonic to the surrounding 4% dextrose solution. If the cell is moved to a 6% dextrose solution, then predict what will happen to the cell.

The cell will shrink because it moved to a hypertonic solution.

What would be the consequence of treating cancer with a drug that disrupts formation of the mitotic spindle?

The duplicated sister chromatids would not separate during anaphase.

Predict what will happen to a patient's red blood cells if you give the patient an IV of pure water.

The patient's RBCs will swell and burst if placed in pure water because water is hypotonic.