A&P2 LAB 7: Urinary System
Macula Densa
4. Name the structure indicated by the black bracket. [Ex 6, Image 2, microscopic structures of the kidney]
Filtration Membrane
4. Name the structure indicated by the red bracket. [Ex 6, Image 3, microscopic structures of the kidney]
Right Ureter
4. Name the structure indicated by the yellow B arrow. [Ex 1, gross anatomical structures]
Ureter
4. Name the structure indicated by the yellow arrows. [Ex 5, Image 1, structures on pyelogram]
a bile duct obstruction
A decreased urobilinogen level can result from: [Excessive hemolysis]
a urinary tract infection (kidney, ureters, or bladder)
A positive leukocyte test is a sign of: [Leukocytes]
Peritubular Capillary
#19. [Ex 7, kidney model w 3 different magnifications]
Right Kidney
#2 [Ex 2, gross anatomical structures]
Renal Cortex
#2. [Ex 7, kidney model w 3 different magnifications]
Collecting Duct
#2. [Ex 8, kidney model mounted on black board]
consists of the macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells.
juxtaglomerular apparatus
Parietal Layer of Bowman's Capsule
#20. [Ex 7, kidney model w 3 different magnifications]
Visceral Layer of Bowman's Capsule
#21. [Ex 7, kidney model w 3 different magnifications]
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
#22. [Ex 7, kidney model w 3 different magnifications]
Distal Convoluted Tubule
#23. [Ex 7, kidney model w 3 different magnifications]
Macula Densa
#24. [Ex 7, kidney model w 3 different magnifications]
Juxtaglomerular Cells
#25. [Ex 7, kidney model w 3 different magnifications]
Ascending Limb of the Loop of Henle
#26. [Ex 7, kidney model w 3 different magnifications]
Descending Limb of the Loop of Henle
#27. [Ex 7, kidney model w 3 different magnifications]
Collecting Duct
#28. [Ex 7, kidney model w 3 different magnifications]
Papillary Duct
#29. [Ex 7, kidney model w 3 different magnifications]
Left Ureter
#3 [Ex 2, gross anatomical structures]
Renal Medulla
#3. [Ex 7, kidney model w 3 different magnifications]
Renal Corpuscle
#3. [Ex 8, kidney model mounted on black board]
Capsular Space
#30. [Ex 7, kidney model w 3 different magnifications]
Right Ureter
#4 [Ex 2, gross anatomical structures]
Renal Artery
#4. [Ex 7, kidney model w 3 different magnifications]
Distal Convoluted Tubule
#4. [Ex 8, kidney model mounted on black board]
Urinary Bladder
#5 [Ex 2, gross anatomical structures]
Renal Vein
#5. [Ex 7, kidney model w 3 different magnifications]
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
#5. [Ex 8, kidney model mounted on black board]
Urethra
#6 [Ex 2, gross anatomical structures]
Hilum
#6. [Ex 7, kidney model w 3 different magnifications]
Descending Limb of the Loop of Henle
#6. [Ex 8, kidney model mounted on black board]
Renal Pyramid
#7. [Ex 7, kidney model w 3 different magnifications]
Ascending Limb of the Loop of Henle
#7. [Ex 8, kidney model mounted on black board]
Renal Papilla
#8. [Ex 7, kidney model w 3 different magnifications]
Vasa Recta
#8. [Ex 8, kidney model mounted on black board]
Renal Column
#9. [Ex 7, kidney model w 3 different magnifications]
Afferent Arteriole
#9. [Ex 8, kidney model mounted on black board]
Lamina Propria
3. Name the connective tissue layer between the red arrows. [Ex 9, Slide Title: Bladder]
Muscular Region
3. Name the layer between the yellow arrows. [Ex 9, Slide Title: Ureter]
Renal Pelvis
3. Name the structure indicated by the blue arrows. [Ex 5, Image 1, structures on pyelogram]
Left Ureter
3. Name the structure indicated by the yellow A arrow. [Ex 1, gross anatomical structures]
Glomerulus
3. Name the structure within the blue circle. [Ex 9, Slide Title: Kidney 1, blue square]
Papillary Duct
3. Name the type of duct indicated by the yellow arrows. [Ex 9, Slide Title: Kidney 2, yellow rectangle]
Renal Vein
3. Name the vessel indicated by the blue arrow. [Ex 4, Image 1, gross anatomy of kidney]
Peritubular Capillary
3. Name the vessel indicated by the red arrow. [Ex 6, Image 1, microscopic structures of the kidney]
Hilum
4. Name the region indicated by the white bracket. [Ex 4, Image 1, gross anatomy of kidney]
Left kidney is supplied by two renal arteries
3. Which kidney has an anatomical variation in its blood supply? [Ex 5, Image 2, structures on artiogram]
Afferent Arteriole
#16. [Ex 7, kidney model w 3 different magnifications]
Efferent Arteriole
#17. [Ex 7, kidney model w 3 different magnifications]
Vasa Recta
#18. [Ex 7, kidney model w 3 different magnifications]
Left Kidney
#1 [Ex 2, gross anatomical structures]
Renal Capsule
#1. [Ex 7, kidney model w 3 different magnifications]
Papillary Duct
#1. [Ex 8, kidney model mounted on black board]
Minor Calyx
#10. [Ex 7, kidney model w 3 different magnifications]
Efferent Arteriole
#10. [Ex 8, kidney model mounted on black board]
Major Calyx
#11. [Ex 7, kidney model w 3 different magnifications]
Peritubular Capillaries
#11. [Ex 8, kidney model mounted on black board]
Renal Pelvis
#12. [Ex 7, kidney model w 3 different magnifications]
Ureter
#13. [Ex 7, kidney model w 3 different magnifications]
Renal Corpuscle
#14. [Ex 7, kidney model w 3 different magnifications]
Glomerulus
#15. [Ex 7, kidney model w 3 different magnifications]
Submucosa
4. Name the connective tissue layer between the yellow arrows. [Ex 9, Slide Title: Bladder]
Renal Capsule
1. Name the connective tissue layer indicated by the blue asterisk. [Ex 4, Image 1, gross anatomy of kidney]
Mucosa
1. Name the major layer of the bladder wall outlined in red. [Ex 9, Slide Title: Bladder]
Mucosa
1. Name the major layer outlined in red. [Ex 9, Slide Title: Ureter]
Medulla
1. Name the region indicated by the yellow asterisks. [Ex 4, Image 2, gross anatomy of kidney]
Left Kidney
1. Name the structure indicated by the green A arrow. [Ex 1, gross anatomical structures]
Minor Calyx
1. Name the structure indicated by the green arrows. [Ex 5, Image 1, structures on pyelogram]
Basal Lamina
1. Name the structure labeled A. [Ex 6, Image 3, microscopic structures of the kidney]
Papilla
1. Name the structure outlined by the yellow rectangle. [Ex 9, Slide Title: Kidney 2, red rectangle (outlining cortex of kidney)]
Afferent Arteriole
1. Name the vessel indicated by the green arrow. [Ex 6, Image 2, microscopic structures of the kidney]
Right Renal Artery
1. Name the vessel indicated by the red arrow. [Ex 5, Image 2, structures on artiogram]
Afferent Arteriole
1. Name the vessel indicated by the white arrow. [Ex 6, Image 1, microscopic structures of the kidney]
B
1. Which letter is labeling the bladder? (Hint: This is an MRI of a female patient.) [Ex 3, Image 2, gross anatomical on MRI/CT scan]
B
1. Which letter is labeling the right kidney? [Ex 3, Image 1, gross anatomical on MRI/CT scan]
Bowman's Capsule and Glomerulus
1. Zoom in enough to see the structures within the green circles. What two structures are completely within the green circles? What name is used to describe these two structures as a group? [Ex 9, Slide Title: Kidney 1]
Major Calyx
10. Name the structure indicated by the green asterisks. [Ex 4, Image 1, gross anatomy of kidney]
Collecting Duct
10. Name the tubule indicated by the black arrow. [Ex 6, Image 1, microscopic structures of the kidney]
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
10. Name the tubule indicated by the yellow asterisk. [Ex 6, Image 2, microscopic structures of the kidney]
Afferent Arteriole
10. What type of vessel is indicated by the magenta arrow if this vessel transports blood into the glomerulus? [Ex 9, Slide Title: Kidney 1, blue square]
Juxtaglomerular Cells
11. Name the cells indicated by the green arrow that are in the wall of the vessel labeled by the magenta arrow. [Ex 9, Slide Title: Kidney 1, blue square]
Renal Pelvis
11. Name the structure indicated by the black asterisk. [Ex 4, Image 1, gross anatomy of kidney]
Macula Densa
12. Name the specialized region of the tubule indicated by the blue arrow. [Ex 9, Slide Title: Kidney 1, blue square]
Ureter
12. Name the structure indicated by the red asterisk. [Ex 4, Image 1, gross anatomy of kidney]
Distal Convoluted Tubule
13. Name the type of tubule that contains in its wall the specialized cells indicated by the blue arrows. [Ex 9, Slide Title: Kidney 1, blue square]
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
14. The cells indicated by the green arrow, along with the cells indicated by the blue arrows, forms what structure? [Ex 9, Slide Title: Kidney 1, blue square]
DCTs PCTs Cuboidal PCT Brush Border PCT
15. All of the tubules containing blue circles in their lumens are [PCTs or DCTs] and the tubules containing the magenta circles in their lumens are [PCTs or DCTs]. Both tubules are described as being lined by a simple [stratified, cuboidal, columnar] epithelium; however, the epithelium of the [PCT or DCT] is taller in this histological section. A major structural difference between the two tubules is the presence of a [brush border or cilia] on the [PCT or DCT] cells. [Ex 9, Slide Title: Kidney 1, blue square]
Medulla
16. What region of the kidney is within the red rectangle [cortex or medulla]? [Ex 9, Slide Title: Kidney 1, red rectangle]
Collecting Ducts Limbs of Loop of Henle Capillaries Vasa Recta
17. The green circles are in the lumens of [PCTs, capillaries, collecting ducts, limbs of loop of Henle], which consist of a simple columnar epithelium. The blue circles are in the lumens of [PCTs, capillaries, collecting ducts, limbs of loop of Henle]. The red circles are in the lumens of [PCTs, capillaries, collecting ducts, limbs of loop of Henle]. If the red circles were in this structure deeper in the medulla, they would be called [papillary ducts, limbs of loop of Henle, vasa recta, renal vein]. [Ex 9, Slide Title: Kidney 1, red rectangle]
Podocyte
2. Name the cell labeled B. [Ex 6, Image 3, microscopic structures of the kidney]
Cortex
2. Name the region indicated by the red asterisks. [Ex 4, Image 2, gross anatomy of kidney]
Right Kidney
2. Name the structure indicated by the green B arrow. [Ex 1, gross anatomical structures]
Minor Calyx
2. Name the structure indicated by the red arrows. [Ex 9, Slide Title: Kidney 2, red rectangle (outlining cortex of kidney)]
Major Calyx
2. Name the structure indicated by the red arrows. [Ex 5, Image 1, structures on pyelogram]
Transitional epithelium
2. Name the type of epithelium between the blue arrows. [Ex 9, Slide Title: Bladder]
Transitional Epithelium
2. Name the type of epithelium between the blue arrows. [Ex 9, Slide Title: Ureter]
Efferent Arteriole
2. Name the vessel indicated by the dark blue arrow. [Ex 6, Image 1, microscopic structures of the kidney]
Renal Artery
2. Name the vessel indicated by the white arrow. [Ex 4, Image 1, gross anatomy of kidney]
Efferent Arteriole
2. Name the vessel indicated by the yellow arrow. [Ex 6, Image 2, microscopic structures of the kidney]
Left Renal Arteries
2. Name the vessels indicated by the green arrows. [Ex 5, Image 2, structures on artiogram]
D
2. Which letter is labeling the left kidney? [Ex 3, Image 1, gross anatomical on MRI/CT scan]
Cortex
2. Zoom out enough to see the region outlined by the green square. Based upon the answer you gave for the structures within the green circles, which region of the kidney is the large green square outlining (cortex or medulla)? [Ex 9, Slide Title: Kidney 1]
Endothelial Cell
3. Name the cell labeled C. [Ex 6, Image 3, microscopic structures of the kidney]
Juxtaglomerular Cells
3. Name the cells indicated by the red arrows. [Ex 6, Image 2, microscopic structures of the kidney]
Bowman's Capsule
4. Name the structure to which the red and yellow arrows are pointing. The different colored arrows indicate the two layers that comprise this structure. [Ex 9, Slide Title: Kidney 1, blue square]
Simple Columnar Epithelium
4. Name the type of epithelium that lines the duct indicated by the yellow arrows. [Ex 9, Slide Title: Kidney 2, yellow rectangle]
Glomerulus
4. Name the vessels indicated by the yellow asterisk. [Ex 6, Image 1, microscopic structures of the kidney]
Parietal Layer of Bowman's Capsule
5. Name the layer indicated by the blue arrows. [Ex 6, Image 2, microscopic structures of the kidney]
Renal Cortex
5. Name the region indicated by the yellow bracket. [Ex 4, Image 1, gross anatomy of kidney]
Urinary Bladder
5. Name the structure indicated by the blue arrow. [Ex 1, gross anatomical structures]
Urinary Bladder
5. Name the structure indicated by the purple arrow. [Ex 5, Image 1, structures on pyelogram]
Vasa Recta
5. Name the vessel indicated by the light green arrow. [Ex 6, Image 1, microscopic structures of the kidney]
Parietal Layer
5. The red arrows are pointing to which layer of the structure you named for # 4? [Ex 9, Slide Title: Kidney 1, blue square]
Smooth Muscle
5. What type of muscle is located between the black arrows? [Ex 9, Slide Title: Bladder]
Visceral Layer of Bowman's Capsule
6. Name the layer indicated by the white arrows. [Ex 6, Image 2, microscopic structures of the kidney]
Renal Medulla
6. Name the region indicated by the blue bracket. [Ex 4, Image 1, gross anatomy of kidney]
Urethra
6. Name the structure indicated by the purple arrow. [Ex 1, gross anatomical structures]
Proximal Convoluted tubule
6. Name the tubule indicated by the yellow arrow. [Ex 6, Image 1, microscopic structures of the kidney]
Visceral Layer
6. The yellow arrows are pointing to which layer of the structure you named for # 4? [Ex 9, Slide Title: Kidney 1, blue square]
Detrusor Muscle
6. What is the collective name of the three muscle layers located between the black arrows? [Ex 9, Slide Title: Bladder]
Podocytes
7. Name the cell type indicated by the white arrows. [Ex 6, Image 2, microscopic structures of the kidney]
Podocytes
7. Name the cell type that forms the layer indicated by the yellow arrows. The yellow arrows are pointing to the nuclei of these cells. [Ex 9, Slide Title: Kidney 1, blue square]
Serosa
7. Name the layer of the bladder wall that is between the magenta arrows. (Hint: Look closely to see if an epithelium covers this layer.) [Ex 9, Slide Title: Bladder]
Renal Pyramid
7. Name the structure indicated by the red bracket. [Ex 4, Image 1, gross anatomy of kidney]
Descending Limb of the Loop of Henle
7. Name the tubule indicated by the light blue arrows. [Ex 6, Image 1, microscopic structures of the kidney]
Capsular Space
8. Name the space indicated by the black asterisks. [Ex 6, Image 2, microscopic structures of the kidney]
Renal Column
8. Name the structure indicated by the yellow asterisks. [Ex 4, Image 1, gross anatomy of kidney]
Ascending Limb of the Loop of Henle
8. Name the tubule indicated by the purple arrows. [Ex 6, Image 1, microscopic structures of the kidney]
Foot Processes or Pedicels
8. Zoom in on the yellow box that is surrounding one of the cells you named to answer the previous question. To what are the small black arrows pointing? [Ex 9, Slide Title: Kidney 1, blue square]
Minor Calyx
9. Name the structure indicated by the white asterisks. [Ex 4, Image 1, gross anatomy of kidney]
Distal Convoluted Tubule
9. Name the tubule indicated by the dark green arrow. [Ex 6, Image 1, microscopic structures of the kidney]
Distal Convoluted Tubule
9. Name the tubule indicated by the red asterisk. [Ex 6, Image 2, microscopic structures of the kidney]
Glomerular Capillary Endothelial Cell Capsular Space Podocyte
9. The yellow circles are located within [a glomerular capillary or the capsular space] and the nuclei that bulge into this space are [endothelial cell or podocyte] nuclei. The red circles are located within [a glomerular capillary or the capsular space] and the nuclei that bulge into this space are [endothelial cell or podocyte] nuclei. [Ex 9, Slide Title: Kidney 1, blue square]
uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
A common condition that will result in excessive glucose in the urine [Glucose]
diabetes insipidus (lack of ADH)
A specific gravity of <1.010 is consistent with a defect affecting the ability to concentrate urine. What diagnosis would this likely be? [Urinalysis - Specific gravity]
excretion urobilinogen GI tract
An increase in bilibrubin ______________ by the liver results in an increase in the amount of _____________________ that is reabsorbed by the ________ tract. [Excessive hemolysis]
liver portal urobilinogen venous bilirubin excreted
As the urobilinogen is transported from the GI tract back to the _________ via the ________ vein, liver cells aren't capable of capturing all the ____________________ in the blood, so it leaves the liver in the ____________ circulation. Once in the general circulation, the ____________ is ultimately filtered and ______________ into the urine by the kidney. [Excessive hemolysis]
Bilirubin should not be detectable in the urine. Bilirubin in the urine can be either conjugated or unconjugated. Unconjugated bilirubin in the urine indicates a "leaky" filtration membrane that is allowing bilirubin attached to proteins (and other proteins) to abnormally cross the filtration membrane. Urinalysis dipsticks only detect conjugated bilirubin in the urine. Bilirubin is normally removed from the blood stream, conjugated by hepatocytes, and excreted into the bile duct system by hepatocytes. Conjugated bilirubin in the urine usually indicates the presence of a biliary obstruction.
Bilirubin
conjugated unconjugated
Bilirubin in the urine can be either ___________________ or ______________________________. [Bilirubin]
removed conjugated hepatocytes
Bilirubin is normally _______________ from the blood stream, _______________ by hepatocytes, and excreted into the bile duct system by ______________. [Bilirubin]
a biliary obstruction
Conjugated bilirubin in the urine usually indicates the presence of: [Bilirubin]
Erythrocytes in the urine can be indicative of a contaminated sample due to menstrual bleeding.
Erythrocytes in the urine can be indicative of a contaminated sample due to menstrual bleeding. [Microscopic examination of urine]
bilirubin liver
Excessive hemolysis results in an elevated amount of _________________ that is metabolized by the ________________. [Excessive hemolysis]
trauma, medications, smoking, or strenuous exercise.
Hematuria or hemoglobinuria can also result from numerous diseases of the kidney and urinary tract, as well as: [Microscopic examination of urine]
renal tubule
Hyaline casts are formed by precipitated protein in the ____________________. [Hyaline casts]
metabolism by-product increase
If fat ____________________ increases, then an excessive amount of ketones will be formed as a ___________________. The excessive ketones are unable to be quickly metabolized by the liver, so ketone levels __________________ in the blood and urine. [Ketones]
glomerulus RBC's urine
In Nephritic syndrome, the inflammatory process damages the capillary wall of the ________________, which permits ______________'s to pass into the _________________. [Nephritic syndrome]
glucose maximum reabsorbed
In general, the presence of _______ indicates that the amount of filtered glucose exceeds the ________________ amount of glucose that can be ________________. [Glucose]
disorders affecting hepatocyte function and excessive hemolysis.
Increased urobilinogen levels are can be caused by: [Excessive hemolysis]
transparent
Is normal urine transparent or turbid? [Urinalysis - Transparency]
specialized smooth muscle cells in the wall of the afferent arteriole that are adjacent to the macula densa of the DCT. They are specialized to produce and release renin.
Juxtaglomerular cells (granular cells)
fatty-acid liver blood urine
Ketones are the end product of _________-_________ breakdown and are usually completely metabolized by the ___________, so only a negligible amount is present in the _________ and __________. [Ketones]
bean-shaped organs located within the abdominal cavity along its posterior wall. They reside on either side of the vertebral column between the vertebral levels T-12 and L-3, but the right kidney is situated slightly more inferior than the left kidney. Both kidneys are posterior to the parietal peritoneum and peritoneal cavity, so relative to the peritoneum, their location is described as retroperitoneal.
Kidneys (right and left)
hyaline casts that contain WBC's
Leukocyte casts
a urinary tract infection
Leukocytes in the urine are indicative of [Microscopic examination of urine]
neprhritic syndrome (inflammation of glomerular capillary wall), urinary tract infection, and kidney stones.
List some disorders that can result in hematuria: [Blood]
Microscopic examination of urine allows the examiner to visualize cells in urine sediment that may have originated in the blood, kidney, or lower urinary tract. The presence or absence of cells can provide valuable clues regarding many diseases and disorders.
Microscopic examination of urine
ducts with relatively large lumens that receive urine from collecting ducts and drain it out of the medullary pyramids into minor calyces. The wall of the papillary ducts consists of a simple columnar epithelium like the collecting duct, but the epithelium of the papillary duct is taller and the lumen of the papillary duct is larger.
Papillary ducts
form the visceral layer and contain processes that extend from the main body of the cell called primary processes. Projecting from the sides of the primary processes are smaller processes called secondary process or pedicles. The processes of podocytes wrap around the outer surface of glomerular capillaries and pedicles from adjacent podocytes interdigitate with each other forming spaces between the pedicles called filtration slits. Podocytes surround the glomerular capillaries, so their nuclei can be identified as bulging from the surface of a glomerular capillary into the capsular space.
Podocytes
hyaline casts that contain RBC's.
Red blood Cell casts
extensions of cortical tissue located between the renal pyramids. Technically, the columns are located within the medulla, but since they consist of the same internal structures as the cortex, they are not usually described as medullary.
Renal columns
No
Should bilirubin be detectable in the urine? [Bilirubin]
No.
Should glucose be detectable in the urine? [Glucose]
No
Should ketones be detectable in the urine? [Ketones]
No
Should leukocytes should be detectable in the urine? [Leukocytes]
No.
Should proteins be in the urine? [Urinalysis - Protein]
uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, high protein diet, starvation, and anorexia.
Some conditions that result in elevated ketones are: [Ketones]
normal abnormal clinically
Some crystals are ______________ and are formed by substances from normal metabolic process while other crystals are formed by substances from ______________ metabolic processes and are _________________ significant. [Crystals]
Nephrotic = damage to the filtration membrane; increased protein. Nephritic = inflammatory process damages the capillary wall of the glomerulus; presence of blood + small amount of protein.
What is the general difference between nephrotic syndrome and nephritic syndrome? [Nephrotic/Nephritic syndromes]
mucosa, submucosa, muscular region, and a serosa/adventitia.
The bladder wall is composed of four layers:
a coiled tube located exclusively in cortical tissue. It drains fluid from the ascending loop of Henle into the collecting duct. Epithelial cells lining the DCT are described as cuboidal cells, but their height is shorter than the epithelial cuboidal cells of the PCT. DCT epithelial cells do not contain a brush border. The macula densa is the small region of the DCT consisting of tall, specialized cells that physically contact that afferent arteriole. It is one component of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (described below).
The distal convoluted tubule
1.003-1.029
The normal specific gravity range is: [Urinalysis - Specific gravity]
hematuria
The presence of RBCs in the urine is described as: [Blood]
bacteruria
The presence of bacterial cells indicates: [Microscopic examination of urine]
The amount of dissolved solutes in the urine relative to water.
The specific gravity is measurement of [Urinalysis - Specific gravity]
...excessive suspended particles, such as protein, RBC's, yeast, or bacteria.
Turbid urine results from the presence of... [Urinalysis - Transparency]
Biochemical testing of urine requires the use of reagent strips, often called dipsticks, consisting of cellulose pads attached to a plastic strip. The cellulose pads contain reagents that are capable of reacting with various possible substances in the urine, and when a reaction occurs, the pad will become a distinct color indicating a positive test. The person performing the test dips the strip into the urine, lets it sit for a specified amount of time, and then compares the color of the pad to a standard chart, which is usually adhered to the side of the dipstick container.
Urinalysis - Biochemical testing
conjugated
Urinalysis dipsticks only detect ________________ bilirubin in the urine. [Bilirubin]
0.1-1.0 EU/dL
Urobilinogen normal range
are branches of the peritubular capillary network that extend deep into the medulla alongside long loops of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons.
Vasa recta
Dehydration, excessive protein, glucose other large molecular weight substances such as contrast media.
What can increase specific gravity (>1.025)? [Urinalysis - Specific gravity]
small, cigar-shaped blobs, resulting from taking on the shape of the lumen as they flow through the renal tubules.
What do casts look like? Why? [Casts]
An abnormality of the glomerular filtration membrane. The test is more sensitive for albumin than for globulins or hemoglobin.
What does excessive proteins (proteinuria) in the urine usually indicate? [Urinalysis - Protein]
bacteria in the urine (bacteriuria) that are producing an enzyme that converts nitrate to nitrite.
What does the presence of nitrite in the urine indicate? [Urinalysis - Nitrite]
The presence of blood in the urine along with a small amount of protein.
What is the common observable feature, upon urinalysis, of nephritic syndrome? [Nephritic syndrome]
A large amount of protein in the urine (proteinuria) due to damage to the filtration membrane.
What is the most common observable feature upon urinalysis, with nephrotic syndrome? [Nephrotic Syndrome]
a straw to dark yellow color
What is the normal color of urine, as determined by visual inspection? [Urinalysis - Color]
4.5-7.8
What is the normal pH range of urine [urine pH]
With other lab values can assist with diagnosing disorders of acid-base balance.
What is urine pH diagnosis useful for? And when?
cloudy appearance
What kind of appearance does turbid urine have? [Urinalysis - Transparency]
bilirubin
What would cause urine to be bright yellow? [Urinalysis - Color]
excessive urobilin
What would cause urine to be brown? [Urinalysis - Color]
biliverdin
What would cause urine to be green? [Urinalysis - Color]
blood, eating beets or food dye, medications
What would cause urine to be red? [Urinalysis - Color]
crystallization and precipitation
When urine stands at room temperature for an extended period of time, what can happen? [Urinalysis - Transparency]
Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus, Proteus, Salmonella, and Pseudomonas.
Which bacteria are capable of producing the enzyme that can convert nitrate to nitrite? [Urinalysis - Nitrite]
Exercise and dehydration
________________ and __________________ can increase the prevalence of hyaline casts. [Hyaline casts]
unconjugated proteins
__________________ bilirubin in the urine indicates a "leaky" filtration membrane that is allowing bilirubin attached to ________________ (and other proteins) to abnormally cross the filtration membrane. [Bilirubin]
Epithelial normal bladder
____________________ cells in the urine are ___________ and are usually cells shed from the epithelium of the urethra or _____________. [Microscopic examination of urine]
transports blood into the glomerulus.
afferent arteriole
In the medullary pyramid, the descending limb (loop of Henle) takes a 180 degree turn. After the turn, the descending limb becomes the ascending limb and courses through the medullary pyramid in the direction of the cortex. In the cortex, the ascending limb continues as the distal convoluted tubule.
ascending limb
consists of an epithelium and a lamina propria. The epithelium is a transitional epithelium consisting of cells that are capable of stretching as the bladder fills with urine. When the bladder epithelium is not stretched, the apical regions of the most superficial cells have dome-shaped appearance. The lamina propria is a well vascularized loose connective tissue layer underlying the epithelium. It blends with the submucosa, but can be distinguished because it contains many more cells as compared to the submucosa.
bladder mucosa
present on the superior wall of the bladder that is covered by peritoneum. The other regions of the bladder are not covered by peritoneum, and therefore consist of adventitia.
bladder serosa
a layer between the mucosa and the muscular layer of the bladder wall. It consists of a dense connective tissue containing fewer cells when compared to the lamina propria.
bladder submucosa
the space between the visceral and parietal layers that contains filtrate.
capsular space
In the cortex, each collecting duct receives filtrate from multiple distal convoluted tubules. The collecting ducts cross the boundary between the cortex and medulla to drain urine into papillary ducts located deep in the medulla within the renal papilla. The wall of the collecting duct consists of a simple columnar epithelium.
collecting duct
a continuation of the PCT and courses a path into medullary pyramid in the direction of the renal papilla.
descending limb
The muscular layer of the bladder wall is called the detrusor muscle. It consists of three layers of muscle whose boundaries are indistinguishable because of the extensive intermingling of muscle fibers between the layers.
detrusor muscle
transports blood away from the glomerulus into the peritubular capillary network.
efferent arteriole
a three-layered structure through which water and solutes must cross to enter into the capsular space to become filtrate. It consists of fenestrated endothelial cells, a fused basal lamina, and podocytes that form the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule.
filtration membrane
a cup-like structure lined by a simple squamous epithelium. When viewed in a histological section, it appears "C"- shaped. The concave region of the capsule contains specialized epithelial cells called podocytes that surround the glomerular capillaries.
glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
fenestrated capillaries surrounded by specialized epithelial cells called podocytes.
glomerular capillaries
a capillary bed consisting of capillary loops that receive blood from an afferent arteriole.
glomerulus
a vertical opening located on the concave surface of the kidney through which the renal artery enters and the renal vein and ureter exit the kidney.
hilum (hilus)
consists of an ascending limb and descending limb; both cross between the cortex and the medulla.
loop of Henle
the small region of the distal convoluted tubule that is in contact with the afferent arteriole. The cells of the macula densa are taller cells as compared to the other epithelial cells lining the DCT. The macula densa cells monitor the sodium and chloride concentration of the filtrate.
macula densa
collects urine that from multiple minor calyces.
major calyx
a funnel-shaped structure that surrounds the renal papilla and collects urine as it drains from papillary ducts in the renal papilla. Urine collected in multiple minor calyces flows into a major calyx.
minor calyx
the glomerular capsule is the portion of the capsule not in contact with the glomerular capillaries. Histologically, the parietal layer has the appearance of a typical simple squamous epithelium.
parietal layer
a network of capillaries that surrounds proximal convoluted tubules and distal convoluted tubules of all nephrons and the loops of Henle of cortical nephrons. It does not surround long loops of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons.
peritubular capillary network
a tubular continuation of the glomerular capsule. part of the renal tubule It is a coiled tube located exclusively within the cortex that transports filtrate from the glomerular capsule to the descending limb loop of Henle. The epithelium of the PCT is a simple cuboidal epithelium containing a brush border that increases surface area for the many transport proteins that reside within the membrane that function in reabsorption. The cuboidal cells of the PCT epithelium are taller than the epithelial cells of the DCT. Nuclei of the PCT cells are located toward the basal membrane.
proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
transports blood to the kidney and enters the kidney at the hilum.
renal artery
a dense irregular fibrous connective tissue layer that surrounds each kidney.
renal capsule
a term that refers to the glomerulus and the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule as a group.
renal corpuscle
the outer region of the kidney, which is located between the bases of the medullary pyramids and the renal capsule.
renal cortex
the innermost region of the kidney. This region is deep to the cortex and is organized into pyramid-shaped structures called medullary (renal) pyramids. Technically, renal columns are located in the medullary region, but descriptions of the medulla only refer to the components within the medullary pyramids.
renal medulla
the apex (point) of the medullary pyramid. Each renal papilla is surrounded by a minor calyx.
renal papilla
a funnel-shaped structure located within the concave region of the kidney. It collects urine from multiple major calyces and drains it into the ureter. The renal pelvis becomes the ureter as its luminal diameter narrows and passes through the hilum.
renal pelvis
the pyramid-shaped structures that collectively form the medulla of the kidney.
renal pyramids
transports blood away from the kidney and exits the kidney at the hilum.
renal vein
a connective tissue region that forms the outermost layer of the ureter wall.
ureter adventitia
composed of a transitional epithelium that overlies a supporting lamina propria containing much elastic tissue.
ureter mucosa
consists of two perpendicular layers of smooth muscle that contract to assist the movement of urine from the kidney into the bladder.
ureter muscular region
comprised of a three layers: mucosa, muscular region, and adventitia.
ureter wall
10-12 inch muscular tubes that transport urine in an inferior direction away from the kidney to the urinary bladder. They are a continuation of the renal pelvis and exit the kidney at the hilum. Along their course to connect to the bladder, they are against the posterior abdominal wall, cross the psoas major muscles, and ultimately cross the pelvic brim to enter into the pelvic cavity where they join with the bladder. Along their entire length they are retroperitoneal like the kidney.
ureters (right and left)
a single tube that drains urine from the bladder to the external environment. The female urethra (4-5 cm in length) is much shorter than the male urethra (15-20 cm in length). The male urethra is longer because it courses through the penis.
urethra
evaluate the physical characteristics of the urine.
urinalysis - Physical tests
a hollow, sac-like expandable organ that is a temporary storage site for urine. Urine is drained from the kidney into the bladder by the ureters. The bladder is located within the pelvic cavity when it is empty, but when it is filled with urine, the superior wall of the bladder expands into the abdominal cavity. The superior surface of the bladder is covered by peritoneum. In males, it is located posterior to the pubic symphysis and anterior to the rectum. In females, it is between the pubic symphysis and anterior to the superior region of the vagina and the inferior region of the uterus.
urinary bladder
the concave portion of the capsule that is in contact with glomerular capillaries. The parietal and visceral layers are a continuous epithelium, but the visceral layer is composed of morphologically unique cells called podocytes.
visceral layer
