A&PII Chap 12
How is the brain able to interpret whether an incoming sensation is a touch vs. sound vs. vision?
A: Based on the region of the brain that receives the impulses.
Baroreceptors are specialized mechanoreceptors that sense changes in ______.
A: Blood pressure
Place the steps in the generalized mechanism of sensing the environment in the correct order, starting at the top.
A: Receptor cells are stimulated by an environmental stimulus, Receptor cells stimulate neurons, Impulses are carried along sensory fibers, and sensory information is interpreted in the cerebral cortex.
All senses share the same basic mechanism. What is the first step of sensing the internal or external environment?
A: Sensory receptors are stimulated.
The classification of sensory receptors as photoreceptors, thermoreceptors, etc., is based on what characteristic of the receptors?
A: Stimulus type that causes a response
What is the immediate result of stimulating a receptor?
A: The receptor's membrane potential changes.
Choose all true statements about the sensory receptors responsible for the general senses.
A: They are associated with the viscera, They are widespread in the body, and They are found throughout the skin.
Which statement accurately describes the structure of a tactile (Meissner's) corpuscle?
A: Two or more sensory fibers that end as tiny knobs branch within an oval mass of flattened connective tissue cells
Which type of stimulus would be detected by a mechanoreceptor?
A: a distortion of the receptor's plasma membrane
The ability of the nervous system to become less responsive to a maintained stimulus is called sensory _____.
A: adaptation
What is the term for the ability of the brain to prioritize the sensory input it receives and to ignore unimportant stimuli?
A: adaptation
The term ______ is used to describe the neuron processes that carry sensory information to the CNS.
A: afferent fibers
Which word root means to hear?
A: aud-
What is the name of the specific type of mechanoreceptor that detects changes in blood pressure?
A: baroreceptor
What is the function of sensory fibers?
A: carry nerve impulses from the body into the CNS
What type of stimulus does a chemoreceptor respond to?
A: changes in the concentrations of specific molecules
Receptors associated with the senses of smell and taste are classified as _____.
A: chemoreceptors
What term means skinlike?
A: choroid
Which term or root word means snail, or snail-shaped?
A: cochlea
What is the meaning of the root word tympan- (as in tympanic membrane).
A: drum
General senses associated with the body surfaces are called _____ senses and include touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
A: exteroreceptive
What is the meaning of the root word ocul-?
A: eye
The word palpebra means ______.
A: eyelid
True or false: Receptors for the general senses are very localized, and found in the skin only.
A: false
The simplest receptors for touch/pressure are _____ nerve endings.
A: free
What type of touch/pressure receptor is involved in the sensation of itching?
A: free nerve endings
Choose two types of receptors that sense touch and pressure.
A: free nerve endings and lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles
The _____ senses rely on receptors distributed throughout the body (for example in skin and muscles), while the _____ senses rely on specialized receptors found in structures in the head.
A: general; special
What is the meaning of the root word vitre- (as in vitreous humor)?
A: glass
The malleus, a small bone in the middle ear, is named using the prefix malle- because it is shaped like a ______.
A: hammer
What is the meaning of the prefix malle-?
A: hammer
What is the meaning of the root word scler- which is used in the term sclera, a part of the eye?
A: hard
What is the meaning of the root word therm- (as in thermoreceptor)?
A: heat
The term cornea is derived from the prefix corn- which means ______.
A: horn
What does the prefix corn- mean?
A: horn
Sensing the environment begins with the stimulation of sensory receptors. Where is the collected information ultimately interpreted?
A: in the cerebral cortex
Monitoring blood pressure, blood calcium levels, and blood oxygen levels are examples of what type of general sense?
A: interoceptive sense
What root word means rainbow?
A: iris
What sensation is provided by free nerve endings in the skin?
A: itching
The root word ______ means tears.
A: lacri-
Receptors called ______ corpuscles sense heavy pressure, stretch, and vibrations.
A: lamellated
Name the type of large pressure receptors composed of connective tissue fibers and cells that are found in deeper dermal and subcutaneous tissues.
A: lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles
Photoreceptors are receptors that respond to ______ energy.
A: light
Sensory impulses arriving at the visual cortex will always be perceived by the brain as ______ while impulses arriving at the auditory cortex will always be perceived as ______.
A: light; sound
Which prefix is used to indicate yellow?
A: lut-
Some sensory receptors respond to forces that deform them. Such receptors are called _____.
A: mechanoreceptors
What receptors respond to stimuli that deform the receptors?
A: mechanoreceptors
Receptors for pain are also called ______.
A: nociceptors
Which root word means eye?
A: oculo-
What root word means to smell?
A: olfact-
Which of the following words means eyelid?
A: palpebra
Sensory adaptation due to decreased responsiveness of ______ is called central adaptation. Sensory adaption due to decreased responsiveness of ______ is called peripheral adaptation.
A: pathways to the cerebral cortex; receptors
The interpretation by the brain of incoming sensory impulses is called _____.
A: perception
Sensory adaption that occurs due to a decrease in the response of a receptor is called ______ adaptation. Sensory adaptation due to decreased responsiveness along the pathways to the cerebral cortex is called ______ adaptation.
A: peripheral; central
What type of sensory receptor responds to light energy?
A: photoreceptor
Upon receiving sensory input, the brain causes the feeling to seem to come from the originating receptors. This process is called _____ , allowing a person to perceive the region of stimulation.
A: projection
The type of mechanoreceptor that senses changes in the tension of muscles and tendons are called a ______.
A: proprioceptor
The mechanoreceptors that sense changes in the tension of muscles and tendons are called _____.
A: proprioceptors
What is the meaning of the word iris?
A: rainbow
Which of the following receptors does not trigger a sensation?
A: receptors that measure oxygen levels in the blood
The root word ______ means hard and is used to name the tough covering of the eye.
A: scler-
The term ______ refers to information sent by sensory receptors to the brain. The term ______ refers to the interpretation of that information by the cerebral cortex.
A: sensation; perception
What is the meaning of the term "choroid"?
A: skinlike
The cochlea of the inner ear is so named because the word cochlea means ______.
A: snail
Imagine that damage to the thalamus causes signals from the eye to be misdirected to the auditory cortex. Light stimulation to the retina would cause the patient to perceive ______.
A: sounds
Receptors for the ______ senses are specialized and are confined to structures in the head such as the eyes and ears.
A: special
The macula lutea of the retina is so-called because the term macula means _____.
A: spot
What is the meaning of the term macula (as in maculae lutea)?
A: spot
Mechanoreceptors called ______ sense the degree of inflation in the lungs.
A: stretch receptors
List three types of stimuli detected by lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles.
A: stretch, vibration, and heavy pressure
Receptors called ______ are encapsulated receptors for fine touch, abundant in hairless portions of the skin.
A: tactile (Meissner's) corpuscles
The root word lacri-, as in lacrimal gland, refers to _____
A: tears
What type of stimulus is detected by thermoreceptors?
A: temperature
Indicate three of the exteroceptive senses.
A: temperature, Pain, touch/pressure
Stretch receptors located in the lungs detect what type of stimulus?
A: the degree of inflation of the lungs
For all receptors, stimulation of a receptor results in a change in ______.
A: the membrane potential
What root word means heat?
A: therm
Receptors that are sensitive to temperature changes are called ______.
A: thermoreceptors
Where are sensory receptors for the general senses found?
A: throughout the body
A common characteristic of the various stimuli that trigger a nociceptor (pain receptor) response is that all the stimuli involve ______.
A: tissue damage
What is the meaning of the word root aud- (as in auditory)?
A: to hear
What is the meaning of the root word olfact- (as in olfactory sense)?
A: to smell
Free nerve endings, tactile corpuscles, and lamellated corpuscles are types of ______ receptors.
A: touch
What root word means drum? It is used in the anatomical name of the eardrum.
A: tympan-
The root word ______ means glass and is used to name the clear, jellylike substance within the eye.
A: vitre-
The thermoreceptors in the skin are classified as ______ receptors and ____ receptors.
A: warm; cold
The prefix lut- means
A: yellow
Sensation
Awareness of a sensory event due to the response of a receptor to a stimulus.
Proprioceptive senses
Change in body position when moving from laying down to sitting upright.
Interoceptive senses
Distension of the urinary bladder, indicating a need to urinate.
What is the simplest type of touch/pressure receptor, located within the epithelium of the skin?
Free nerve endings
Thermoreceptors
Heat or cold
Exteroreceptive senses
Housefly landing on the skin of the neck.
Perception
Interpretation of sensory signals.
Photoreceptors
Light Energy
Mechanoreceptors
Pressure and movement
Chemoreceptors
Specific molecules
What is sensory adaptation?
The ability of the brain to become less responsive to some stimuli.
Projection
The process by which we can pinpoint the location of a stimulated receptor.The process by which we can pinpoint the location of a stimulated receptor.
Nociceptors
Tissue Damage