A&P: Module 2

Mitochondria extract energy from organic compounds and transfer it to which of the following for use by the cell?

ATP

Cell receptors are sometimes linked to which type of intracellular peripheral protein?

G

In which process do receptors bind their ligand, cluster together into a pit, and then taken into the cell within a vesicle?

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

What is a protein that participates in transmembrane transport called?

a carrier

Water molecules can form a loose reversible relationship with a solute particle by assembling into what?

a hydration sphere

Which membrane transport process consumes ATP and uses a carrier?

active

Phospholipids are ______ molecules that have a hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic head.

amphipathic

Amphipathic phospholipids arrange themselves into a(n) ______ to form the plasma membrane

bilayer

Within the plasma membrane, most transmembrane proteins will be comprised of what type of regions?

both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

In which process does a solute bind to a carrier in the plasma membrane that then changes shape and releases the solute to the other side of the membrane?

carrier-mediated transport

Which of the following is a short cylindrical assembly of microtubules arranged in nine groups of three?

centriole

Basal bodies and the axonemes of flagella and cilia originate from which non-membranous organelles?

centrioles

Which three organelles are not surrounded by membranes? Golgi, endoplasmic reticulum, centrosomes, ribosomes, mitochondria, centrioles

centrioles, centrosomes, ribosomes

Which three cellular structures contain double and/or triple sets of microtubules?

centrioles, cilia, flagella

Water and electrolytes can cross a cell membrane through which of the following?

channels

The fine thread-like genetic material (the form of DNA) found within the nucleus of a non-dividing cell is called

chromatin

Which of the following, found on the surface of epithelial cells within the respiratory tract, uterine tubes, testes, and ventricles of the brain, aid in moving fluids or cells through these structures?

cilia

____ is formed from ATP and is the most common second messenger

cyclic AMP

What is the general name for the network of structures within the cytoplasm which support the cell, determine its shape, and participate in movement?

cytoskeleton

The fluid contained inside a cell is known as _____ fluid

cytosol/intracellular fluid

Movement of gas molecules (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the air in the lungs and the blood or between the blood and the tissues is by which process?

diffusion

What is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration called?

diffusion

Which form of vesicular transport uses motor proteins to bring fluid and solutes into the cell?

endocytosis

An extensive system of cytoplasmic tubules classified as rough or smooth is called the ______.

endoplasmic reticulum

Which membrane-bound organelle is the site of both protein and lipid synthesis?

endoplasmic reticulum

A pair of membranes enclosing the nucleus with pores allowing the movement of molecules in and out of the nucleus is the nuclear

envelope

In which process does a secretory vesicle fuse with a cell membrane and release its contents into the extracellular space?

exocytosis

The process of using a carrier to passively transport a solute through a membrane down its concentration gradient is known as ____ ____

facilitated diffusion

True or false: Facilitated diffusion is an active process that uses cellular energy to move substances against the concentration gradient

false

True or false: The cytoskeleton is composed of calcium salts.

false

The greater or steeper the concentration gradient, the _____ the rate of diffusion

faster

Smaller molecules diffuse ______ larger molecules.

faster than

Which of the following best defines chromatin?

fine threads of DNA and protein

Describe the microvilli

folds of cell membrane; may have actin core

Describe down a gradient

from a region of high to low concentration

Describe up a gradient

from a region of low to high concentration

Coming from words that mean "sugar coat", the layer of carbohydrates coating a cell membrane is called the

glycocalyx

Components of the plasma membrane called ____ help form the glycocalyx

glycolipids

Most transmembrane proteins are _____

glycoproteins

The organelle that resembles stacked membranous sacs and is involved in "packaging" is the _____ complex

golgi

Which organelle adds carbohydrate groups to proteins produced at the endoplasmic reticulum?

golgi complex

The greater the concentration of a nonpermeating solute present in a solution, the ______ the osmotic pressure of that solution.

higher

A cell placed into which solution will lose water by osmosis?

hypertonic

A _____ solution has a lower osmotic pressure than the intracellular fluid of the cell and tends to cause osmotic swelling and lysis of cells.

hypotonic

Cells placed in a(n) ______ solution will swell and burst due to water moving into the cell.

hypotonic

What is the purpose of microvili?

increase surface area, as for absorption

Which factors would increase the rate of diffusion?

increased concentration difference decreased molecular weight of diffusing compound increased cell surface area

______ filaments are thicker and stiffer than microfilaments and participate in cell-to-cell adhesion.

intermediate

Which cytoskeletal elements resist stresses placed on a cell and participate in junctions that attach some cells to their neighbors?

intermediate filaments

Tissue fluid is also called ______

interstitial fluid

What are integral proteins of the cell membrane that allow ions to pass through called?

ion channels

When cells are placed in which solution, there is no change in cell volume or shape?

isotonic

A second messenger ultimately might activate an enzyme that adds a phosphate to yet another cellular enzyme. What is this enzyme that causes phosphorylation of others called?

kinase

Cyclic AMP activates cellular enzymes known as ______

kinase

Which of the following molecules can readily diffuse through a cell membrane?

lipid-soluble molecules nonpolar molecules hydrophobic molecules

Consider two solutions of different sodium concentrations separated by a selectively permeable membrane. The net movement of water across the membrane will be from the area of ______ sodium concentration to the area of ______ sodium concentration.

lower, higher

Which membrane-bound organelle contains a mixture of enzymes that function in digesting foreign matter, pathogens, and expired organelles?

lysosome

_______ are the organelles that digest and dispose of worn-out mitochondria and other organelles by a process called autophagy.

lysosomes

The nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi complex are examples of what type of organelles?

membranous

The smallest of the cytoskeletal elements are the ______

microfilaments

Which elements of the cytoskeleton are about 6 nm thick and made of actin?

microfilaments

One function of the cytoskeletal elements called ____, made of protofilaments, is to hold organelles in place

microtubules

One function of the cytoskeletal elements called _____, made of protofilaments, is to hold organelles in place

microtubules

Which cytoskeletal elements form the axonemes of the cilia and flagella?

microtubules

What is the purpose of cilia?

move a substance along a cell surface

Which structure is perforated with pores to allow material to move in and out of the nucleus?

nuclear envelope

The organelle which controls cellular activity is the _______

nucleus

The site of ribosome production in a cell is the ______

nucleus

What is the large centrally-located organelle visible with a light microscope called?

nucleus

The movement of specifically water from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration across a semipermeable membrane is called

osmosis

What is the diffusion of water down its concentration gradient through a selectively permeable membrane called?

osmosis

Which of the following are examples of passive transport?

osmosis, facilitated diffusion, passive diffusion, filtration

Transport mechanisms like filtration, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis are examples of which of the following forms of transport?

passive

Neutrophils engulf bacteria by surrounding them with pseudopods and drawing them into the cell by which process?

phagocytosis

The process of engulfing particles (such as bacteria) by surrounding the particle and drawing it into the cell is referred to as

phagocytosis

The fluidity of the plasma membrane is primarily provided by the ______.

phospholipids

What are the three types of endocytosis? Osmosis

pinocytosis, phagocytosis, receptor-mediated

What is the purpose of the flagella?

propulsion of cell

The plasma membrane is made up of phospholipids and what else?

protein

Passive mechanisms of membrane transport _____

require ATP

What is the function of the nucleolus?

ribosome production

Which of the following are small granules of RNA and protein that provide a site for protein synthesis?

ribosomes

______ are the organelles that read coded genetic messages and assemble amino acids into proteins.

ribosomes

The organelle characterized by flat sacs studied with ribosomes is the _____ endoplasmic reticulum

rough

The Golgi complex packages cellular products that will be exported from the cell into which structures?

secretory vesicles

Which membrane type allows some things through and restricts the passage of others?

selectively permeable

Describe the cilia

short hairs with axoneme cores

Describe the flagellum

single long structure with an axoneme core

Which endoplasmic reticulum is abundant in cells that synthesize steroid hormones?

smooth

Skeletal and cardiac muscle cells store calcium in extensive networks of which organelle?

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Which of the following assures that the ECF concentration of sodium remains much higher than the ICF concentration?

sodium-potassium pump

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

to synthesize lipids

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

to synthesize proteins

True or false: Nearly every human cell has a single, non-motile primary cilium a few micrometers long.

true

Mechanisms for moving substances across the plasma membrane that require the use of cellular ATP include ______.

vesicular transport active transport

A hydration sphere consists of a solute particle surrounded by _____ molecules

water

Which salt solution would be isotonic to human red blood cells?

0.9%

The Na+-K+ pump moves ______ Na+ ions from the ICF to the ECF while simultaneously moving ______ K+ ions from the ECF into the ICF.

3,2

About 98% of plasma membrane molecules are lipids. Of this 98%, about ____ are phospholipids

75%