A&P Respiratory System

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Which equation represents the alveolar ventilation rate? (dead space) x (respiratory rate) (volume of air inhaled) x (respiratory rate) (volume of air inhaled - dead space) x (respiratory rate)

(volume of air inhaled - dead space) x (respiratory rate)

Which condition would make oxygen toxic to the body? 100% oxygen at 3.0 ATM for 1 hour 20% oxygen at 1 ATM for 6 hours 100% oxygen at 1.0 ATM for one hour

100% oxygen at 3.0 ATM for 1 hour

A normal residual volume would be ______ mL of air.

1200

About how much air is in the anatomic dead space?

150 mL

A normal functional residual capacity would be ______ mL of air.

2500

What is the normal systemic arterial blood value for PCO2?

40 mm Hg

What is the normal systemic arterial blood gas value for PO2?

95 mm Hg

Which term refers to the exchange of gases across the respiratory membrane? Cellular respiration Alveolar gas exchange Systemic gas exchange Ventilation

Alveolar gas exchange

Which term refers to the conducting zones of the respiratory system because they are incapable of gas exchange? Physiological dead space Anatomical dead space Expiratory reserve volume Forced expiratory volume

Anatomical dead space

Where does systemic gas exchange occur? Mitochondrion Across the respiratory membrane In the trachea At the capillary networks of the tissues

At the capillary networks of the tissues

______ is the collapse of a lobe or lung due to equalizing the intrapleural and atmospheric pressure. Stroke Atelectasis Pneumothorax Infarct

Atelectasis

Why does air flow into the lungs during inspiration?

Atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure, and air flows toward the lower pressure area.

According to this figure, most of the carbon dioxide you exhale comes from which of the following? Bicarbonate ions transported into the RBCs and used to generate free CO2. CO2 carried in the plasma as dissolved gas CO2 released from carbamino compounds in the plasma CO2 released from carbaminohemoglobin in the erythrocytes

Bicarbonate ions transported into the RBCs and used to generate free CO2.

Which explains why the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is nonlinear (s-shaped)?

Binding of the first oxygen molecule to hemoglobin facilitates the binding of additional oxygen, so the midportion of the curve becomes steeper.

The peripheral chemoreceptors detect changes in which of the following? Blood carbon dioxide saturation Blood pressure Blood pH Blood oxygen saturation Cerebrospinal fluid pH

Blood carbon dioxide saturation Blood pH Blood oxygen saturation

Which structures enter the lung at the hilum? Blood vessels Lymphatic vessels Bronchioles Nerves

Blood vessels Lymphatic vessels Nerves

As the volume of a closed container decreases, the pressure of the gas within it increases. This is an example of which gas law? Charles' Law Henry's Law Boyle's Law Dalton's Law

Boyle's law

Where are the respiratory control centers located? Cerebrum Cerebellum Corpus callosum Brainstem

Brainstem

Airway resistance in the lungs is usually controlled by changing the diameter of which of the following? Primary bronchi Bronchioles Trachea Esophagus

Bronchioles

Which term refers to the portion of the lung ventilated by one tertiary bronchus?

Bronchopulmonary segment

Which best describes the supportive structures of the trachea? C-shaped rings composed of fibrocartilage C-shaped rings composed of hyaline cartilage Overlapping plates of hyaline cartilage Plates of osseous tissue

C-shaped rings composed of hyaline cartilage

Why is carbon monoxide a serious health threat? CO affects the permeability of the respiratory membrane. CO alters the carbonate-bicarbonate balance of the blood. CO competes with oxygen for the same binding site. CO displaces carbon dioxide on the hemoglobin molecule.

CO competes with oxygen for the same binding site.

Oxygen is unloaded in the body tissues because the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is lower in the systemic capillaries (compared to its affinity in the alveolar capillaries). Which factor contributes to this?

CO2 produced in the peripheral tissues leads to increased H+ concentration.

Hemoglobin and carbon dioxide form which of the following? Anoxic hemoglobin Deoxyhemoglobin Carbaminohemoglobin Oxyhemoglobin

Carbaminohemoglobin

Which is true about carbon dioxide loading? Carbonic anhydrase actively pumps CO2 into the red blood cells. CO2 is actively transported from tissue fluid into the plasma. Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and H20 into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) bind to hemoglobin and are transported inside the red blood cells.

Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and H20 into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.

What compound is formed when carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin? Carbaminohemoglobin Carboxyhemoglobin Deoxyhemoglobin Oxyhemoglobin

Carboxyhemoglobin

What compound is formed when carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin? Carboxyhemoglobin Deoxyhemoglobin Carbaminohemoglobin Oxyhemoglobin

Carboxyhemoglobin

Which factor is typically responsible for setting the respiratory rate in healthy individuals? Cerebrospinal fluid pH Arterial blood pH PO2 of arterial blood PCO2 of arterial blood

Cerebrospinal fluid pH

Which factor is typically responsible for setting the respiratory rate in healthy individuals? PO2 of arterial blood Cerebrospinal fluid pH Arterial blood pH PCO2 of arterial blood

Cerebrospinal fluid pH

You place an empty, sealed plastic bottle in the freezer. When you remove the bottle 4 hours later it has collapsed. This is an example of which gas law? Dalton's Law Boyle's Law Henry's Law Charles's Law

Charle's law

What occurs during the "chloride shift" in red blood cells? Chloride ions are transported into the RBC. Bicarbonate ions are transported into the RBC. Chloride ions are transported out of the RBC. Bicarbonate ions are transported out of the RBC.

Chloride ions are transported into the RBC. Bicarbonate ions are transported out of the RBC.

Which is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by damaged and immobilized respiratory cilia, excessive mucus secretion, infection of the lower respiratory tract, and bronchial inflammation?

Chronic bronchitis

Which are examples of obstructive lung disorders? Chronic bronchitis Black lung disease Asthma Tuberculosis

Chronic bronchitis Asthma

Which are functions of the pleurae and the pleural fluid? Expel air during exhalation Compartementalization of organs in thoracic cavity Create pressure gradient during inhalation Reduce surface tension within the lungs Reduce friction between membranes

Compartementalization of organs in thoracic cavity Create pressure gradient during inhalation Reduce friction between membranes

______ Law states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases.

Dalton's

Which is a degenerative lung disease characterized by a breakdown of alveoli and diminishing surface area available for gas exchange? Pneumonia Bronchitis Emphysema Asthma

Emphysema

Identify the components of a respiratory membrane. Endothelial cell of capillary Two separate basement membranes Type II (great) alveolar cell One shared basement membrane Type I (squamous) alveolar cell

Endothelial cell of capillary One shared basement membrane Type I (squamous) alveolar cell

Which term refers to relaxed, quiet breathing? Tachypnea Apnea Hyperpnea Eupnea

Eupnea

The functional residual capacity is obtained by adding together which of the following respiratory volumes? Expiratory reserve volume Residual volume Tidal volume Inspiratory reserve volume

Expiratory reserve volume Residual volume

Which muscles are used for inspiration?

External intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes

True or false: All of the oxygen transported in the blood is usually unloaded at a systemic capillary.

False

Which respiratory volume takes into consideration the rate at which air is exhaled? Inspiratory reserve volume Tidal volume Forced expiratory volume Expiratory reserve volume

Forced expiratory volume

Which term refers to the volume of air (or percentage of the vital capacity) that can be exhaled in a specific amount of time?

Forced expiratory volume

In chronic bronchitis, which cells enlarge and secrete excess mucus? Goblet cells Ciliated cells Alveolar type II cells Macrophages

Goblet cells

Deoxygenated blood can carry more carbon dioxide, whereas oxygenated blood has a lower carbon dioxide carrying capacity. This phenomenon is known as the ____________ effect.

Haldane

______ law states that the amount of gas dissolved in water is determined by its solubility in the fluid and the partial pressure of the gas in the surrounding air.

Henry's

Soda is bottled under high pressure so that more carbon dioxide will dissolve in the drink. When you open the bottle, you suddenly decrease the pressure and the carbon dioxide comes bubbling out of solution. This is a practical example of which law?

Henry's law

Peripheral chemoreceptors trigger an increase in ventilation in response to which of the following? High blood pH values High levels of blood O2 Low levels of blood CO2 High levels of blood CO2

High levels of blood CO2

Which factors that would decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen? Select all that apply. Decreased bisphosphoglycerate production by RBC Decreased temperature Increased bisphosphoglycerate production by RBC Increased temperature

Increased bisphosphoglycerate production by RBC Increased temperature

In a healthy individual, which of these volumes would have the greatest numerical value? Residual volume Expiratory reserve volume Inspiratory reserve volume Tidal volume

Inspiratory reserve volume

Which muscle (or muscle group) aids the diaphragm as a synergist during resting respiration? Sternocleidomastoid Pectoralis major and minor Internal and external intercostals Erector spinae

Internal and external intercostals

As the thoracic cavity expands, the visceral pleura clings to the parietal pleura, and the surface of the lung is pulled outward. Why does this increase in lung volume cause inspiration?

Intrapulmonary pressure is temporarily lower than atmospheric pressure.

Exposure to smog and dust can lead to coughing and bronchoconstriction. Which type of respiratory receptors initiate this response?

Irritant receptors

How is hypoxia classified according to cause? Choose the four types of hypoxia from the list below. Ischemic hypoxia Anemic hypoxia Aplastic hypoxia Histotoxic hypoxia Hypoxemic hypoxia

Ischemic hypoxia Anemic hypoxia Histotoxic hypoxia Hypoxemic hypoxia

Which best describes the action of carbonic anhydrase? It converts carbonic acid into carbon dioxide and water which are then transported into red blood cells. It binds carbon dioxide to hemoglobin forming carbaminohemoglobin. It binds bicarbonate to hemoglobin as a buffer. It converts carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid which dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.

It converts carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid which dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.

How is air modified as it passes through the meatus in between two nasal conchae? Select three answers from the list below. It is cleansed. It is absorbed. It is warmed. It is humidified.

It is cleansed. It is warmed. It is humidified.

Which two factors facilitate systemic unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin in the peripheral tissues? Select two answers from the list below. Active transport of O2 out of the blood stream Binding of protons to hemoglobin Cooler temperatures Lower PO2 in tissue fluid

Lower PO2 in tissue fluid Binding of protons to hemoglobin

Which two factors contribute most to airflow resistance? Select two answers below. Lung compliance Partial pressure of oxygen Diameter of the bronchioles Intrapleural pressure

Lung compliance Diameter of the bronchioles

Which of these occurs during exhalation? Lung volumes decrease, intrapulmonary pressure decreases. Lung volumes remain constant and air expands. Lung volumes increase and intrapulmonary pressure increases. Lung volumes decrease and intrapulmonary pressure increases.

Lung volumes decrease and intrapulmonary pressure increases.

What is the respiratory membrane? Membrane through which gases are exchanged in the alveolus Membrane between the capillary network and the body's cells Neural network in the medulla that controls the depth of breathing Lining of the nasal cavity

Membrane through which gases are exchanged in the alveolus

The Bohr effect occurs because CO2 lowers the pH of the blood, which (as this graph illustrates) facilitates the unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin. Given this, what is the physiological significance of the Bohr effect?

More oxygen is released to tissues that have higher metabolic rates.

Which best defines alveolar gas exchange? Movement of air in and out of the lungs via inhalation and exhalation Flow of air into the alveoli of the lungs Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane Exchange of fluid between capillary blood and the surrounding tissue

Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane

Which features are associated with the tracheal epithelium? Mucous Cilia Goblet cells Pseudostratified columnar cells Stratified squamous tissue Keratin

Mucous Cilia Goblet cells Pseudostratified columnar cells

Which section of the pharynx acts as a passageway for air, but not for food? Oropharynx Nasopharynx Laryngopharynx

Nasopharynx

Which describes the respiratory cycle? One complete inspiration and expiration Rhythmic contraction of the diaphragm Exchange of gases across the alveolar membranes Volume exhaled during quiet breathing

One complete inspiration and expiration

Squamous-cell carcinoma

Originates in the basal cells of the bronchial epithelium

Small-cell carcinoma matches

Originates in the main bronchi but invades the mediastinum and metastasizes quickly

Adenocarcinoma

Originates in the mucous glands of the lamina propria

Clinically, cyanosis is very important because it indicates which underlying physiological problem? Multiple choice question. Vitamin deficiency Oxygen deficiency Carbon dioxide deficiency Nerve damage

Oxygen deficiency

Bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) promotes which of the following? Oxygen loading Carbon dioxide loading Carbon dioxide unloading Oxygen unloading

Oxygen unloading

Hypoxic drive refers to a condition where the respiratory centers of the brainstem respond to which of the following?

PO2 of arterial blood

Which includes all of the regions of the airway incapable of gas exchange, including both conducting zones and respiratory zones that have been damaged by disease?

Physiological dead space

Which is often increased in individuals with pulmonary disease? Lung compliance Vital capacity Anatomic dead space Physiological dead space

Physiological dead space

Which condition is defined by the presence of air within the pleural cavity? Eupnea Asthma Pneumothorax Atelectasis

Pneumothorax

What is the function of pulmonary surfactant? Prevents collapse of bronchioles Prevents infection Increases blood flow Prevents gas exchange

Prevents collapse of bronchioles

Which term describes the ease with which lung tissue expands during breathing? Compartmentalization Angiogenesis Pulmonary compliance Ventilation-perfusion coupling

Pulmonary compliance

An inactive person, unconscious of their respiratory rate, is performing which type of breathing?

Quiet

Which process is facilitated by the elastic components of the lungs and bronchial tree? Forced inhalation Valsalva maneuver Mucociliary escalator Quiet exhalation

Quiet exhalation

Which is a function of the pleural fluid? Reduces friction between membranes Reduces surface tension within the lungs Compartmentalizes organs in thoracic cavity Creates pressure gradient during inhalation

Reduces friction between membranes

How is the functional residual capacity calculated?

Residual volume + expiratory reserve volume (RV + ERV)

What is the correct formula for calculating total lung capacity?

Residual volume+vital capacity

Which term refers to one complete breath, in and out? Respiratory cycle Inspiration Cardiac cycle Expiration

Respiratory cycle

Which choice lists the respiratory structures in the order of airflow as air it enters the lung?

Secondary bronchus, tertiary bronchus, terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole

Which is the most common form of lung cancer? Squamous-cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma Small-cell carcinoma

Squamous-cell carcinoma

Which receptors associated with the respiratory system respond to the inflation of the alveoli? Irritant receptors Central chemoreceptors Peripheral chemoreceptors Stretch receptors

Stretch receptors

The respiratory system does which of the following? Influences calcium metabolism Supplies the body with oxygen Assists in the removal of carbon dioxide Functions in vocalization and speech Plays a role in regulating blood pressure

Supplies the body with oxygen Assists in the removal of carbon dioxide Functions in vocalization and speech Plays a role in regulating blood pressure

The lungs of premature infants often develop respiratory distress syndrome. Why do these infants experience alveolar sac collapse?

Surfactant is not produced yet in adequate quantities.

What is the function of the mucociliary escalator? Activates the shallow breathing reflex Sweeps mucous toward the pharynx to be swallowed Triggers angiotensin production Transports air to the respiratory bronchioles

Sweeps mucous toward the pharynx to be swallowed

Where is most carbon dioxide loaded into the blood? Lumen of the pharynx Alveolar sacs Venous sinuses Systemic capillary beds

Systemic capillary beds

Which term refers to the exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) that occurs in the capillary networks between the blood and the body's cells? Systemic gas exchange Ventilation Alveolar gas exchange Cellular respiration

Systemic gas exchange

Which best describes the expiratory reserve volume (ERV)? The amount of air that can be exhaled in a given time interval. The amount of air inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing The amount of air that may be exhaled over the tidal volume The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration.

The amount of air that may be exhaled over the tidal volume

Why do the lungs expand along with the thoracic cage during inspiration?

The cohesion of water causes the visceral pleura to cling to the parietal pleura.

Which best describes what happens during exhalation?

The diaphragm relaxes, intrapulmonary pressure increases, air flows out

What is the intrapleural pressure?

The pressure in the fluid-filled space between the parietal and visceral pleurae

Boyle's Law states which of the following?

The pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume (assuming a constant temperature).

Which best defines partial pressure? The number of moles of one specific type of gas divided by the volume that the entire gas mixture occupies The pressure that each gas in a mixture would exert alone The total pressure exerted by the inhaled air against the walls of the alveoli The percentage of a particular kind of gas within a gas mixture

The pressure that each gas in a mixture would exert alone

Which best summarizes the Haldane effect? The rate of CO2 loading into the blood is increased in metabolically active tissues. More O2 will dissolve in the blood at higher pressures. The rate of O2 unloading is increased in metabolically active tissues due to increased acidity. Excessive inflation of the lungs will temporarily inhibit the I neurons and stop inspiration.

The rate of CO2 loading into the blood is increased in metabolically active tissues.

Oxygen loading in the lungs decreases hemoglobin's affinity for H+. How does this promote alveolar gas exchange?

The released H+ combines with HCO3- to form free CO2, which can diffuse out of the blood.

Dalton's Law states which of the following?

The total atmospheric pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases present.

Ambient (outside) air at 22O C is inhaled. The gases are warmed to body temperature (37.5O C) by the time they reach the alveoli of the lungs. According to Charles's law, what will happen to the volume of the inhaled air?

The volume will increase.

What is the function of the trachealis muscles? Contract to produce suction and pull air into the lungs They pull on the arytenoid cartilages to abduct or adduct the vocal cords. They elevate the larynx during swallowing. They constrict the trachea for more forceful expulsion of air.

They constrict the trachea for more forceful expulsion of air.

How do the elastic components of the lungs and bronchial tree help conserve energy? They facilitate recoil during exhalation. They facilitate recoil during inhalation. They increase the range of muscles of inhalation. They limit the range of muscles of inhalation.

They facilitate recoil during exhalation.

Which hormones promote oxygen delivery to tissues by stimulating bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) synthesis? Gastrin Thyroxine Epinephrine Testosterone Growth hormone Inhibin

Thyroxine Epinephrine Testosterone Growth hormone

What is the correct calculation for vital capacity?

Tidal volume plus expiratory reserve volume plus inspiratory reserve volume

How is inspiratory capacity calculated?

Tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume

What is the role of the erectile tissue within the inferior nasal conchae? To alternate airflow between the two nasal fossae To prevent foreign objects from entering the nasal cavity To produce air turbulence To close the airway during swallowing

To alternate airflow between the two nasal fossae

What is the function of the coarse hairs present in the nasal vestibule? To trap dust, microbes and other debris that may be present in air that is inspired To separate the nasal cavity into right and left halves To allow exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the air To warm the inspired air

To trap dust, microbes and other debris that may be present in air that is inspired

Pulmonary compliance is reduced in which of the following? Adolescents and children Women Tuberculosis patients Athletes

Tuberculosis patients

Which are cuboidal cells that are responsible for producing pulmonary surfactant and facilitating repair within the lung?

Type II alveolar cells

The ______ maneuver entails increasing abdominal pressure by holding a deep breath while contracting the abdominal muscles. The depressed diaphragm increases abdominal pressure and helps push out organ contents during childbirth, urination, and defecation.

Valsalva

RBCs usually leave the systemic capillaries at about 75% oxygen saturation. Which term refers specifically to the oxygen remaining in the blood after it passes through a capillary bed? Venous reserve Inspiratory reserve volume Utilization coefficient Ambient PO2

Venous reserve

What are the four predominant components of inspired air? Select four options from the list below. Water vapor Carbon monoxide Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nitrogen Sulfur

Water vapor Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nitrogen

Why do women usually have higher-pitched voices as compared to men? Men have longer cricotracheal ligaments. Women have smaller diameter tracheae. Women have shorter and thinner vocal cords. Men have larger noses.

Women have shorter and thinner vocal cords.

How long is the pharynx? About 20 inches About 15 inches About 5 inches About 10 inches

about 5 inches

A blood pH of 7.1 would be called ______.

acidosis

___________ is a general term for a drop in the pH of blood below 7.35.

acidosis

A blood pH of 7.55 is called ______.

alkalosis

Which term refers to an acid-base imbalance in which the blood pH is higher than 7.45?

alkalosis

Gas exchange between the air and the blood occurs in which of the following? Alveoli Trachea Secondary bronchiole Terminal bronchiole Tertiary bronchi

alveoli

Most of the surface area for gas exchange within the respiratory system is found within the many ________ of the lungs

alveoli

The respiratory division of the respiratory system includes which of the following? Pharynx Nostrils Larynx Alveoli

alveoli

The nasal vestibule is located in which portion of the nasal cavity? Medial Posterior Anterior Lateral

anterior

Where is the trachea located? Anterior to the esophagus Superior to the larynx Lateral to the mediastinum Posterior to the esophagus

anterior to the esophagus

The ______ of the lung is the rounded superior peak of the lung. base apex

apex

How is most carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

as bicarbonate

The ______ of the lung is the broad concave surface of the lung that rests on the diaphragm.

base

Most carbon dioxide in the blood is transported in the form of ______ dissolved in the plasma.

bicarbonate

Identify the forms in which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood. Bicarbonate ion Bound to heme Dissolved gas Carboxyhemoglobin Carbaminohemoglobin

bicarbonate ion dissolved gas carbaminohemoglobin

Which are components of the lower respiratory tract? Nasal cavity Bronchi Pharynx Alveoli Trachea Larynx

bronchi alveoli trachea

The enzyme found in erythrocytes that catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid, which then dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions, is _____________ anhydrase

carbonic

The central ______ in the brainstem are neurons that sense changes in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid. photoreceptors osmoreceptors chemoreceptors baroreceptors

chemoreceptors

The posterior nasal apertures are also called the ______. nostrils conchae nares choanae

choanae

COPDs are almost always caused by ______. air pollution baby powder asbestos cigarette smoke

cigarette smoke

The tracheal lumen is lined with epithelial cells that have hairlike structures called ______. The upward beating of these structures moves the abundant mucus upward toward the pharynx. cilia microvilli flagella

cilia

The ______ zone of the respiratory system serves only for airflow. It is incapable of gas exchange between the air and the circulatory system. conducting respiratory

conducting

Irritants in the lower respiratory system may stimulate which of the following? Coughing Gagging Yawning Hiccuping Laughing

coughing

The ring of hyaline cartilage located inferior to the thyroid cartilage is called the _________ cartilage.

cricoid

Which ring-shaped cartilage forms the inferior part of the voice box? Arytenoid cartilages Corniculate cartilages Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage

cricoid cartilage

Hemoglobin that is not bound to oxygen is called ______. deoxyhemoglobin oxyhemoglobin myoglobin

deoxyhemoglobin

Which muscle (or muscle group) is the prime mover of respiration, producing about two-thirds of pulmonary airflow? Diaphragm Scalene muscles Intercostal muscles Erector spinae

diaphragm

Which two muscles (or muscle groups) are primarily responsible for resting (non-forced) inspiration? Choose two answers from the list below. Diaphragm Sternocleidomastoid Pectoralis major and minor Scalenes Intercostals Rectus abdominis

diaphragm intercostals

Long term inhalation of cigarette smoke often leads to __________, a COPD that is characterized by a loss of alveolar surface area.

emphysema

Airflow alternates through the right and left nasal fossa in response to the engorgement of which of the following? Erectile tissue Respiratory epithelium Olfactory mucosa Alar cartilage

erectile tissue

Movement of air out of the lungs is called ______.

expiration

The ______ neurons inhibit the inspiratory neurons of the ventral respiratory group. inspiratory expiratory

expiratory

The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after exhalation of the tidal volume is the ______ reserve volume.

expiratory

True or false: Intrapleural pressure is always greater than atmospheric pressure.

false

True or false: The pleural cavity contains the lungs.

false

True or false: The residual volume may be exhaled with a forceful expiration.

false

True or false: The volume of anatomical dead space cannot be changed and does not vary with circumstances within a given individual.

false

A person expelling air while yelling is performing which type of breathing? Quiet Eupneal Forced Passive

forced

Excess oxygen in the body generates ______ that can destroy enzymes and damage nervous tissue. enzymes carbon monoxide free radicals antibodies

free radicals

The Valsalva maneuver involves closing the ______ while trying to exhale. external anal sphincter mouth nose pyloric sphincter glottis

glottis

The cells of the respiratory epithelium that secrete mucus are ______ cells. ciliated brush vibrissae goblet

goblet

The concave surface of the lungs where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves and the primary bronchi enter and leave contains a slit. This slit is called the ______.

hilum

The C-shaped rings that support the trachea are composed of what type of tissue? Bone Fibrocartilage Hyaline cartilage Elastic cartilage

hyaline cartilage

The term _________ describes a condition where there is an excess of CO2 in arterial blood (PCO2 greater than 43 mm Hg).

hypercapnia

The normal PCO2 of arterial blood is between 37 and 43 mm Hg. Which term refers to a PCO2 of less than 37 mm Hg?

hypocapnia

Which form of hypoxia would result from carbon monoxide poisoning? Aplastic hypoxia Ischemic hypoxia Hypoxemic hypoxia Anemic hypoxia

hypoxemic hypoxia

Insufficient oxygen levels in a tissue is called

hypoxia

Which term refers to a deficiency of oxygen in a tissue? Hypoxemia Hypoxia Cyanosis Hypocapnia

hypoxia

The expiratory (E) neurons of the ventral respiratory group (VRG) do which of the following? Activate the intercostal and phrenic nerves Inhibit the pontine respiratory group (PRG) Inhibit the inspiratory (I) neurons Activate the spinal integrating centers

inhibit the inspiratory (I) neurons

During the respiratory cycle, the intake of air is called ______.

inspiration

The ______ reserve volume represents the maximum amount of air that may be inhaled after the tidal volume.

inspiratory

The sum of the tidal and inspiratory reserve volumes is a measure of the __________ capacity.

inspiratory

The separation between the path of air to the lungs and the passageway for food to the esophagus occurs within which of the following? Laryngopharynx Oropharynx Oral cavity Nasopharynx

laryngopharynx

Which term refers to the inferior portion of the pharynx which extends from the epiglottis to the esophagus? Laryngopharynx Nasopharynx Larynx Oropharynx

laryngopharynx

Which term refers to the inferior portion of the pharynx which extends from the epiglottis to the esophagus? Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Larynx

laryngopharynx

The ______ is the main structure located between the laryngopharynx and the trachea. pharynx vestibule choanae larynx

larynx

Which are components of the upper respiratory tract? Larynx Alveoli Trachea Nasal cavity Bronchi Pharynx

larynx nasal cavity pharynx

The oropharynx contains which of the following? Lingual tonsils Choanae Opening to auditory tube Vestibular fold

lingual tonsils

Which term refers to the portion of the lung ventilated by one secondary bronchus?

lobe

Which term refers to the portion of the lung ventilated by one secondary bronchus? Lobe Alveolus Pulmonary lobule Bronchopulmonary segment

lobe

Which structures are part of the conducting zone of the respiratory system? Main bronchi Pharynx Alveoli Trachea Larynx

main bronchi pharynx trachea larynx

The cardiac notch is the indentation located on the ______ surface of the left lung that accommodates the heart. posterior lateral medial

medial

The upward movement of cilia helps to move mucus up the trachea to the pharynx where it is swallowed. This system of cleaning out trapped debris is called the __________ escalator of the trachea.

mucociliary

The ______ is the portion of the pharynx found superior to the soft palate at the back of the oral cavity. oropharynx laryngopharynx nasopharynx

nasopharynx

The auditory tube (eustachian tube) and pharyngeal tonsil are associated with which portion of the pharynx? Nasopharynx Laryngopharynx Oropharynx

nasopharynx

The auditory tubes open in the ______. oropharynx laryngopharynx nasopharynx

nasopharynx

Which gas has the greatest partial pressure in inspired air? Oxygen Carbon monoxide Nitrogen Carbon dioxide Water vapor

nitrogen

Which two terms describe the anterior openings of the nasal cavity? Select two answers from the list below. Nostrils Choanae Vestibule Nares

nostrils nares

How many primary bronchi serve the right lung?

one

The palatine and lingual tonsils are located along the walls of the ______. oropharynx laryngopharynx nasopharynx

oropharynx

Which term is used to describe hemoglobin with only one molecule of oxygen bound to it?

oxyhemoglobin

Central chemoreceptors in the brain stem that are involved in respiratory control respond most directly to changes in which of the following?

pH

Which term refers to the layer of serous membrane that lines the mediastinum, the inner surfaces of the rib cage, and the superior surface of the diaphragm? Respiratory membrane Visceral pleura Perichondrium Parietal pleura

parietal pleura

Which term refers to the pressure that each individual gas in a mixture would exert if the other gases were not present?

partial pressure

Chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are called ______ chemoreceptors.

peripheral

Which segment of the respiratory system extends from the choanae to the larynx and functions as a passageway for air, food, and drink? Pharynx Larynx Esophagus Trachea

pharynx

Which are considered principal organs of the respiratory system? Pharynx Urethra Lungs Trachea Larynx Esophagus

pharynx lungs trachea larynx

What is the serous membrane that encloses each lung? Meninx Pericardium Pleura Peritoneum

pleura

Which term refers to the potential space between the visceral and parietal pleurae? Pericardial cavity Pleural cavity Alveolar sac Meningeal cavity

pleural cavity

Which locations contain the brainstem respiratory centers? Pons Medulla oblongata Fornix Corpora quadrigemina

pons medulla oblongata

Besides keeping food out of the airway, the larynx is also responsible for which of the following? Detecting odors Filtering the air Absorbing oxygen Producing speech

producing speech

Each terminal bronchiole gives off two or more smaller ______ bronchioles.

respiratory

The nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs are the principal organs of which system? Respiratory Integumentary Digestive Reproductive Urinary

respiratory

The system that supplies the body with oxygen and expels carbon dioxide by the rhythmic intake and expulsion of air is the ______ system. cardiovascular digestive lymphatic respiratory

respiratory

The system that supplies the body with oxygen and expels carbon dioxide by the rhythmic intake and expulsion of air is the ______ system. respiratory lymphatic cardiovascular digestive

respiratory

At which level of the bronchial tree does gas exchange first occur? Terminal bronchiole Primary bronchus Tertiary bronchus Respiratory bronchiole

respiratory bronchiole

Where does the diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood occur? Conducting division Respiratory division Upper respiratory tract

respiratory division

The majority of the surfaces of the nasal cavity are lined with which of the following? Cartilage Erectile tissue Olfactory epithelium Respiratory epithelium

respiratory epithelium

Which type of lung disorder decreases pulmonary compliance and thereby decreases vital capacity? Valvular Restrictive Obstructive Apnea

restrictive

Aspirated objects that enter the trachea are more likely to lodge in which primary bronchus?

right

The ________ lung has three lobes and two fissures.

right

Tertiary bronchi are also called ______ bronchi. bronchopulmonary main segmental superior

segmental

The pleurae are which type of membrane? Mucous Synovial Cutaneous Serous

serous

___________ receptors respond to the degree of inflation of the lungs/alveoli.

stretch

Which receptors associated with the respiratory system respond to the inflation of the alveoli?

stretch receptors

The nasopharynx is ______ to the soft palate.

superior

Name the lobes of the human left lung.

superior and inferior

The names of the secondary bronchi of the right lung are ______.

superior, middle, and inferior

Pulmonary ___________ is a substance found lining the alveoli which decreases surface tension.

surfactant

Type II alveolar cells produce ______. macrophages water surfactant mucus

surfactant

Which decreases surface tension in the fluids of the alveoli? Surfactant Mucous Water Carbon dioxide

surfactant

What is the distal-most portion of the respiratory system that is incapable of gas exchange? Terminal bronchioles Tertiary bronchi Respiratory bronchioles Bronchioles

terminal bronchioles

What is the final branch of the conducting division?

terminal bronchioles

What airway supplies air to a single bronchopulmonary segment of the lung? Bronchiole Secondary bronchus Tertiary bronchus Primary bronchus

tertiary bronchus

What does oxygen bind to in the hemoglobin molecule? The globin group The heme group Both the heme and the globin Lipid side chains on the globin group

the heme group

How many lobes make up the right lung?

three

The laryngeal prominence (also called the "Adam's apple") is an anterior peak on the ____________ cartilage, the largest of the laryngeal cartilages.

thyroid

Which cartilage forms the anterior wall of the larynx and is the largest of the laryngeal cartilages? Arytenoid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Cuneiform cartilage Corniculate cartilage Thyroid cartilage

thyroid cartilage

Which cartilage forms the anterior wall of the larynx and is the largest of the laryngeal cartilages? Cuneiform cartilage Corniculate cartilage Thyroid cartilage Arytenoid cartilage Cricoid cartilage

thyroid cartilage

_______________ volume is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a respiratory cycle.

tidal

Which term refers to the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during one cycle of quiet breathing? Expiratory reserve volume Residual volume Inspiratory reserve volume Tidal volume

tidal volume

Which of these calculated volumes typically has the greatest value? Total lung capacity Expiratory reserve volume Tidal volume Functional residual capacity Vital capacity

total lung capacity

Which structure conducts air from the larynx to the primary bronchi? Epiglottis Pharynx Trachea Bronchioles

trachea

The ______ is a smooth muscle that connects the ends of the C-shaped tracheal cartilages. diaphragm trachealis epiglottis

trachealis

True or false: Evidence suggests that ventilation increases more quickly in response to high levels of CO2 than it does to low levels of O2 in the blood.

true

True or false: The anatomical dead space is subtracted from tidal volume when calculating the alveolar ventilation rate.

true

True or false: The chloride shift allows RBCs to continue to produce carbonic acid.

true

True or false: When the diaphragm contracts and lung volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure drops.

true

Nasal conchae are also called ______. choanae turbinates meatuses vibrissae

turbinates

How many lobes make up the left lung?

two

The guard hairs of the nasal vestibule are called ______. meatuses vibrissae turbinates choanae

vibrissae

Which term refers to the layer of serous membrane that covers the lung surface? Parietal pericardium Visceral pleura Parietal pleura Visceral peritoneum

visceral pleura

The sum of the expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and inspiratory reserve volume is the ___________ capacity.

vital

When do vocal cords produce low pitched sounds? When they vibrate more rapidly. When they are relaxed. When they are fully abducted. When they are taut.

when they are relaxed


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