A&PII Chap 12

How is the brain able to interpret whether an incoming sensation is a touch vs. sound vs. vision?

A: Based on the region of the brain that receives the impulses.

Baroreceptors are specialized mechanoreceptors that sense changes in ______.

A: Blood pressure

Place the steps in the generalized mechanism of sensing the environment in the correct order, starting at the top.

A: Receptor cells are stimulated by an environmental stimulus, Receptor cells stimulate neurons, Impulses are carried along sensory fibers, and sensory information is interpreted in the cerebral cortex.

All senses share the same basic mechanism. What is the first step of sensing the internal or external environment?

A: Sensory receptors are stimulated.

The classification of sensory receptors as photoreceptors, thermoreceptors, etc., is based on what characteristic of the receptors?

A: Stimulus type that causes a response

What is the immediate result of stimulating a receptor?

A: The receptor's membrane potential changes.

Choose all true statements about the sensory receptors responsible for the general senses.

A: They are associated with the viscera, They are widespread in the body, and They are found throughout the skin.

Which statement accurately describes the structure of a tactile (Meissner's) corpuscle?

A: Two or more sensory fibers that end as tiny knobs branch within an oval mass of flattened connective tissue cells

Which type of stimulus would be detected by a mechanoreceptor?

A: a distortion of the receptor's plasma membrane

The ability of the nervous system to become less responsive to a maintained stimulus is called sensory _____.

A: adaptation

What is the term for the ability of the brain to prioritize the sensory input it receives and to ignore unimportant stimuli?

A: adaptation

The term ______ is used to describe the neuron processes that carry sensory information to the CNS.

A: afferent fibers

Which word root means to hear?

A: aud-

What is the name of the specific type of mechanoreceptor that detects changes in blood pressure?

A: baroreceptor

What is the function of sensory fibers?

A: carry nerve impulses from the body into the CNS

What type of stimulus does a chemoreceptor respond to?

A: changes in the concentrations of specific molecules

Receptors associated with the senses of smell and taste are classified as _____.

A: chemoreceptors

What term means skinlike?

A: choroid

Which term or root word means snail, or snail-shaped?

A: cochlea

What is the meaning of the root word tympan- (as in tympanic membrane).

A: drum

General senses associated with the body surfaces are called _____ senses and include touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.

A: exteroreceptive

What is the meaning of the root word ocul-?

A: eye

The word palpebra means ______.

A: eyelid

True or false: Receptors for the general senses are very localized, and found in the skin only.

A: false

The simplest receptors for touch/pressure are _____ nerve endings.

A: free

What type of touch/pressure receptor is involved in the sensation of itching?

A: free nerve endings

Choose two types of receptors that sense touch and pressure.

A: free nerve endings and lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles

The _____ senses rely on receptors distributed throughout the body (for example in skin and muscles), while the _____ senses rely on specialized receptors found in structures in the head.

A: general; special

What is the meaning of the root word vitre- (as in vitreous humor)?

A: glass

The malleus, a small bone in the middle ear, is named using the prefix malle- because it is shaped like a ______.

A: hammer

What is the meaning of the prefix malle-?

A: hammer

What is the meaning of the root word scler- which is used in the term sclera, a part of the eye?

A: hard

What is the meaning of the root word therm- (as in thermoreceptor)?

A: heat

The term cornea is derived from the prefix corn- which means ______.

A: horn

What does the prefix corn- mean?

A: horn

Sensing the environment begins with the stimulation of sensory receptors. Where is the collected information ultimately interpreted?

A: in the cerebral cortex

Monitoring blood pressure, blood calcium levels, and blood oxygen levels are examples of what type of general sense?

A: interoceptive sense

What root word means rainbow?

A: iris

What sensation is provided by free nerve endings in the skin?

A: itching

The root word ______ means tears.

A: lacri-

Receptors called ______ corpuscles sense heavy pressure, stretch, and vibrations.

A: lamellated

Name the type of large pressure receptors composed of connective tissue fibers and cells that are found in deeper dermal and subcutaneous tissues.

A: lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles

Photoreceptors are receptors that respond to ______ energy.

A: light

Sensory impulses arriving at the visual cortex will always be perceived by the brain as ______ while impulses arriving at the auditory cortex will always be perceived as ______.

A: light; sound

Which prefix is used to indicate yellow?

A: lut-

Some sensory receptors respond to forces that deform them. Such receptors are called _____.

A: mechanoreceptors

What receptors respond to stimuli that deform the receptors?

A: mechanoreceptors

Receptors for pain are also called ______.

A: nociceptors

Which root word means eye?

A: oculo-

What root word means to smell?

A: olfact-

Which of the following words means eyelid?

A: palpebra

Sensory adaptation due to decreased responsiveness of ______ is called central adaptation. Sensory adaption due to decreased responsiveness of ______ is called peripheral adaptation.

A: pathways to the cerebral cortex; receptors

The interpretation by the brain of incoming sensory impulses is called _____.

A: perception

Sensory adaption that occurs due to a decrease in the response of a receptor is called ______ adaptation. Sensory adaptation due to decreased responsiveness along the pathways to the cerebral cortex is called ______ adaptation.

A: peripheral; central

What type of sensory receptor responds to light energy?

A: photoreceptor

Upon receiving sensory input, the brain causes the feeling to seem to come from the originating receptors. This process is called _____ , allowing a person to perceive the region of stimulation.

A: projection

The type of mechanoreceptor that senses changes in the tension of muscles and tendons are called a ______.

A: proprioceptor

The mechanoreceptors that sense changes in the tension of muscles and tendons are called _____.

A: proprioceptors

What is the meaning of the word iris?

A: rainbow

Which of the following receptors does not trigger a sensation?

A: receptors that measure oxygen levels in the blood

The root word ______ means hard and is used to name the tough covering of the eye.

A: scler-

The term ______ refers to information sent by sensory receptors to the brain. The term ______ refers to the interpretation of that information by the cerebral cortex.

A: sensation; perception

What is the meaning of the term "choroid"?

A: skinlike

The cochlea of the inner ear is so named because the word cochlea means ______.

A: snail

Imagine that damage to the thalamus causes signals from the eye to be misdirected to the auditory cortex. Light stimulation to the retina would cause the patient to perceive ______.

A: sounds

Receptors for the ______ senses are specialized and are confined to structures in the head such as the eyes and ears.

A: special

The macula lutea of the retina is so-called because the term macula means _____.

A: spot

What is the meaning of the term macula (as in maculae lutea)?

A: spot

Mechanoreceptors called ______ sense the degree of inflation in the lungs.

A: stretch receptors

List three types of stimuli detected by lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles.

A: stretch, vibration, and heavy pressure

Receptors called ______ are encapsulated receptors for fine touch, abundant in hairless portions of the skin.

A: tactile (Meissner's) corpuscles

The root word lacri-, as in lacrimal gland, refers to _____

A: tears

What type of stimulus is detected by thermoreceptors?

A: temperature

Indicate three of the exteroceptive senses.

A: temperature, Pain, touch/pressure

Stretch receptors located in the lungs detect what type of stimulus?

A: the degree of inflation of the lungs

For all receptors, stimulation of a receptor results in a change in ______.

A: the membrane potential

What root word means heat?

A: therm

Receptors that are sensitive to temperature changes are called ______.

A: thermoreceptors

Where are sensory receptors for the general senses found?

A: throughout the body

A common characteristic of the various stimuli that trigger a nociceptor (pain receptor) response is that all the stimuli involve ______.

A: tissue damage

What is the meaning of the word root aud- (as in auditory)?

A: to hear

What is the meaning of the root word olfact- (as in olfactory sense)?

A: to smell

Free nerve endings, tactile corpuscles, and lamellated corpuscles are types of ______ receptors.

A: touch

What root word means drum? It is used in the anatomical name of the eardrum.

A: tympan-

The root word ______ means glass and is used to name the clear, jellylike substance within the eye.

A: vitre-

The thermoreceptors in the skin are classified as ______ receptors and ____ receptors.

A: warm; cold

The prefix lut- means

A: yellow

Sensation

Awareness of a sensory event due to the response of a receptor to a stimulus.

Proprioceptive senses

Change in body position when moving from laying down to sitting upright.

Interoceptive senses

Distension of the urinary bladder, indicating a need to urinate.

What is the simplest type of touch/pressure receptor, located within the epithelium of the skin?

Free nerve endings

Thermoreceptors

Heat or cold

Exteroreceptive senses

Housefly landing on the skin of the neck.

Perception

Interpretation of sensory signals.

Photoreceptors

Light Energy

Mechanoreceptors

Pressure and movement

Chemoreceptors

Specific molecules

What is sensory adaptation?

The ability of the brain to become less responsive to some stimuli.

Projection

The process by which we can pinpoint the location of a stimulated receptor.The process by which we can pinpoint the location of a stimulated receptor.

Nociceptors

Tissue Damage