A&P Test 2

Hormone that increases the amount of blood calcium by increasing osteoclast activity

parathyroid hormone

in the epiphyseal plate, chondrocytes enlarge during bone growth

zone of hypertrophy

in the epiphyseal plate, chondrocytes divide to form stacks of chondrocytes

zone of proliferation

in the epiphyseal plate, chondrocytes that are mainly quiet, little to no division/mitosis

zone of resting cartilage

When the piloerrector muscles contract - the body is able to lose heat - the hair on your head begins to curl - "goose bumps" form on the skin - the sweat glands empty their contents onto the surface of the skin

"goose bumps" form on the skin

Which of the following is TRUE regarding endochondral ossification? - Endochondral ossification is the process that makes the skull - During endochondral ossification, chondrocytes hypertrophy and then die to allow osteoblasts to come into the region - In endochondral ossification, a membrane is made first which later becomes done - Endochondral ossification only occurs in utero during the development of long bones

During endochondral ossification, chondrocytes hypertrophy and then die to allow osteoblasts to come into the region

a nutrient that is needed to ensure proper collagen formation

Vitamin C

a nutrient that is needed to ensure proper calcium reabsorption in the digestive system

Vitamin D (calcitrol)

In the reaction of tyrosine being converted to dopaquinone, the enzyme tyrosinase is needed to catalyze this reaction. The absence or mutation of tyrosinase results in - increase melanin production - increase in freckle production - albinoism - increased keratinization

albinoism

An osteon - has a central canal contain blood vessels - is made up of a concentric lamellae - is the main component of compact bone - all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following contribute to the integumentary system's protective qualities? - melanin production - keratinization - eccrine/merocrine sweat glands - all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following is correctly matched? - axons- conduct the electrical signal away from the cell body - neuron- rapidly dividing cell - neuroglia- the main impulse conducting cell of the nervous system - neurons- support cells of the nervous system

axons- conduct the electrical signal away from the cell body

Which type of skin cancer is the most common? - basal cell carcinoma - squamous cell carcinoma - melanoma - Kaposi's sarcoma

basal cell carcinoma

A disorder in collagen formation could result in - excessive woven bone formation - increased bone growth - overly flexible bones - brittle bones that break easily

brittle bones that break easily

hormone that will decrease blood calcium by decreasing osteoclast activity

calcitonin

The connections between one osteocyte and its neighboring osteocyte within an stein is a - lacunae - canaliculi - periosteum - trabeculae

canaliculi

an outer layer of compact bone that gives bones a smooth surface

circumferential lamellae

The three main types of protein fibers found in connective tissues are - collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers - hyaluronic acid, collagen, reticular fibers - proteoglycan, elastin, reticular fibers - proteoglycan, elastin, hyaluronic acid

collagen, elastin, reticular fibers

Spongy bone tissue - is very dense - lacks osteocytes - contains interconnecting rods of bones called trabeculae - is the primary component of compact bone

contains interconnecting rods of bones called trabeculae

The perichondrium that surrounds cartilage is made up of - simple squamous epithelium - hyaline cartilage - dense irregular connective tissue - fibrocartilage

dense irregular connective tissue

An X-ray determines that Peter fractures the shaft or long part of his humerus. The break is in the ______ of the bone - epiphysis - diaphysis - growth plate - articular surface

diaphysis

An infant born with a genetic defect that causes little to no brown fat to be formed will have - difficulty absorbing nutrients from the intestine - difficulty regulating his body temperature - very stretchy tendons - a reduced bone mass

difficulty regulating his body temperature

layer of connective tissue that lines the inside of the medullary cavity

endosteum

A cell that is involved in actively making the extracellular matrix of fibrous connective tissue would be called a - fibroclast - fibrocyte - fibroblast - fibroid

fibroblast

I am trying to create a synthetic cartilage that supports continuous weight but still provides cushioning, which tissue type should I use as a model? - hyaline cartilage - fibrocartilage - elastic cartilage - areolar tissue

fibrocartilage

Muscle cells heal by - regeneration - fibrosis

fibrosis

A slight sunburn with no blistering is an example of a ___ burn - first-degree - second-degree - third-degree - partical-thickness

first-degree

The portion of the hair that protrudes above the surface of the skin is the - hair bulb - hair shaft - hair root - dermal papilla

hair shaft

What type of connective tissue forms most go the skeleton before it is replaced by bone? - hyaline cartilage - fibrocartilage - elastic cartilage - dense irregular elastic tissue

hyaline cartilage

The compression (weight-bearing) strength of bone matrix is due to the presence of - elastin fibers - reticulin fibers - hydroxyapatite - collagen fibers

hydroxyapatite

What is the calcium-phosphate mixture that contributes to bone matrix called? - calcitrol - calcitonin - collagen - hydroxyapatite

hydroxyapatite

an increase in overall cell number

hyperplasia

an increase in overall cell size

hypertrophy

old osteons that fill in the gaps between new osteons in compact bone

interstitial lamellae

The bones of the skull are formed by which type of ossification? - appositional - endochondiral - incomplete - intramembranous

intramembranous

Hyaluronic acid gives a very slippery quality to fluids that contain it. Hyaluronic cartilage therefore - resists stretching - functions as an insulator - is a good cover for the ends of articulating bones - promotes oxygen transport in the plasm

is a good cover for the ends of articulating bones

the dermis - is responsible for most of the skin's thickness - functions as fat storage for padding and insulation - is divided into five distinct layer - is avascular (no blood vessels)

is responsible for most of the skin's thickness

Cartilage heals slowly (if at all) after an injury because - this tissue type is very complex - it contains proteoglycan - it is a dead tissue filled with keratin - it does not contain blood vessels

it does not contain blood vessels

type of bone organized into layers, collagen fibers in each layer are in the same direction

lamellar bone

The activity of apocrine sweat glands - is an important regulator of body temperature - leads to body odor - makes ear wax - produces watery sweat on the palm of the hand

leads to body odor

What type of cells release histamine in response to injury and play an important role in inflammation? - mast cells - adipocytes - osteoclast - stem cells

mast cells

Light-skinned people have - more melanocytes than people with darker skin - fewer melanocytes than people with darker skin - no functioning melanocytes in their skin - melanocytes that produce a different type of melanin

melanocytes that produce a different type of melanin

Stratified cuboidal epithelium consists of - multiple layers of cuboidal cells - single layer of cuboidal cells - a single layer of cuboidal cells that changes shape when the tissue is stretched - multiple layers of cells that appears to change shape as the cells reach the top layer

multiple layers of cuboidal cells

Hypocalcemia can cause ___ - muscle spasms - muscle weakness - sluggish reflexes - depression of the nervous system

muscle spasms

Nail cells are produced in the - lunula - epinychium - nail body - nail matrix

nail matrix

During appositional growth of cartilage, - chondroblasts deep within the tissue divided and make more matrix - new chondroblasts are added to the outside edge pr the perimeter of the cartilage - osteoblasts replace osteoclasts - the cartilage is replaced with another type of connective tissue such as reticular tissue

new chondroblasts are added to the outside edge or the perimeter of the cartilage

The remodeling of bone tissue that occurs throughout life is the result of - chondrocytes and osteocytes working together - osteoclasts and osteocytes working together - chondrocytes and osteoclasts working together - osteoblasts and osteoclasts working together

osteoblasts and osteoclasts working together

What type of cell breaks down bone tissue? - chondroclast - osteoblasts - osteoclast - stem cells

osteoclast

layer of connective tissue that surrounds bone

periosteum

Blood cells are produced in special tissue found in - yellow bone marrow - brown bone marrow - red bone marrow - white bone marrow

red bone marrow

What type of membranes secrete a watery fluid and are made up of both epithelial tissue and connective tissue? - serous - mucous

serous

If one of the functions of the capillaries is to quickly supply body cells with oxygen and nutrients, you would expect the capillary walls consist of - dense irregular connective tissue - stratified squamous epithelium - simple columnar epithelium - simple squamous epithelium

simple squamous epithelium

Which of the following epithelial types is NOT MATCHED with its main function? - simple squamous epithelium - diffusion - stratified squamous epithelium - protection - simple squamous epithelium - protection - simple cuboidal epithelium - absorption

simple squamous epithelium - protect

The type of muscle found in the walls of blood vessels is - cardiac - smooth - striated - voluntary

smooth

Movement of food through the digestive tract results from the action of - cardiac muscle - smooth muscle - skeletal muscle - voluntary muscle

smooth muscle

Which type of muscle is responsible for uterine contractions? - cardiac muscle - smooth muscle - skeletal muscle - voluntary muscle

smooth muscle

Reticular tissue is found in - soft organ tissue such as the spleen - long bones - skeletal muscles - stomach tissue

soft organ tissue such as the spleen

Some marrow of long bones is called "yellow" marrow. Under normal conditions, the function of yellow bone marrow is it - manufacture blood cells - manufacture keratinocytes - store adipose tissue - make vitamin D

store adipose tissue

Which of the following statements is FALSE? - the dermis is deep to the epidermis - the epidermis is avascular (no blood vessels) - the epidermis is made up of multiple layers - the epidermis is very permeable to water-soluble molecules

the epidermis is very permeable to water-soluble molecules

Which of the following is TRUE regarding osteogenic cells (aka osteochondral progenitor cells) - they are found in both the inner lining of periosteum and the endosteum - they are responsible for the production of both chondroblasts and osteoclasts - they are only active in fetal bone development - they are fully differentiated cells that are unable to change

they are found in both the inner lining of periosteum and the endosteum

Which of the following is TRUE regarding "thick skin"? - thick skin only had three different epidermal layers - thick skin is found covering most of the body - thick skin is found in areas subject to increase pressure or friction such as the soles of your feet - thick skin is determined by the thickness of the epidermis

thick skin is found in areas subject to increase pressure or friction such as the soles of your feet

A very strong cell to cell connection that serves as a permeability barrier is a - hemidesmosome - desmosome - gap junction - tight junction

tight junction

What type of cell is found in the bladder and helps shield underlying cells from hypertonic urine? - mast cells - umbrella cells - goblet cells - stem cells

umbrella cells

Which of the following statements is TRUE - the hair shaft contains sensory nerve endings - undamaged hair follicles can help regenerate damaged epidermis - the hair bulb is location in the epidermis - the hair shaft contains the exact same type of keratin as the skin

undamaged hair follicles can help regenerate damaged epidermis

type of bone that is disorganized. Collagen fibers orient in random directions

woven bone