A&PII Ch. 16

Which is a function of melatonin in humans? a. stimulates reproductive function b. sets circadian rhythms c. stimulates the melanocytes of the skin d. stimulates the release of steroid hormones by the adrenal cortex

b. sets circadian rhythms

The two lobes of the pituitary gland together produce how many hormones? 16 7 5 9 3

9

The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is MSH. ADH. FSH. STH. TSH.

ADH.

Extracellular membrane receptors are used by which of the following types of hormones? peptide hormones catecholamines eicosanoids All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.

All of the answers are correct.

In persons with untreated diabetes mellitus, excessive thirst is shown. blood glucose levels are very high. a large excretion of urine occurs. glucose is present in the urine in large amounts. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Inadequate iodine in the diet may lead to goiter. cretinism. high blood levels of TSH. hypothyroidism. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Proper growth requires which of the following hormones? calcitriol thyroid hormone insulin growth hormone All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues. Neuropeptides Paracrine factors Hormones Neurotransmitters None of the answers is correct.

Hormones

The hypothalamus acts as both a neural and a(n) ________ organ. cardiovascular hepatic muscular endocrine renal

endocrine

Which of the following hormones increases production of red blood cells? erythropoietin thymosin cortisol aldosterone atrial natriuretic peptide

erythropoietin

The ovaries secrete ________ when stimulated by FSH. testosterone estrogen oxytocin progesterone gonadotropins

estrogen

All of the following are types of intercellular communication except direct. endocrine. paracrine. exocrine. synaptic.

exocrine.

Excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause rickets. acromegaly. gigantism. dwarfism. diabetes insipidus.

gigantism.

The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is insulin. MSH. ACTH. growth hormone. prolactin.

growth hormone.

The most complex endocrine responses that integrate the nervous and endocrine system involve the thymus gland. adrenal glands. hypothalamus. pancreas. thyroid gland.

hypothalamus

Which endocrine structure secretes hormones involved with fluid balance and smooth muscle contraction? hypothalamus pineal gland pituitary gland pancreas

hypothalamus

The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar levels to fall is insulin. aldosterone. cortisol. somatotropin. glucagon.

insulin.

The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar to enter its target cells is erythropoietin. somatotropin. insulin. cortisol. glucagon.

insulin.

Hormones that produce different but complementary results are called integrative. permissive. additive. agonistic. antagonistic.

integrative.

The condition known as goiter can result from too little TSH. little iodine in the diet. much insulin. little glucagon. much ACTH.

little iodine in the diet.

Which anterior pituitary hormone induces ovulation in females and stimulates sex hormone production by the interstitial cells of the testes in males? FSH luteinizing hormone (LH) PRL GH

luteinizing hormone (LH)

The inner portion of the adrenal gland is the cortex. follicle. infundibulum. lobe. medulla.

medulla.

The hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is parathyroid hormone. thyroid hormone. glucagon. growth hormone. insulin.

parathyroid hormone

Melatonin is produced by the pineal gland. skin. heart. kidneys. thymus.

pineal gland.

The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is prolactin. growth hormone. FSH. TSH. ACTH.

prolactin.

Cells can respond to ________ hormone(s) at a time. only one several one or two two

several

The development of pubic hair in boys and girls before puberty is an effect of hormones produced by which adrenal region? zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex the adrenal medulla zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex

zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex

A hormone that promotes glucose formation in the liver is erythropoietin. aldosterone. thymosin. parathormone. cortisol.

cortisol.

Which of the following substances acts as a second messenger? epinephrine TSH ACTH cyclic AMP insulin

cyclic AMP

Which of these statements about melatonin is false? It is made from serotonin. Exposure to light inhibits production. It is produced by pinealocytes. Exposure to light stimulates production. It inhibits releases of GnRH.

Exposure to light inhibits production.

The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is TSH. ACTH. FSH. LH. GH.

LH.

What is the role of activated protein kinases? Select the best answer. Phosphorylate proteins. Degrade cAMP to AMP. Phosphorylate ADP to ATP. Activate adenylate cyclase. Convert ATP to cAMP by phosphorylation.

Phosphorylate proteins.

A hormone that is synergistic to growth hormone is renin. aldosterone. insulin. calcitonin. cortisol.

cortisol.

All of the following are result of thyroid hormones except a. decreased heart rate and force of contraction. b. maintenance of normal sensitivity of respiratory centers. c. increased sensitivity to sympathetic stimulation. d. elevated rates of oxygen consumption and energy consumption. e. stimulation of red blood cell formation.

a. decreased heart rate and force of contraction.

Why are Tanya's cells starved for sugar (glucose) if there is so much glucose in the blood? a. Tanya's pancreas is not making insulin b. Tanya's cells don't recognize the messages telling them to let the glucose inside c. Tanya ate too much glucose and the high levels have poisoned her cells d. Tanya's cells are insensitive to the glucagon produced by her pancreas

b. Tanya's cells don't recognize the messages telling them to let the glucose inside

A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is calcitonin. glucagon. parathyroid hormone. thyroxine. oxytocin.

calcitonin

Inability of the pancreas to produce insulin results in Addison's disease. diabetes mellitus. goiter. diabetes insipidus. acromegaly.

diabetes mellitus.

Which hormone specifically targets cells that produce hormones that affect glucose metabolism? ACTH LH MSH GH

ACTH

The posterior pituitary gland secretes ADH. MSH. TSH. ACTH. FSH.

ADH.

Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to increased levels of calcium ions in the blood. cortisol aldosterone calcitonin PTH thymosin

PTH

How do endocrine hormones reach their target cells? Select the best answer. a. Hormones are transported through the blood stream to target cells. b. Hormones are produced by endocrine cells that are adjacent to target cells. c. Hormones are released at synapses adjacent to target cells. d. Ducts transport hormones directly to target cells. e. Hormones travel through the lymphatic system to target cells.

a. Hormones are transported through the blood stream to target cells

What other symptom is Tanya likely experiencing as a result of diabetes that accounts for her high level of thirst? a. Increased urination b. Increased blockages in the arteries of the heart c. Increased defecation and diarrhea d. Increased sweat production

a. Increased urination

Choose the correct statement regarding the mechanism of interaction for steroid hormones. a. The hormones diffuse across the lipid part of the plasma membrane and bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus. b. The hormones bind to receptors in the plasma membrane. c. The hormones do not alter the pattern of protein synthesis. d. The hormones are primarily transported across the plasma membrane.

a. The hormones diffuse across the lipid part of the plasma membrane and bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus.

The primary function of ADH is to a. decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys. b. delay urination. c. decrease blood pressure. d. increase the amount of sodium lost at the kidneys. e. increase digestive absorption.

a. decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys.

Cushing disease is a result of which of the following? a. hypersecretion of glucocorticoids b. hyposecretion of mineralocorticoids c. hypersecretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine d. hyposecretion of corticosteroids

a. hypersecretion of glucocorticoids

Natriuretic peptides: a. promote the loss of sodium and water at the kidneys. b. increase blood volume and pressure. c. stimulate renin release and ADH secretion. d. involve stretch receptors in the kidneys.

a. promote the loss of sodium and water at the kidneys.

A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is cortisol. thymosin. parathormone. aldosterone. somatotropin.

aldosterone.

The adrenal gland produces steroid hormones in the zona fasciculate. all layers of the cortex. the zona glomerulosa. the zona reticularis. the medulla.

all layers of the cortex.

The targets for insulin is/are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle cells. liver cells. adipocytes. All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.

all of the answers are correct.

Falling blood glucose levels will stimulate which endocrine cells of the pancreas to secrete glucagon? alpha cells F cells beta cells delta cells

alpha cells

Two hormones that have opposing effects are called additive. synergists. agonists. antagonists. permissive.

antagonists.

When hormones interact they can produce any of the following kinds of effects except apoptosis. antagonistic. synergistic. integrative. permissive.

apoptosis.

All of the following are true of steroid hormones except that they are lipids. are derived from cholesterol. are produced by reproductive glands. are produced by the adrenal medulla. bind to receptors within the cell.

are produced by the adrenal medulla.

All of the following are true of the nervous system, except that it doesn't a. communicate by the release of neurotransmitters. b. respond with motor output. c. function independently of the endocrine system. d. respond specifically to stimuli. e. respond rapidly to stimuli.

c. function independently of the endocrine system

The amplification of the signal from a water-soluble hormone is achieved through an increase in _______. adenylate cyclase in the plasma membrane cAMP in the cytoplasm plasma membrane receptors phosphodiesterase in the cytoplasm water-soluble hormone in the blood

cAMP in the cytoplasm

Growth hormone does all of the following except cause fat accumulation within adipocytes. promote muscle growth. promote bone growth. promote amino acid uptake by cells.

cause fat accumulation within adipocytes

The outer layer of the adrenal gland is the medulla. lobe. infundibulum. cortex. follicle.

cortex.

Which of the following is the best evidence that Tanya has Type 2 (not Type 1) diabetes mellitus? a. She is experiencing vision problems b. She feels thirsty all the time c. She has lots of sugar in her blood, but her cells are starved for sugar d. She is 50-years old and out of shape

d. She is 50-years old and out of shape

All target cells a. respond to chemical signals. b. have hormone receptors. c. secrete hormones. d. have hormone receptors and respond to chemical signals. e. secrete hormones and have hormone receptors.

d. have hormone receptors and respond to chemical signals

Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be ________ when released into the bloodstream, but ________ when released at synapses. a. neuropeptides; neurohormones b. neurotransmitters; neuropeptides c. neuropeptides; neurotransmitters d. hormones; neurotransmitters e. neurotransmitters; hormones

d. hormones; neurotransmitters

Oxytocin: a. stimulates the release of steroid hormones by the adrenal cortex. b. stimulates cell growth and reproduction. c. is released in response to a variety of stimuli, most notably a rise in the solute concentration in the blood, or a fall in blood volume or blood pressure. d. rises (in its concentration) during sexual arousal and peaks at orgasm in both sexes.

d. rises (in its concentration) during sexual arousal and peaks at orgasm in both sexes.

Steroid hormones a. remain in circulation for relatively short periods of time. b. cannot diffuse through cell membranes. c. are transported in the blood dissolved in the plasma. d. are proteins. e. bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells.

e. bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells.

Parathyroid hormone does all of the following except a. inhibit osteoblast activity. b. enhance the reabsorption of calcium at the kidneys. c. stimulate osteoclast activity. d. stimulate the formation and secretion of calcitriol at the kidneys. e. build up bone.

e. build up bone.

When blood glucose levels fall, a. glucagon is released and protein synthesis increases. b. peripheral cells take up more glucose. c. protein synthesis increases. d. insulin is released. e. glucagon is released.

e. glucagon is released.

The functional organization of the nervous system parallels that of the ________ system in many ways. cardiovascular muscular body endocrine integumentary

endocrine

In which possible outcome is one hormone required for a second hormone to produce its effect? antagonistic effects integrative effects additive effects permissive effects

permissive effects.

When one hormone is needed for a second hormone to produce an effect, it is called antagonistic. additive. agonistic. synergistic. permissive.

permissive.

Cyclic AMP is degraded by __________. protein kinase adenylate cyclase phosphodiesterase AMP G proteins

phosphodiesterase

Water-soluble hormones affect target cells by binding to __________. cytoplasmic receptors plasma membrane receptors adenylate cyclase protein kinases cAMP

plasma membrane receptors

PRL is to ________ as ACTH is to ________. oxytocin; cortisol prolactin; corticotropin gonadotropin; mammotropin oxytocin; mammotropin

prolactin; corticotropin

Receptors for all of the following hormones are found in the cell membranes of target cells except peptide hormones. amino acid derivatives. eicosanoids. steroid hormones. All of the answers are correct.

steroid hormones.

Two hormones that have additive effects are called synergists. permissive. agonists. antagonists. co-factors.

synergists.

Which structure of the endocrine system secretes hormones involved in the stimulation and coordination of the immune response? thymus pineal gland kidneys thyroid gland

thymus