A&P2: Chapter 26

The prominent indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the

hilum

Substances larger than ________ are normally not allowed to pass through the filtration membrane.

albumin

The ________ test is often used to estimate the glomerular filtration rate.

creatinine clearance

The ________ delivers urine to a minor calyx.

papillary duct

The outermost layer of the kidney is the

fibrous capsule

Under normal conditions, glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures. From the list below, what are these three main pressures? 1. glomerular hydrostatic pressure 2. capsular hydrostatic pressure 3. capsular colloid osmotic pressure 4. blood colloid osmotic pressure 5. urinary bladder hydrostatic pressure

1, 2, and 4 are correct.

Each kidney has about ________ nephrons.

1.25 mil

What is the proper order for the structures of the renal corpuscle through which a substance travels during filtration? 1. filtration slit (slit pore) 2. capsular space 3. basement membrane 4. fenestrated endothelium

4, 3, 1, 2

The following is a list of the blood vessels that carry blood to the kidney. In what order does blood pass through these vessels starting at the renal artery? 1. afferent arteriole 2. arcuate artery 3. interlobar artery 4. segmental artery 5. glomerulus 6. cortical radiate artery 7. efferent arteriole 8. peritubular capillary

4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8

As the filtrate passes through the renal tubules, approximately what percentage is reabsorbed and returned to the circulation?

99

Basically, what occurs in the countercurrent multiplier process?

A higher sodium concentration is produced in the renal medulla that osmotically draws out water, reducing it within the tubules and the urine.

A glomerulus is

a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle.

Excess release of natriuretic peptides would cause

a large volume of dilute urine.

The detrusor muscle

compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra.

The majority of glomeruli are located in the ________ of the kidney.

cortex

The urinary system does all of the following except

excreting excess albumin molecules.

The filtration barrier in the renal corpuscle consists of which three layers?

fenestrated endothelium of glomerulus, basement membrane of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits

The amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys each minute is called the

glomerular filtration rate

The main force that causes filtration in a nephron is

glomerular hydrostatic pressure.

Prolonged aldosterone stimulation of the distal convoluted tubule may result in

hypokalemia.

One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to

increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex.

All of the following would result in an increase in renin release except

increased blood volume.

Antidiuretic hormone

increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.

Modified smooth muscle cells in the wall of the afferent arteriole that secrete renin are called

juxtaglomerular cells.

The cells of the macula densa, the juxtaglomerular cells, and the extraglomerular mesangial cells form the

juxtaglomerular complex

Which of the following activities is not related to kidney function?

lipid digestion

What structure connects the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule? (Figure 26-6)

nephron loop

The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of the

nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, and the collecting duct.

The functional units of kidneys where blood is filtered and urine produced are called

nephrons

The efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the ________ capillaries.

peritubular

Capillaries that surround the proximal convoluted tubules are

peritubular capillaries

Reabsorbed water and solutes enter into the

peritubular fluid.

In the renal corpuscle, the visceral layer is a layer of specialized cells called

podocytes

Filtrate first passes from the glomerular capsule to the

proximal convoluted tubule.

Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule and the glomerulus make up the

renal corpuscle

The filtration of plasma takes place in the

renal corpuscle

The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the

renal pelvis

The ________ is the plasma concentration at which a specific compound will begin appearing in the urine.

renal threshold

The process that transports solutes, including many drugs, into the tubular fluid is called

secretion

ADH creates a (small or large) volume of (dilute or concentrated) urine. (Figure 26-15)

small; concentrated

Tubular reabsorption involves all of the following except

stem cell movements.

Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by

the ureters

The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ________ epithelium.

transitional

The area of the urinary bladder bounded by the openings of the two ureters and the urethra is called the

trigone

The concentration at which all of the carriers in renal tubules for a given substance are saturated is the

tubukar maximum

The (ureter or urethra) transports urine to the bladder. (Figure 26-18)

ureter

The urinary function of elimination occurs through the

urethra

Urine is carried from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body by the

urethra

Urine is temporarily stored in the

urinary bladder

In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce

urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions.

The ________ is a capillary bed that parallels the nephron loop (loop of Henle).

vasa recta`