A&P The Brain

corpus quadrigemina

"four," reflex centers for rapid-eye, head, trunk movement

cerebral peduncle

"little feet," main connection of motor pathways from cerebrum to the cerebellum

hypothalamus

"under the thalamus," regulates temperature, water balance, and metabolism, center for drives and emotions (such as pain, pleasure, fear, rage, thirst appetite), include pituitary gland

Auditory Association Area

(Wernicke's Area) stores memories of sounds and permits perception of sounds

pia mater

(meninge) delicate tissue, clings tightly to the brain

arachnoid mater

(meninge) separated from dura mater by fluid/film membrane

dura mater

(meninge) strong, leather layer

Premotor Cortex

- controls learned, repetitious, or patterned motor skills - coordinates simultaneous or sequential actions - involved in the planning of movements

Broca's Area

- present in one hemisphere (usually left) - motor speech area that directs muscles of the tongue - is active as one prepares to speak

Cerebral Cortex

- superficial gray matter, accounts for 40% mass of brain - enables sensation, communication, memory, understanding, and voluntary movement

cerebral hemispheres

-form the superior part of the brain and make up 83% of its mass -contain deep grooves called fissures

Prefrontal Cortex

-involved with intellect, cognition, recall, and personality -necessary for judgement, reasoning, persistence, and conscience -closely related limbic system

Parts of Frontal Lobe

Primary Motor Cortex, Premotor Cortex, Broca's Area, Frontal Eye Field

Level 5 of Sleep

REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep, chemicals are crated that paralyze the body, the mind is extremely active, heart rate and breathing increase, eyes moves side to side ~2 hours Dreams last for 5-20 min and touch, taste, and smell are almost non-existent

Parietal Lobe

Sensory Cortex, Wernicke's Area, taste

choroid plexus

a structure that secretes cerebrospinal fluid, located in epithalamus

Primary Motor Cortex

allows conscious control of precise, skilled, voluntary movements

Midbrain

between diencephalon and pons; includes cerebral peduncle, corpus quadrigemina

Level 2 of Sleep

breathing and heart rate slow ~50% sleep time

corpus callosum

connects right and left hemispheres of the brain

pons

connects spinal cord to brain, controls breathing

sensory areas

conscious awareness of sensation

motor areas

control voluntary movement

Frontal Eye Field

controls voluntary eye movement

Protection of Brain

cranium, cerebrospinal fluid, meninges (membranes)

Levels 3/4 of Sleep

delta waves are emitted by the brain, body heals and repairs itself ~45-90 minutes

cerebral dominance

designates the hemisphere dominant for language

deep sulci

divide hemispheres into lobes

transverse fissure

divides cerebrum from cerebellum

longitudinal fissure

divides right/left hemispheres

cerebellum

dorsal from occipital lobe, controls balance and equilibrium, if damaged, movement becomes clumsy and disorganized, plays a role in language and problem solving, recognizes and predicts sequences of events

lateralization

each hemisphere has abilities not shared w/its partner

hydocephalus

excess accumulation of CSF in the brain, can be congenital or acquired; Symptoms: problems with memory, fine motor skills, swelling of optic nerve Treatment: surgical placement of a shunt system, allows for drainage of fluid to another part of body where it can be absorbed

pineal gland

extends from posterior border and secretes melatonin

convolutions

folding in the brain due to rapid brain growth during embryonic development

gyri

folds in the brain, ridges

3 Major Regions of Brain

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

sulci

grooves between folds in the brain

spinal cord

has a central cavity surrounded by gray matter, which is then surrounded by white matter

Temporal Lobe

hearing center, visual and auditory memory, deep inside is Olfactory Area

Frontal Lobe Functions

higher mental functions, memory, concentration, analyzing, synthesizing, problem solving, planning, organizing, and judging

right hemisphere

holistic functions, stores info in circuclar, creative, and vague manner; visual skills, dancing, movement dominant during sleep, controls images and ideas of dreams processes events of our lives while we sleep

melatonin

hormone involved with sleep regulation, sleep-wake cycles, and mood

pituitary gland

hormone production, hangs from anterior floor

epithalamus

includes pineal gland and choroid plexus

diencephalon

inferior to corpus callosum, largely gray matter; thalamus, hypothalamus, & epithalamus

medulla oblongata

inferior to pons, Cardiac Center-maintains blood pressure, Respiration Center-rate of breathing, Various Regions-regulates vomiting, swallowing, hiccuping, etc.

association areas

integrate diverse information

Somatosensory Association Cortex

integrates sensory info, forms comprehensive understanding of stimulus, determines size, texture, relationship of parts

limbic system

interacts with prefrontal lobes, therefore: one can react emotionally to conscious understandings and one is consciously aware of emotion in one's life

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

liquid cushion for brain, provides nourishment (blood, hormones), removes waste, replaced ~8 hrs, located in ventricles (4), formed by filtration of blood plasma through the capillaries (choroid plexus)

Primary Auditory Cortex

located at superior margin of temporal lobe, receives info related to pitch, rhythm, and loudness

Blood-Brain barrier

made up by choroid plexus and supporting neuroglia, selectively permits certain substances to enter

Parts of Brian Stem

midbrain, pons region, medulla oblongata

Functional Areas of Cerebral Cortex

motor, sensory, association

Visual Cortex

primary visual (striate) cortex, receives visual info from retinas

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

receives info from skin and skeletal muscles, exhibits spacial descrimination

thalamus

relay station for all sensory impulses, plays a key role in mediating sensation, motor activites, cortical arousal, learning and memory

reticular formation

sends impulses to the cerebral cortex to keep it conscious and alert, filters out repetitive and weak stimuli

central sulcus

separates frontal and parietal lobes

parieto-occipital sulcus

separates parietal and occipital lobes

lateral sulcus

separates parietal and temporal lobes

left hemisphere

sequential analysis, systematic, logical interpretation of info, language, mathematics, abstraction and reasoning, memory stored in language format

brain

similar to spinal cord by with additional areas of gray matter

Visual Association Area

surrounds primary visual cortex, interprets visual stimuli

Level 1 of Sleep

transition period between wakefulness and sleep ~ 5 min

Occipital Lobe

vision center, analyze and combine visual images