A&P Respiratory System
Which equation represents the alveolar ventilation rate? (dead space) x (respiratory rate) (volume of air inhaled) x (respiratory rate) (volume of air inhaled - dead space) x (respiratory rate)
(volume of air inhaled - dead space) x (respiratory rate)
Which condition would make oxygen toxic to the body? 100% oxygen at 3.0 ATM for 1 hour 20% oxygen at 1 ATM for 6 hours 100% oxygen at 1.0 ATM for one hour
100% oxygen at 3.0 ATM for 1 hour
A normal residual volume would be ______ mL of air.
1200
About how much air is in the anatomic dead space?
150 mL
A normal functional residual capacity would be ______ mL of air.
2500
What is the normal systemic arterial blood value for PCO2?
40 mm Hg
What is the normal systemic arterial blood gas value for PO2?
95 mm Hg
Which term refers to the exchange of gases across the respiratory membrane? Cellular respiration Alveolar gas exchange Systemic gas exchange Ventilation
Alveolar gas exchange
Which term refers to the conducting zones of the respiratory system because they are incapable of gas exchange? Physiological dead space Anatomical dead space Expiratory reserve volume Forced expiratory volume
Anatomical dead space
Where does systemic gas exchange occur? Mitochondrion Across the respiratory membrane In the trachea At the capillary networks of the tissues
At the capillary networks of the tissues
______ is the collapse of a lobe or lung due to equalizing the intrapleural and atmospheric pressure. Stroke Atelectasis Pneumothorax Infarct
Atelectasis
Why does air flow into the lungs during inspiration?
Atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure, and air flows toward the lower pressure area.
According to this figure, most of the carbon dioxide you exhale comes from which of the following? Bicarbonate ions transported into the RBCs and used to generate free CO2. CO2 carried in the plasma as dissolved gas CO2 released from carbamino compounds in the plasma CO2 released from carbaminohemoglobin in the erythrocytes
Bicarbonate ions transported into the RBCs and used to generate free CO2.
Which explains why the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is nonlinear (s-shaped)?
Binding of the first oxygen molecule to hemoglobin facilitates the binding of additional oxygen, so the midportion of the curve becomes steeper.
The peripheral chemoreceptors detect changes in which of the following? Blood carbon dioxide saturation Blood pressure Blood pH Blood oxygen saturation Cerebrospinal fluid pH
Blood carbon dioxide saturation Blood pH Blood oxygen saturation
Which structures enter the lung at the hilum? Blood vessels Lymphatic vessels Bronchioles Nerves
Blood vessels Lymphatic vessels Nerves
As the volume of a closed container decreases, the pressure of the gas within it increases. This is an example of which gas law? Charles' Law Henry's Law Boyle's Law Dalton's Law
Boyle's law
Where are the respiratory control centers located? Cerebrum Cerebellum Corpus callosum Brainstem
Brainstem
Airway resistance in the lungs is usually controlled by changing the diameter of which of the following? Primary bronchi Bronchioles Trachea Esophagus
Bronchioles
Which term refers to the portion of the lung ventilated by one tertiary bronchus?
Bronchopulmonary segment
Which best describes the supportive structures of the trachea? C-shaped rings composed of fibrocartilage C-shaped rings composed of hyaline cartilage Overlapping plates of hyaline cartilage Plates of osseous tissue
C-shaped rings composed of hyaline cartilage
Why is carbon monoxide a serious health threat? CO affects the permeability of the respiratory membrane. CO alters the carbonate-bicarbonate balance of the blood. CO competes with oxygen for the same binding site. CO displaces carbon dioxide on the hemoglobin molecule.
CO competes with oxygen for the same binding site.
Oxygen is unloaded in the body tissues because the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is lower in the systemic capillaries (compared to its affinity in the alveolar capillaries). Which factor contributes to this?
CO2 produced in the peripheral tissues leads to increased H+ concentration.
Hemoglobin and carbon dioxide form which of the following? Anoxic hemoglobin Deoxyhemoglobin Carbaminohemoglobin Oxyhemoglobin
Carbaminohemoglobin
Which is true about carbon dioxide loading? Carbonic anhydrase actively pumps CO2 into the red blood cells. CO2 is actively transported from tissue fluid into the plasma. Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and H20 into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) bind to hemoglobin and are transported inside the red blood cells.
Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and H20 into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.
What compound is formed when carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin? Carbaminohemoglobin Carboxyhemoglobin Deoxyhemoglobin Oxyhemoglobin
Carboxyhemoglobin
What compound is formed when carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin? Carboxyhemoglobin Deoxyhemoglobin Carbaminohemoglobin Oxyhemoglobin
Carboxyhemoglobin
Which factor is typically responsible for setting the respiratory rate in healthy individuals? Cerebrospinal fluid pH Arterial blood pH PO2 of arterial blood PCO2 of arterial blood
Cerebrospinal fluid pH
Which factor is typically responsible for setting the respiratory rate in healthy individuals? PO2 of arterial blood Cerebrospinal fluid pH Arterial blood pH PCO2 of arterial blood
Cerebrospinal fluid pH
You place an empty, sealed plastic bottle in the freezer. When you remove the bottle 4 hours later it has collapsed. This is an example of which gas law? Dalton's Law Boyle's Law Henry's Law Charles's Law
Charle's law
What occurs during the "chloride shift" in red blood cells? Chloride ions are transported into the RBC. Bicarbonate ions are transported into the RBC. Chloride ions are transported out of the RBC. Bicarbonate ions are transported out of the RBC.
Chloride ions are transported into the RBC. Bicarbonate ions are transported out of the RBC.
Which is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by damaged and immobilized respiratory cilia, excessive mucus secretion, infection of the lower respiratory tract, and bronchial inflammation?
Chronic bronchitis
Which are examples of obstructive lung disorders? Chronic bronchitis Black lung disease Asthma Tuberculosis
Chronic bronchitis Asthma
Which are functions of the pleurae and the pleural fluid? Expel air during exhalation Compartementalization of organs in thoracic cavity Create pressure gradient during inhalation Reduce surface tension within the lungs Reduce friction between membranes
Compartementalization of organs in thoracic cavity Create pressure gradient during inhalation Reduce friction between membranes
______ Law states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases.
Dalton's
Which is a degenerative lung disease characterized by a breakdown of alveoli and diminishing surface area available for gas exchange? Pneumonia Bronchitis Emphysema Asthma
Emphysema
Identify the components of a respiratory membrane. Endothelial cell of capillary Two separate basement membranes Type II (great) alveolar cell One shared basement membrane Type I (squamous) alveolar cell
Endothelial cell of capillary One shared basement membrane Type I (squamous) alveolar cell
Which term refers to relaxed, quiet breathing? Tachypnea Apnea Hyperpnea Eupnea
Eupnea
The functional residual capacity is obtained by adding together which of the following respiratory volumes? Expiratory reserve volume Residual volume Tidal volume Inspiratory reserve volume
Expiratory reserve volume Residual volume
Which muscles are used for inspiration?
External intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes
True or false: All of the oxygen transported in the blood is usually unloaded at a systemic capillary.
False
Which respiratory volume takes into consideration the rate at which air is exhaled? Inspiratory reserve volume Tidal volume Forced expiratory volume Expiratory reserve volume
Forced expiratory volume
Which term refers to the volume of air (or percentage of the vital capacity) that can be exhaled in a specific amount of time?
Forced expiratory volume
In chronic bronchitis, which cells enlarge and secrete excess mucus? Goblet cells Ciliated cells Alveolar type II cells Macrophages
Goblet cells
Deoxygenated blood can carry more carbon dioxide, whereas oxygenated blood has a lower carbon dioxide carrying capacity. This phenomenon is known as the ____________ effect.
Haldane
______ law states that the amount of gas dissolved in water is determined by its solubility in the fluid and the partial pressure of the gas in the surrounding air.
Henry's
Soda is bottled under high pressure so that more carbon dioxide will dissolve in the drink. When you open the bottle, you suddenly decrease the pressure and the carbon dioxide comes bubbling out of solution. This is a practical example of which law?
Henry's law
Peripheral chemoreceptors trigger an increase in ventilation in response to which of the following? High blood pH values High levels of blood O2 Low levels of blood CO2 High levels of blood CO2
High levels of blood CO2
Which factors that would decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen? Select all that apply. Decreased bisphosphoglycerate production by RBC Decreased temperature Increased bisphosphoglycerate production by RBC Increased temperature
Increased bisphosphoglycerate production by RBC Increased temperature
In a healthy individual, which of these volumes would have the greatest numerical value? Residual volume Expiratory reserve volume Inspiratory reserve volume Tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve volume
Which muscle (or muscle group) aids the diaphragm as a synergist during resting respiration? Sternocleidomastoid Pectoralis major and minor Internal and external intercostals Erector spinae
Internal and external intercostals
As the thoracic cavity expands, the visceral pleura clings to the parietal pleura, and the surface of the lung is pulled outward. Why does this increase in lung volume cause inspiration?
Intrapulmonary pressure is temporarily lower than atmospheric pressure.
Exposure to smog and dust can lead to coughing and bronchoconstriction. Which type of respiratory receptors initiate this response?
Irritant receptors
How is hypoxia classified according to cause? Choose the four types of hypoxia from the list below. Ischemic hypoxia Anemic hypoxia Aplastic hypoxia Histotoxic hypoxia Hypoxemic hypoxia
Ischemic hypoxia Anemic hypoxia Histotoxic hypoxia Hypoxemic hypoxia
Which best describes the action of carbonic anhydrase? It converts carbonic acid into carbon dioxide and water which are then transported into red blood cells. It binds carbon dioxide to hemoglobin forming carbaminohemoglobin. It binds bicarbonate to hemoglobin as a buffer. It converts carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid which dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.
It converts carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid which dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.
How is air modified as it passes through the meatus in between two nasal conchae? Select three answers from the list below. It is cleansed. It is absorbed. It is warmed. It is humidified.
It is cleansed. It is warmed. It is humidified.
Which two factors facilitate systemic unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin in the peripheral tissues? Select two answers from the list below. Active transport of O2 out of the blood stream Binding of protons to hemoglobin Cooler temperatures Lower PO2 in tissue fluid
Lower PO2 in tissue fluid Binding of protons to hemoglobin
Which two factors contribute most to airflow resistance? Select two answers below. Lung compliance Partial pressure of oxygen Diameter of the bronchioles Intrapleural pressure
Lung compliance Diameter of the bronchioles
Which of these occurs during exhalation? Lung volumes decrease, intrapulmonary pressure decreases. Lung volumes remain constant and air expands. Lung volumes increase and intrapulmonary pressure increases. Lung volumes decrease and intrapulmonary pressure increases.
Lung volumes decrease and intrapulmonary pressure increases.
What is the respiratory membrane? Membrane through which gases are exchanged in the alveolus Membrane between the capillary network and the body's cells Neural network in the medulla that controls the depth of breathing Lining of the nasal cavity
Membrane through which gases are exchanged in the alveolus
The Bohr effect occurs because CO2 lowers the pH of the blood, which (as this graph illustrates) facilitates the unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin. Given this, what is the physiological significance of the Bohr effect?
More oxygen is released to tissues that have higher metabolic rates.
Which best defines alveolar gas exchange? Movement of air in and out of the lungs via inhalation and exhalation Flow of air into the alveoli of the lungs Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane Exchange of fluid between capillary blood and the surrounding tissue
Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane
Which features are associated with the tracheal epithelium? Mucous Cilia Goblet cells Pseudostratified columnar cells Stratified squamous tissue Keratin
Mucous Cilia Goblet cells Pseudostratified columnar cells
Which section of the pharynx acts as a passageway for air, but not for food? Oropharynx Nasopharynx Laryngopharynx
Nasopharynx
Which describes the respiratory cycle? One complete inspiration and expiration Rhythmic contraction of the diaphragm Exchange of gases across the alveolar membranes Volume exhaled during quiet breathing
One complete inspiration and expiration
Squamous-cell carcinoma
Originates in the basal cells of the bronchial epithelium
Small-cell carcinoma matches
Originates in the main bronchi but invades the mediastinum and metastasizes quickly
Adenocarcinoma
Originates in the mucous glands of the lamina propria
Clinically, cyanosis is very important because it indicates which underlying physiological problem? Multiple choice question. Vitamin deficiency Oxygen deficiency Carbon dioxide deficiency Nerve damage
Oxygen deficiency
Bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) promotes which of the following? Oxygen loading Carbon dioxide loading Carbon dioxide unloading Oxygen unloading
Oxygen unloading
Hypoxic drive refers to a condition where the respiratory centers of the brainstem respond to which of the following?
PO2 of arterial blood
Which includes all of the regions of the airway incapable of gas exchange, including both conducting zones and respiratory zones that have been damaged by disease?
Physiological dead space
Which is often increased in individuals with pulmonary disease? Lung compliance Vital capacity Anatomic dead space Physiological dead space
Physiological dead space
Which condition is defined by the presence of air within the pleural cavity? Eupnea Asthma Pneumothorax Atelectasis
Pneumothorax
What is the function of pulmonary surfactant? Prevents collapse of bronchioles Prevents infection Increases blood flow Prevents gas exchange
Prevents collapse of bronchioles
Which term describes the ease with which lung tissue expands during breathing? Compartmentalization Angiogenesis Pulmonary compliance Ventilation-perfusion coupling
Pulmonary compliance
An inactive person, unconscious of their respiratory rate, is performing which type of breathing?
Quiet
Which process is facilitated by the elastic components of the lungs and bronchial tree? Forced inhalation Valsalva maneuver Mucociliary escalator Quiet exhalation
Quiet exhalation
Which is a function of the pleural fluid? Reduces friction between membranes Reduces surface tension within the lungs Compartmentalizes organs in thoracic cavity Creates pressure gradient during inhalation
Reduces friction between membranes
How is the functional residual capacity calculated?
Residual volume + expiratory reserve volume (RV + ERV)
What is the correct formula for calculating total lung capacity?
Residual volume+vital capacity
Which term refers to one complete breath, in and out? Respiratory cycle Inspiration Cardiac cycle Expiration
Respiratory cycle
Which choice lists the respiratory structures in the order of airflow as air it enters the lung?
Secondary bronchus, tertiary bronchus, terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole
Which is the most common form of lung cancer? Squamous-cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma Small-cell carcinoma
Squamous-cell carcinoma
Which receptors associated with the respiratory system respond to the inflation of the alveoli? Irritant receptors Central chemoreceptors Peripheral chemoreceptors Stretch receptors
Stretch receptors
The respiratory system does which of the following? Influences calcium metabolism Supplies the body with oxygen Assists in the removal of carbon dioxide Functions in vocalization and speech Plays a role in regulating blood pressure
Supplies the body with oxygen Assists in the removal of carbon dioxide Functions in vocalization and speech Plays a role in regulating blood pressure
The lungs of premature infants often develop respiratory distress syndrome. Why do these infants experience alveolar sac collapse?
Surfactant is not produced yet in adequate quantities.
What is the function of the mucociliary escalator? Activates the shallow breathing reflex Sweeps mucous toward the pharynx to be swallowed Triggers angiotensin production Transports air to the respiratory bronchioles
Sweeps mucous toward the pharynx to be swallowed
Where is most carbon dioxide loaded into the blood? Lumen of the pharynx Alveolar sacs Venous sinuses Systemic capillary beds
Systemic capillary beds
Which term refers to the exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) that occurs in the capillary networks between the blood and the body's cells? Systemic gas exchange Ventilation Alveolar gas exchange Cellular respiration
Systemic gas exchange
Which best describes the expiratory reserve volume (ERV)? The amount of air that can be exhaled in a given time interval. The amount of air inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing The amount of air that may be exhaled over the tidal volume The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration.
The amount of air that may be exhaled over the tidal volume
Why do the lungs expand along with the thoracic cage during inspiration?
The cohesion of water causes the visceral pleura to cling to the parietal pleura.
Which best describes what happens during exhalation?
The diaphragm relaxes, intrapulmonary pressure increases, air flows out
What is the intrapleural pressure?
The pressure in the fluid-filled space between the parietal and visceral pleurae
Boyle's Law states which of the following?
The pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume (assuming a constant temperature).
Which best defines partial pressure? The number of moles of one specific type of gas divided by the volume that the entire gas mixture occupies The pressure that each gas in a mixture would exert alone The total pressure exerted by the inhaled air against the walls of the alveoli The percentage of a particular kind of gas within a gas mixture
The pressure that each gas in a mixture would exert alone
Which best summarizes the Haldane effect? The rate of CO2 loading into the blood is increased in metabolically active tissues. More O2 will dissolve in the blood at higher pressures. The rate of O2 unloading is increased in metabolically active tissues due to increased acidity. Excessive inflation of the lungs will temporarily inhibit the I neurons and stop inspiration.
The rate of CO2 loading into the blood is increased in metabolically active tissues.
Oxygen loading in the lungs decreases hemoglobin's affinity for H+. How does this promote alveolar gas exchange?
The released H+ combines with HCO3- to form free CO2, which can diffuse out of the blood.
Dalton's Law states which of the following?
The total atmospheric pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases present.
Ambient (outside) air at 22O C is inhaled. The gases are warmed to body temperature (37.5O C) by the time they reach the alveoli of the lungs. According to Charles's law, what will happen to the volume of the inhaled air?
The volume will increase.
What is the function of the trachealis muscles? Contract to produce suction and pull air into the lungs They pull on the arytenoid cartilages to abduct or adduct the vocal cords. They elevate the larynx during swallowing. They constrict the trachea for more forceful expulsion of air.
They constrict the trachea for more forceful expulsion of air.
How do the elastic components of the lungs and bronchial tree help conserve energy? They facilitate recoil during exhalation. They facilitate recoil during inhalation. They increase the range of muscles of inhalation. They limit the range of muscles of inhalation.
They facilitate recoil during exhalation.
Which hormones promote oxygen delivery to tissues by stimulating bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) synthesis? Gastrin Thyroxine Epinephrine Testosterone Growth hormone Inhibin
Thyroxine Epinephrine Testosterone Growth hormone
What is the correct calculation for vital capacity?
Tidal volume plus expiratory reserve volume plus inspiratory reserve volume
How is inspiratory capacity calculated?
Tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume
What is the role of the erectile tissue within the inferior nasal conchae? To alternate airflow between the two nasal fossae To prevent foreign objects from entering the nasal cavity To produce air turbulence To close the airway during swallowing
To alternate airflow between the two nasal fossae
What is the function of the coarse hairs present in the nasal vestibule? To trap dust, microbes and other debris that may be present in air that is inspired To separate the nasal cavity into right and left halves To allow exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the air To warm the inspired air
To trap dust, microbes and other debris that may be present in air that is inspired
Pulmonary compliance is reduced in which of the following? Adolescents and children Women Tuberculosis patients Athletes
Tuberculosis patients
Which are cuboidal cells that are responsible for producing pulmonary surfactant and facilitating repair within the lung?
Type II alveolar cells
The ______ maneuver entails increasing abdominal pressure by holding a deep breath while contracting the abdominal muscles. The depressed diaphragm increases abdominal pressure and helps push out organ contents during childbirth, urination, and defecation.
Valsalva
RBCs usually leave the systemic capillaries at about 75% oxygen saturation. Which term refers specifically to the oxygen remaining in the blood after it passes through a capillary bed? Venous reserve Inspiratory reserve volume Utilization coefficient Ambient PO2
Venous reserve
What are the four predominant components of inspired air? Select four options from the list below. Water vapor Carbon monoxide Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nitrogen Sulfur
Water vapor Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nitrogen
Why do women usually have higher-pitched voices as compared to men? Men have longer cricotracheal ligaments. Women have smaller diameter tracheae. Women have shorter and thinner vocal cords. Men have larger noses.
Women have shorter and thinner vocal cords.
How long is the pharynx? About 20 inches About 15 inches About 5 inches About 10 inches
about 5 inches
A blood pH of 7.1 would be called ______.
acidosis
___________ is a general term for a drop in the pH of blood below 7.35.
acidosis
A blood pH of 7.55 is called ______.
alkalosis
Which term refers to an acid-base imbalance in which the blood pH is higher than 7.45?
alkalosis
Gas exchange between the air and the blood occurs in which of the following? Alveoli Trachea Secondary bronchiole Terminal bronchiole Tertiary bronchi
alveoli
Most of the surface area for gas exchange within the respiratory system is found within the many ________ of the lungs
alveoli
The respiratory division of the respiratory system includes which of the following? Pharynx Nostrils Larynx Alveoli
alveoli
The nasal vestibule is located in which portion of the nasal cavity? Medial Posterior Anterior Lateral
anterior
Where is the trachea located? Anterior to the esophagus Superior to the larynx Lateral to the mediastinum Posterior to the esophagus
anterior to the esophagus
The ______ of the lung is the rounded superior peak of the lung. base apex
apex
How is most carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
as bicarbonate
The ______ of the lung is the broad concave surface of the lung that rests on the diaphragm.
base
Most carbon dioxide in the blood is transported in the form of ______ dissolved in the plasma.
bicarbonate
Identify the forms in which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood. Bicarbonate ion Bound to heme Dissolved gas Carboxyhemoglobin Carbaminohemoglobin
bicarbonate ion dissolved gas carbaminohemoglobin
Which are components of the lower respiratory tract? Nasal cavity Bronchi Pharynx Alveoli Trachea Larynx
bronchi alveoli trachea
The enzyme found in erythrocytes that catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid, which then dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions, is _____________ anhydrase
carbonic
The central ______ in the brainstem are neurons that sense changes in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid. photoreceptors osmoreceptors chemoreceptors baroreceptors
chemoreceptors
The posterior nasal apertures are also called the ______. nostrils conchae nares choanae
choanae
COPDs are almost always caused by ______. air pollution baby powder asbestos cigarette smoke
cigarette smoke
The tracheal lumen is lined with epithelial cells that have hairlike structures called ______. The upward beating of these structures moves the abundant mucus upward toward the pharynx. cilia microvilli flagella
cilia
The ______ zone of the respiratory system serves only for airflow. It is incapable of gas exchange between the air and the circulatory system. conducting respiratory
conducting
Irritants in the lower respiratory system may stimulate which of the following? Coughing Gagging Yawning Hiccuping Laughing
coughing
The ring of hyaline cartilage located inferior to the thyroid cartilage is called the _________ cartilage.
cricoid
Which ring-shaped cartilage forms the inferior part of the voice box? Arytenoid cartilages Corniculate cartilages Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
Hemoglobin that is not bound to oxygen is called ______. deoxyhemoglobin oxyhemoglobin myoglobin
deoxyhemoglobin
Which muscle (or muscle group) is the prime mover of respiration, producing about two-thirds of pulmonary airflow? Diaphragm Scalene muscles Intercostal muscles Erector spinae
diaphragm
Which two muscles (or muscle groups) are primarily responsible for resting (non-forced) inspiration? Choose two answers from the list below. Diaphragm Sternocleidomastoid Pectoralis major and minor Scalenes Intercostals Rectus abdominis
diaphragm intercostals
Long term inhalation of cigarette smoke often leads to __________, a COPD that is characterized by a loss of alveolar surface area.
emphysema
Airflow alternates through the right and left nasal fossa in response to the engorgement of which of the following? Erectile tissue Respiratory epithelium Olfactory mucosa Alar cartilage
erectile tissue
Movement of air out of the lungs is called ______.
expiration
The ______ neurons inhibit the inspiratory neurons of the ventral respiratory group. inspiratory expiratory
expiratory
The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after exhalation of the tidal volume is the ______ reserve volume.
expiratory
True or false: Intrapleural pressure is always greater than atmospheric pressure.
false
True or false: The pleural cavity contains the lungs.
false
True or false: The residual volume may be exhaled with a forceful expiration.
false
True or false: The volume of anatomical dead space cannot be changed and does not vary with circumstances within a given individual.
false
A person expelling air while yelling is performing which type of breathing? Quiet Eupneal Forced Passive
forced
Excess oxygen in the body generates ______ that can destroy enzymes and damage nervous tissue. enzymes carbon monoxide free radicals antibodies
free radicals
The Valsalva maneuver involves closing the ______ while trying to exhale. external anal sphincter mouth nose pyloric sphincter glottis
glottis
The cells of the respiratory epithelium that secrete mucus are ______ cells. ciliated brush vibrissae goblet
goblet
The concave surface of the lungs where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves and the primary bronchi enter and leave contains a slit. This slit is called the ______.
hilum
The C-shaped rings that support the trachea are composed of what type of tissue? Bone Fibrocartilage Hyaline cartilage Elastic cartilage
hyaline cartilage
The term _________ describes a condition where there is an excess of CO2 in arterial blood (PCO2 greater than 43 mm Hg).
hypercapnia
The normal PCO2 of arterial blood is between 37 and 43 mm Hg. Which term refers to a PCO2 of less than 37 mm Hg?
hypocapnia
Which form of hypoxia would result from carbon monoxide poisoning? Aplastic hypoxia Ischemic hypoxia Hypoxemic hypoxia Anemic hypoxia
hypoxemic hypoxia
Insufficient oxygen levels in a tissue is called
hypoxia
Which term refers to a deficiency of oxygen in a tissue? Hypoxemia Hypoxia Cyanosis Hypocapnia
hypoxia
The expiratory (E) neurons of the ventral respiratory group (VRG) do which of the following? Activate the intercostal and phrenic nerves Inhibit the pontine respiratory group (PRG) Inhibit the inspiratory (I) neurons Activate the spinal integrating centers
inhibit the inspiratory (I) neurons
During the respiratory cycle, the intake of air is called ______.
inspiration
The ______ reserve volume represents the maximum amount of air that may be inhaled after the tidal volume.
inspiratory
The sum of the tidal and inspiratory reserve volumes is a measure of the __________ capacity.
inspiratory
The separation between the path of air to the lungs and the passageway for food to the esophagus occurs within which of the following? Laryngopharynx Oropharynx Oral cavity Nasopharynx
laryngopharynx
Which term refers to the inferior portion of the pharynx which extends from the epiglottis to the esophagus? Laryngopharynx Nasopharynx Larynx Oropharynx
laryngopharynx
Which term refers to the inferior portion of the pharynx which extends from the epiglottis to the esophagus? Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Larynx
laryngopharynx
The ______ is the main structure located between the laryngopharynx and the trachea. pharynx vestibule choanae larynx
larynx
Which are components of the upper respiratory tract? Larynx Alveoli Trachea Nasal cavity Bronchi Pharynx
larynx nasal cavity pharynx
The oropharynx contains which of the following? Lingual tonsils Choanae Opening to auditory tube Vestibular fold
lingual tonsils
Which term refers to the portion of the lung ventilated by one secondary bronchus?
lobe
Which term refers to the portion of the lung ventilated by one secondary bronchus? Lobe Alveolus Pulmonary lobule Bronchopulmonary segment
lobe
Which structures are part of the conducting zone of the respiratory system? Main bronchi Pharynx Alveoli Trachea Larynx
main bronchi pharynx trachea larynx
The cardiac notch is the indentation located on the ______ surface of the left lung that accommodates the heart. posterior lateral medial
medial
The upward movement of cilia helps to move mucus up the trachea to the pharynx where it is swallowed. This system of cleaning out trapped debris is called the __________ escalator of the trachea.
mucociliary
The ______ is the portion of the pharynx found superior to the soft palate at the back of the oral cavity. oropharynx laryngopharynx nasopharynx
nasopharynx
The auditory tube (eustachian tube) and pharyngeal tonsil are associated with which portion of the pharynx? Nasopharynx Laryngopharynx Oropharynx
nasopharynx
The auditory tubes open in the ______. oropharynx laryngopharynx nasopharynx
nasopharynx
Which gas has the greatest partial pressure in inspired air? Oxygen Carbon monoxide Nitrogen Carbon dioxide Water vapor
nitrogen
Which two terms describe the anterior openings of the nasal cavity? Select two answers from the list below. Nostrils Choanae Vestibule Nares
nostrils nares
How many primary bronchi serve the right lung?
one
The palatine and lingual tonsils are located along the walls of the ______. oropharynx laryngopharynx nasopharynx
oropharynx
Which term is used to describe hemoglobin with only one molecule of oxygen bound to it?
oxyhemoglobin
Central chemoreceptors in the brain stem that are involved in respiratory control respond most directly to changes in which of the following?
pH
Which term refers to the layer of serous membrane that lines the mediastinum, the inner surfaces of the rib cage, and the superior surface of the diaphragm? Respiratory membrane Visceral pleura Perichondrium Parietal pleura
parietal pleura
Which term refers to the pressure that each individual gas in a mixture would exert if the other gases were not present?
partial pressure
Chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are called ______ chemoreceptors.
peripheral
Which segment of the respiratory system extends from the choanae to the larynx and functions as a passageway for air, food, and drink? Pharynx Larynx Esophagus Trachea
pharynx
Which are considered principal organs of the respiratory system? Pharynx Urethra Lungs Trachea Larynx Esophagus
pharynx lungs trachea larynx
What is the serous membrane that encloses each lung? Meninx Pericardium Pleura Peritoneum
pleura
Which term refers to the potential space between the visceral and parietal pleurae? Pericardial cavity Pleural cavity Alveolar sac Meningeal cavity
pleural cavity
Which locations contain the brainstem respiratory centers? Pons Medulla oblongata Fornix Corpora quadrigemina
pons medulla oblongata
Besides keeping food out of the airway, the larynx is also responsible for which of the following? Detecting odors Filtering the air Absorbing oxygen Producing speech
producing speech
Each terminal bronchiole gives off two or more smaller ______ bronchioles.
respiratory
The nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs are the principal organs of which system? Respiratory Integumentary Digestive Reproductive Urinary
respiratory
The system that supplies the body with oxygen and expels carbon dioxide by the rhythmic intake and expulsion of air is the ______ system. cardiovascular digestive lymphatic respiratory
respiratory
The system that supplies the body with oxygen and expels carbon dioxide by the rhythmic intake and expulsion of air is the ______ system. respiratory lymphatic cardiovascular digestive
respiratory
At which level of the bronchial tree does gas exchange first occur? Terminal bronchiole Primary bronchus Tertiary bronchus Respiratory bronchiole
respiratory bronchiole
Where does the diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood occur? Conducting division Respiratory division Upper respiratory tract
respiratory division
The majority of the surfaces of the nasal cavity are lined with which of the following? Cartilage Erectile tissue Olfactory epithelium Respiratory epithelium
respiratory epithelium
Which type of lung disorder decreases pulmonary compliance and thereby decreases vital capacity? Valvular Restrictive Obstructive Apnea
restrictive
Aspirated objects that enter the trachea are more likely to lodge in which primary bronchus?
right
The ________ lung has three lobes and two fissures.
right
Tertiary bronchi are also called ______ bronchi. bronchopulmonary main segmental superior
segmental
The pleurae are which type of membrane? Mucous Synovial Cutaneous Serous
serous
___________ receptors respond to the degree of inflation of the lungs/alveoli.
stretch
Which receptors associated with the respiratory system respond to the inflation of the alveoli?
stretch receptors
The nasopharynx is ______ to the soft palate.
superior
Name the lobes of the human left lung.
superior and inferior
The names of the secondary bronchi of the right lung are ______.
superior, middle, and inferior
Pulmonary ___________ is a substance found lining the alveoli which decreases surface tension.
surfactant
Type II alveolar cells produce ______. macrophages water surfactant mucus
surfactant
Which decreases surface tension in the fluids of the alveoli? Surfactant Mucous Water Carbon dioxide
surfactant
What is the distal-most portion of the respiratory system that is incapable of gas exchange? Terminal bronchioles Tertiary bronchi Respiratory bronchioles Bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
What is the final branch of the conducting division?
terminal bronchioles
What airway supplies air to a single bronchopulmonary segment of the lung? Bronchiole Secondary bronchus Tertiary bronchus Primary bronchus
tertiary bronchus
What does oxygen bind to in the hemoglobin molecule? The globin group The heme group Both the heme and the globin Lipid side chains on the globin group
the heme group
How many lobes make up the right lung?
three
The laryngeal prominence (also called the "Adam's apple") is an anterior peak on the ____________ cartilage, the largest of the laryngeal cartilages.
thyroid
Which cartilage forms the anterior wall of the larynx and is the largest of the laryngeal cartilages? Arytenoid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Cuneiform cartilage Corniculate cartilage Thyroid cartilage
thyroid cartilage
Which cartilage forms the anterior wall of the larynx and is the largest of the laryngeal cartilages? Cuneiform cartilage Corniculate cartilage Thyroid cartilage Arytenoid cartilage Cricoid cartilage
thyroid cartilage
_______________ volume is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a respiratory cycle.
tidal
Which term refers to the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during one cycle of quiet breathing? Expiratory reserve volume Residual volume Inspiratory reserve volume Tidal volume
tidal volume
Which of these calculated volumes typically has the greatest value? Total lung capacity Expiratory reserve volume Tidal volume Functional residual capacity Vital capacity
total lung capacity
Which structure conducts air from the larynx to the primary bronchi? Epiglottis Pharynx Trachea Bronchioles
trachea
The ______ is a smooth muscle that connects the ends of the C-shaped tracheal cartilages. diaphragm trachealis epiglottis
trachealis
True or false: Evidence suggests that ventilation increases more quickly in response to high levels of CO2 than it does to low levels of O2 in the blood.
true
True or false: The anatomical dead space is subtracted from tidal volume when calculating the alveolar ventilation rate.
true
True or false: The chloride shift allows RBCs to continue to produce carbonic acid.
true
True or false: When the diaphragm contracts and lung volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure drops.
true
Nasal conchae are also called ______. choanae turbinates meatuses vibrissae
turbinates
How many lobes make up the left lung?
two
The guard hairs of the nasal vestibule are called ______. meatuses vibrissae turbinates choanae
vibrissae
Which term refers to the layer of serous membrane that covers the lung surface? Parietal pericardium Visceral pleura Parietal pleura Visceral peritoneum
visceral pleura
The sum of the expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and inspiratory reserve volume is the ___________ capacity.
vital
When do vocal cords produce low pitched sounds? When they vibrate more rapidly. When they are relaxed. When they are fully abducted. When they are taut.
when they are relaxed
