A&P Test 2
Hormone that increases the amount of blood calcium by increasing osteoclast activity
parathyroid hormone
in the epiphyseal plate, chondrocytes enlarge during bone growth
zone of hypertrophy
in the epiphyseal plate, chondrocytes divide to form stacks of chondrocytes
zone of proliferation
in the epiphyseal plate, chondrocytes that are mainly quiet, little to no division/mitosis
zone of resting cartilage
When the piloerrector muscles contract - the body is able to lose heat - the hair on your head begins to curl - "goose bumps" form on the skin - the sweat glands empty their contents onto the surface of the skin
"goose bumps" form on the skin
Which of the following is TRUE regarding endochondral ossification? - Endochondral ossification is the process that makes the skull - During endochondral ossification, chondrocytes hypertrophy and then die to allow osteoblasts to come into the region - In endochondral ossification, a membrane is made first which later becomes done - Endochondral ossification only occurs in utero during the development of long bones
During endochondral ossification, chondrocytes hypertrophy and then die to allow osteoblasts to come into the region
a nutrient that is needed to ensure proper collagen formation
Vitamin C
a nutrient that is needed to ensure proper calcium reabsorption in the digestive system
Vitamin D (calcitrol)
In the reaction of tyrosine being converted to dopaquinone, the enzyme tyrosinase is needed to catalyze this reaction. The absence or mutation of tyrosinase results in - increase melanin production - increase in freckle production - albinoism - increased keratinization
albinoism
An osteon - has a central canal contain blood vessels - is made up of a concentric lamellae - is the main component of compact bone - all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following contribute to the integumentary system's protective qualities? - melanin production - keratinization - eccrine/merocrine sweat glands - all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following is correctly matched? - axons- conduct the electrical signal away from the cell body - neuron- rapidly dividing cell - neuroglia- the main impulse conducting cell of the nervous system - neurons- support cells of the nervous system
axons- conduct the electrical signal away from the cell body
Which type of skin cancer is the most common? - basal cell carcinoma - squamous cell carcinoma - melanoma - Kaposi's sarcoma
basal cell carcinoma
A disorder in collagen formation could result in - excessive woven bone formation - increased bone growth - overly flexible bones - brittle bones that break easily
brittle bones that break easily
hormone that will decrease blood calcium by decreasing osteoclast activity
calcitonin
The connections between one osteocyte and its neighboring osteocyte within an stein is a - lacunae - canaliculi - periosteum - trabeculae
canaliculi
an outer layer of compact bone that gives bones a smooth surface
circumferential lamellae
The three main types of protein fibers found in connective tissues are - collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers - hyaluronic acid, collagen, reticular fibers - proteoglycan, elastin, reticular fibers - proteoglycan, elastin, hyaluronic acid
collagen, elastin, reticular fibers
Spongy bone tissue - is very dense - lacks osteocytes - contains interconnecting rods of bones called trabeculae - is the primary component of compact bone
contains interconnecting rods of bones called trabeculae
The perichondrium that surrounds cartilage is made up of - simple squamous epithelium - hyaline cartilage - dense irregular connective tissue - fibrocartilage
dense irregular connective tissue
An X-ray determines that Peter fractures the shaft or long part of his humerus. The break is in the ______ of the bone - epiphysis - diaphysis - growth plate - articular surface
diaphysis
An infant born with a genetic defect that causes little to no brown fat to be formed will have - difficulty absorbing nutrients from the intestine - difficulty regulating his body temperature - very stretchy tendons - a reduced bone mass
difficulty regulating his body temperature
layer of connective tissue that lines the inside of the medullary cavity
endosteum
A cell that is involved in actively making the extracellular matrix of fibrous connective tissue would be called a - fibroclast - fibrocyte - fibroblast - fibroid
fibroblast
I am trying to create a synthetic cartilage that supports continuous weight but still provides cushioning, which tissue type should I use as a model? - hyaline cartilage - fibrocartilage - elastic cartilage - areolar tissue
fibrocartilage
Muscle cells heal by - regeneration - fibrosis
fibrosis
A slight sunburn with no blistering is an example of a ___ burn - first-degree - second-degree - third-degree - partical-thickness
first-degree
The portion of the hair that protrudes above the surface of the skin is the - hair bulb - hair shaft - hair root - dermal papilla
hair shaft
What type of connective tissue forms most go the skeleton before it is replaced by bone? - hyaline cartilage - fibrocartilage - elastic cartilage - dense irregular elastic tissue
hyaline cartilage
The compression (weight-bearing) strength of bone matrix is due to the presence of - elastin fibers - reticulin fibers - hydroxyapatite - collagen fibers
hydroxyapatite
What is the calcium-phosphate mixture that contributes to bone matrix called? - calcitrol - calcitonin - collagen - hydroxyapatite
hydroxyapatite
an increase in overall cell number
hyperplasia
an increase in overall cell size
hypertrophy
old osteons that fill in the gaps between new osteons in compact bone
interstitial lamellae
The bones of the skull are formed by which type of ossification? - appositional - endochondiral - incomplete - intramembranous
intramembranous
Hyaluronic acid gives a very slippery quality to fluids that contain it. Hyaluronic cartilage therefore - resists stretching - functions as an insulator - is a good cover for the ends of articulating bones - promotes oxygen transport in the plasm
is a good cover for the ends of articulating bones
the dermis - is responsible for most of the skin's thickness - functions as fat storage for padding and insulation - is divided into five distinct layer - is avascular (no blood vessels)
is responsible for most of the skin's thickness
Cartilage heals slowly (if at all) after an injury because - this tissue type is very complex - it contains proteoglycan - it is a dead tissue filled with keratin - it does not contain blood vessels
it does not contain blood vessels
type of bone organized into layers, collagen fibers in each layer are in the same direction
lamellar bone
The activity of apocrine sweat glands - is an important regulator of body temperature - leads to body odor - makes ear wax - produces watery sweat on the palm of the hand
leads to body odor
What type of cells release histamine in response to injury and play an important role in inflammation? - mast cells - adipocytes - osteoclast - stem cells
mast cells
Light-skinned people have - more melanocytes than people with darker skin - fewer melanocytes than people with darker skin - no functioning melanocytes in their skin - melanocytes that produce a different type of melanin
melanocytes that produce a different type of melanin
Stratified cuboidal epithelium consists of - multiple layers of cuboidal cells - single layer of cuboidal cells - a single layer of cuboidal cells that changes shape when the tissue is stretched - multiple layers of cells that appears to change shape as the cells reach the top layer
multiple layers of cuboidal cells
Hypocalcemia can cause ___ - muscle spasms - muscle weakness - sluggish reflexes - depression of the nervous system
muscle spasms
Nail cells are produced in the - lunula - epinychium - nail body - nail matrix
nail matrix
During appositional growth of cartilage, - chondroblasts deep within the tissue divided and make more matrix - new chondroblasts are added to the outside edge pr the perimeter of the cartilage - osteoblasts replace osteoclasts - the cartilage is replaced with another type of connective tissue such as reticular tissue
new chondroblasts are added to the outside edge or the perimeter of the cartilage
The remodeling of bone tissue that occurs throughout life is the result of - chondrocytes and osteocytes working together - osteoclasts and osteocytes working together - chondrocytes and osteoclasts working together - osteoblasts and osteoclasts working together
osteoblasts and osteoclasts working together
What type of cell breaks down bone tissue? - chondroclast - osteoblasts - osteoclast - stem cells
osteoclast
layer of connective tissue that surrounds bone
periosteum
Blood cells are produced in special tissue found in - yellow bone marrow - brown bone marrow - red bone marrow - white bone marrow
red bone marrow
What type of membranes secrete a watery fluid and are made up of both epithelial tissue and connective tissue? - serous - mucous
serous
If one of the functions of the capillaries is to quickly supply body cells with oxygen and nutrients, you would expect the capillary walls consist of - dense irregular connective tissue - stratified squamous epithelium - simple columnar epithelium - simple squamous epithelium
simple squamous epithelium
Which of the following epithelial types is NOT MATCHED with its main function? - simple squamous epithelium - diffusion - stratified squamous epithelium - protection - simple squamous epithelium - protection - simple cuboidal epithelium - absorption
simple squamous epithelium - protect
The type of muscle found in the walls of blood vessels is - cardiac - smooth - striated - voluntary
smooth
Movement of food through the digestive tract results from the action of - cardiac muscle - smooth muscle - skeletal muscle - voluntary muscle
smooth muscle
Which type of muscle is responsible for uterine contractions? - cardiac muscle - smooth muscle - skeletal muscle - voluntary muscle
smooth muscle
Reticular tissue is found in - soft organ tissue such as the spleen - long bones - skeletal muscles - stomach tissue
soft organ tissue such as the spleen
Some marrow of long bones is called "yellow" marrow. Under normal conditions, the function of yellow bone marrow is it - manufacture blood cells - manufacture keratinocytes - store adipose tissue - make vitamin D
store adipose tissue
Which of the following statements is FALSE? - the dermis is deep to the epidermis - the epidermis is avascular (no blood vessels) - the epidermis is made up of multiple layers - the epidermis is very permeable to water-soluble molecules
the epidermis is very permeable to water-soluble molecules
Which of the following is TRUE regarding osteogenic cells (aka osteochondral progenitor cells) - they are found in both the inner lining of periosteum and the endosteum - they are responsible for the production of both chondroblasts and osteoclasts - they are only active in fetal bone development - they are fully differentiated cells that are unable to change
they are found in both the inner lining of periosteum and the endosteum
Which of the following is TRUE regarding "thick skin"? - thick skin only had three different epidermal layers - thick skin is found covering most of the body - thick skin is found in areas subject to increase pressure or friction such as the soles of your feet - thick skin is determined by the thickness of the epidermis
thick skin is found in areas subject to increase pressure or friction such as the soles of your feet
A very strong cell to cell connection that serves as a permeability barrier is a - hemidesmosome - desmosome - gap junction - tight junction
tight junction
What type of cell is found in the bladder and helps shield underlying cells from hypertonic urine? - mast cells - umbrella cells - goblet cells - stem cells
umbrella cells
Which of the following statements is TRUE - the hair shaft contains sensory nerve endings - undamaged hair follicles can help regenerate damaged epidermis - the hair bulb is location in the epidermis - the hair shaft contains the exact same type of keratin as the skin
undamaged hair follicles can help regenerate damaged epidermis
type of bone that is disorganized. Collagen fibers orient in random directions
woven bone