Ab Psych Exam 2
To qualify as a manic episode, symptoms have to last for at least _____________. -10 days -1 week -2 weeks -5 days
1 week
To qualify as a major depressive episode, symptoms have to last for at least __________. -2 weeks -10 days -5 days -1 week
2 weeks
What percentage of individuals with aneorexia nervosa die as a result of their disorder? -20 -5 -40 -15
20
How many depressive episodes do MOST people with major depressive disorder have? -1 -2 -3 -4 or more
4 or more
Which of the following young women appears to be at the highest risk for developing an eating disorder? -Linda, whose mom and dad recently divorced -Sandy, whose family emphasizes achievement, support, and communication -Bonnie, whose family is hard-driving, concerned about external appearances, and eager to maintain harmony -Carla, whose family members always seem to be fighting with each other
Bonnie, whose family is hard-driving, concerned about external appearances, and eager to maintain harmony
Some of the most convincing evidence that helps to explain the observed increase in the incidence of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa over the past half-century is -the generally improved health of the society and an increased emphasis on diet and exercise. -improved diagnostic and reporting practices -a strong relationship between exposure to media images depicting the thin-ideal body and body image concerns in women. -concurrent increases in the rate of depression
a strong relationship between exposure to media images depicting the thin-ideal body and body image concerns in women
The chief motivating factor in BOTH anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa is -an overwhelming urge to be thin. -a desire to starve oneself. -an overwhelming drive to eat. -a desire to purge.
an overwhelming urge to be thin
__________ is a symptom of depression that involves a loss of energy and inability to enjoy pleasurable activities. -mania -depressed mood -perseveration -anhedonia
anhedonia
Susan, a woman of relatively normal weight, sometimes eats huge quantities of junk food with no ability to stop herself. She follows this with long periods of complete fasting. Based on this information, Susan would -not be diagnosed with bulimia nervosa because she is not purging. -be diagnosed with bulimia nervosa. -not be diagnosed with any disorder because she is of normal weight. -be diagnosed with anorexia nervosa.
be diagnosed with bulimia nervosa
In dissociative identity disorder, the "host" personality usually -is the "leader" of the multiple identities. -becomes overwhelmed trying to hold all of the personality fragments together. -is well aware of each personality and everything that happens while each personality is active. -is of a gender opposite to that of the individual.
becomes overwhelmed trying to hold all of the personality fragments together
Because of the revolution in public health that eliminated many infectious diseases and controlled many more, today some of the major contributing factors to illness and death in the United States are -behavioral and psychological. -viral and bacterial. -neurological and endocrinological. -pharmacological and hormonal.
behavioral and psychological
What is the name of the field of study that reflects the focus on psychological/behavioral factors as causes of illness and death? -Medical psychology -Physical medicine -Behavioral medicine -Abnormal psychology
behavioral medicine
Two forms of maladaptive eating patterns associated with obesity are ________ and ________. -binge eating disorder; pica -pica; night eating syndrome -night eating syndrome; caloric deregulative disorder -binge eating disorder; night eating syndrome
binge eating disorder; night eating syndrome
The integrative model of the causes of sleep disorders suggests that most individuals develop sleep disorders as a result of the interaction between -biological and lifestyle factors. -learning and family stress. -learning and cognition. -genetics and bedtime habits.
biological and lifestyle factors
Research has shown that increased levels of cortisol in response to stress may cause damage to parts of the -stomach -skeletal system -brain -lungs
brain
The experience of dissociation occurs in -certain psychological disorders but also in non-disordered people at times -psychotic disorders only. -individuals with dissociative disorders only. -only in those individuals who have experienced great personal trauma.
certain psychological disorders but also in non-disordered people at times
A severe difficulty in regulating sleep that is induced by jet lag or by working rotating shifts is an example of -sleep apnea. -narcolepsy. -circadian rhythm disruption. -hypersomnia.
circadian rhythm disruption
The fact that people who have unrealistic expectations, such as "I must sleep a full eight hours every night" or "I will be unable to function," are more likely to experience insomnia suggests that insomnia is at least partially influenced by -biological predisposition. -our current hectic lifestyle. -cognition. -early learning.
cognition
Which of the following statements is true with regard to the treatment of somatic symptom disorders? -Cognitive-behavioral treatment has been demonstrated in several studies to be a very effective treatment. -Primary care physicians can usually treat patients by educating and reassuring patients. -They are difficult to treat and there are no treatments with proven effectiveness. -It is relatively easy to treat as long as the patient is willing to participate in therapy.
cognitive-behavioral treatment has been demonstrated in several studies to be a very effective treatment
Whether or not stress and/or anxiety develop in a stressful situation appears to be related to one's perceived sense of -happiness -acceptance -control -excitement
control
Selye proposed all of the following as phases of the stress response EXCEPT -exhaustion -resistance -alarm -deterioration
deterioration
Illness Anxiety Disorder can be difficult to treat because of -comorbidities -lack of an effective treatment -hallucinations -disease conviction
disease conviction
The common aspect of all somatic symptom disorders is a set of -excessive or maladaptive responses to physical symptoms or to associated health concerns. -irrational judgments of one's own physical attractiveness. -irrational beliefs about supernatural influences on one's health. -excessive or maladaptive responses to pain only
excessive or maladaptive responses to physical symptoms or to associated health concerns
Of the following, the only symptom that both patients with narcolepsy and patients with hypersomnia experience is -sudden loss of muscle tone. -sleep paralysis -falling asleep during normal waking hours. -hypnagogic hallucinations.
falling asleep during normal waking hours
Conversion disorder symptoms generally appear -following a physical injury to the affected area -following a traumatic event. -out of the blue. -in women with repressed sexuality.
following a traumatic event
Individuals suffering from insomnia disorder -do not sleep at all. -frequently sleepwalk. -have difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep. -wake up during their sleep cycle with severe nightmares.
have difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep
Individuals suffering from insomnia disorder -have difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep. -wake up during their sleep cycle with severe nightmares. -do not sleep at all. -frequently sleepwalk.
have difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep
Individuals with dissociative identity disorder generally -have several distinct personalities. -take on only one other distinct personality. -suffer a loss of their own identity that lasts several years. -maintain complete awareness of all of their personalities.
have several distinct personalities
Psychosocial interventions such as stress reduction techniques for chronically ill individuals are thought to affect the disease process via the immune system by -giving patients a reduced sense of control. -changing patients' positive cognitions. -helping patients reduce depression, thus reducing cortisol. -helping patients effectively utilize HAART drug regimes.
helping patients reduce depression, thus reducing cortisol
Which of the following have been found to speed the progression from HIV to AIDS? -HAART treatment -a weakened immune system -higher stress and lower social support -higher viral load
higher stress and lower social support
Research has shown that excessive secretion of the stress hormone cortisol can result in cell death in the __________ region of the brain. -hippocampus -hypothalamus -frontal -amygdala
hippocampus
Many dissociative identity disorder patients have at least one ________________ alter who handles sexuality and generates income, sometimes by acting as a prostitute. -sexually aggressive -street savvy -criminal -impulsive
impulsive
The study described in the lecture that examined the relationship between stress and colds found that -individuals under greater stress produced more mucus than those under less stress. -everyone who received the cold virus intranasally got sick. -only individuals under high levels of stress got sick. -people with low levels of stress were just as likely to get sick as those with high levels of stress.
individuals under greater stress produced more mucus than those under stress
Fred has been having a great deal of trouble initiating and maintaining sleep. He guesses that he is sleeping for an average of about three hours each night and complains that he feels terrible during the day. In addition, Fred has always experienced some anxiety but has recently felt a tremendous increase in his overall anxiety level. The existence of both a sleep disorder and anxiety -is extremely common, since sleep problems can be both a cause and a result of anxiety. -makes the diagnosis of primary insomnia incorrect. -indicates that the insomnia is a result of the anxiety rather than a cause of the anxiety. -increases our confidence that primary insomnia is the correct diagnosis.
is extremely common, since sleep problems can be both a cause and a result of anxiety
Fred has been having a great deal of trouble initiating and maintaining sleep. He guesses that he is sleeping for an average of about three hours each night and complains that he feels terrible during the day. In addition, Fred has always experienced some anxiety but has recently felt a tremendous increase in his overall anxiety level. The existence of both a sleep disorder and anxiety -makes the diagnosis of primary insomnia incorrect. -indicates that the insomnia is a result of the anxiety rather than a cause of the anxiety. -is extremely common, since sleep problems can be both a cause and a result of anxiety. -increases our confidence that primary insomnia is the correct diagnosis.
is extremely common, since sleep problems can be both a cause and a result of anxiety
Which of the following is FALSE about memory for a traumatic event? -it is like a video recording of exactly what happened -it can be a false memory -it can change over time with new information -it can be shaped by questioning
it is like a video recoding of exactly what happened
A hypomanic episode is ______ severe and _______ in duration than a manic episode. -more; longer -less; longer -more; shorter -less; shorter
less; shorter
Various psychological factors have been used to explain individual variations in blood pressure, including all of the following EXCEPT -coping style. -personality. -level of stress. -level of intelligence.
levels of intelligence
When women are asked to identify the most attractive female body weight, they typically identify a weight that is -lower than the weight identified by men. -higher than the weight identified by men. -the same as the weight identified by men. -20% lower than their own body weight.
lower than the weight identified by men
A patient who is faking physical symptoms and has a clear motivation to do so, such as monetary reimbursement, is displaying -malingering -factitious disorder -illness anxiety disorder -conversion disorder
malingering
What is the key difference between depressive and bipolar disorders? -depressed mood is not present in depressive disorders -depressed mood is only present in depressive disorders -mania is not present in depressive disorders -mania is only present in depressive disorders
mania is not present in depressive disorders
Women are _______ likely than men to suffer from a depressive disorder and _______ likely to suffer from bipolar disorder. -less; more -more; equally -less; equally -more; less
more; equally
All of the following are part of the HPA axis EXCEPT -pituitary gland. -pineal gland. -adrenal gland. -hypothalamus.
pineal gland
The most comprehensive evaluation of sleep is performed by a(n) -polysomnographic evaluation. -electroencephalographic evaluation. -actigraphic evaluation. -electromyographic evaluation.
polysomnographic evaluation
Which of the following mood disorders do not involve manic episodes? -bipolar II -cyclothymic disorder -bipolar I -premenstrual dysphoric disorder
premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Which of the following types of coping strategies tends to be more effective in reducing stress in the long-term? -emotion-focused -problem-focused -avoidance-focused -future-focused
problem-focused
Which of the following types of symptoms of somatic symptom disorder are most important for treatment? -physical symptoms -somatic symptoms -pain symptoms -psychological and behavioral symptoms
psychological and behavioral symptoms
Stress may negatively affect the immune system, thereby promoting the deadly progression of the disease AIDS. This is an example of -psychological factors influencing biological processes. -psychological factors influencing biological processes. AND biological factors influencing psychological processes. -Neither of these are correct -biological factors influencing psychological processes.
psychological factors influencing biological practices
Joan is a six-year-old child who cries out in the middle of the night, appearing frightened and inconsolable. Her parents are unable to comfort her during these episodes, and Joan has no memory of the event in the morning. Joan appears to be experiencing -nightmares -hypersomnia -dyssomnia -sleep terrors
sleep terrors
According to the textbook, the physiological response of an individual to a stressor is called -fight-or-flight reaction -stress -a psychological disorder -adaptation
stress
Vanessa, who is 40, apparently believes that she is a 20-year-old woman. Suddenly, however, she starts to speak and behave very differently, and says she no longer thinks of herself as "Vanessa." Instead, she claims to be Elise, a 10-year-old child. It is likely that Vanessa has just experienced a -manic episode. -conversion reaction. -dissociative fugue. -switch.
switch
During a dissociative fugue state, it is not uncommon for individuals to -take on a new identity. -commit suicide. -involuntarily contact friends and family. -see the world as a strange and foreign place.
take on a new identity
Somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder have all of the following in common EXCEPT -they are both outdated terms that are no longer officially part of the DSM. -they are both associated with frequent visits to the doctor. -disease conviction is a core feature of both disorders. -for both, the essential problem is anxiety.
they are both outdated terms that are no longer officially part of the DSM
In which of the following ways do psychological and social factors influence health? -Unhealthy lifestyles can increase the risk of developing physical disorders. -They can affect basic biological processes resulting in illness and disease. -Neither of these are correct -They can affect basic biological processes resulting in illness and disease AND Unhealthy lifestyles can increase the risk of developing physical disorders.
they can affect basic biological processes resulting in illness and disease AND unhealthy lifestyles can increase the risk of developing physical disorders
Which of the following does NOT describe an effective psychosocial intervention that has been reported in oncology research studies? -Use of psychological treatments that reduced pain and depression and enhanced feelings of well-being -Use of psychotherapy that temporarily prolonged life for breast cancer patients both during and after the intervention -Use of films and dolls that reduced children's stress and anxiety during medical procedures -Use of psychoanalytic techniques that reduced the growth rate of tumors
use of psychoanalytic techniques that reduced the growth rate of tumors
Martin sits up every night screaming. He does not remember these terrors, nor is he easily awakened or comforted. What should Martin's mother do? -All of these have been demonstrated to reduce the frequency and duration of sleep terrors. -Wake Martin up during the attack. -Make sure that Martin is very tired before going to bed. -Use scheduled awakenings to briefly awaken Martin before an attack occurs.
using scheduled awakenings to briefly awaken Martin before an attack occurs
In which of the following ways do psychological and social factors influence health? -epinephrine -serotonin -dopamine -norepinephrine
serotonin
Which of the following confer a risk of Coronary Heart Disease? -Type A personality -blockage of arteries supplying blood to the heart -Type B personality -blockage of blood vessels supplying blood to the brain
Type A personality
Eating disorders are most prevalent in -non-Western cultures where food is plentiful. -Western cultures where food is scarce. -non-Western cultures where food is scarce. -Western cultures where food is plentiful.
Western cultures where food is plentiful
The man in the video used as an example of Illness Anxiety Disorder was worried that his hearing loss may be a sign of -a conversion disorder -an inner ear infection -old age -a brain tumor
a brain tumor
Shelley experiences persistent feelings of detachment from herself as if she were observing herself from outside her body. The experience is so intense that she often has trouble remembering who she is and functioning in a coherent manner. Shelley most likely suffers from -severe anxiety attacks. -illness anxiety disorder. -persistent depression. -a dissociative disorder.
a dissociative disorder
Individuals who complain about the quality of sleep despite sleeping a reasonable number of hours might be suffering from -a parasomnia -a sleepwalking disorder. -a dyssomnia. -a dream anxiety disorder.
a dyssomnia
The hallmark of anorexia nervosa is -food refusal. -a binge-purge cycle. -a morbid fear of gaining weight and relentlessly pursue thinness. -5% or lower weight than is expected for that height and body size.
a morbid fear of gaining weight and relentlessly pursue thinness
From the NIH study described in the lecture, a crisis in sickle cell anemia is an example of -behavioral symptoms associated with physical disorder. -chronic pain -acute pain -physical symptoms brought on by psychological causes
acute pain
Major depressive disorder is most prevalent in ____________ and least prevalent in ____________. -childhood; adolescence -adolescence; childhood -childhood; middle age -middle age; childhood
adolescence; childhood
Although the improvement is only moderate, relaxation techniques have been shown to have a positive effect on -all of these are correct -headaches. -pain. -hypertension (high blood pressure).
all of these are correct
One aspect of the DSM-5 criteria for diagnosis of dissociative identity disorder is -amnesia. -history of abuse. -existence of three or more personality fragments. -patient awareness of the distinct personalities.
amnesia
The largest contributor to the obesity epidemic is -the lack of nutritional science and understanding of human metabolism. -an inactive, sedentary lifestyle combined with high-fat, high-energy diet -the increase in amount of food available due to modern agricultural technology. -the changing standards of beauty that people are resisting.
an active, sedentary lifestyle combined with high-fat, high-energy diet
Abnormal events such as nightmares, sleep terrors, and sleepwalking that occur during sleep or during the twilight time between sleep and waking are classified as -REM disorders -dyssomnias -narcolepsy -parasomnias
parasomnias
In studies conducted by Elizabeth Loftus and her colleagues, individuals were told about false events that had supposedly occurred when they were children. The results of these studies indicate that -only individuals with diagnosable disorders can be convinced of events that never happened. -people cannot be convinced of events that did not happen. -people can become quite convinced of events that never happened. -people can become convinced of events that did not happen only during hypnosis or other dissociative states
people can become quite convinced of events that never happened
Regarding evidence for the scientific validity of dissociative identity disorder, the most accurate statement is that -objective tests can always determine which patients are faking dissociative identity disorder. -most patients are faking. -it is virtually impossible to fake the types of changes that occur in dissociative identity disorder. -research suggests that faking dissociative experiences is possible, but is usually discernable by behavioral tests.
research suggests that faking dissociative experiences is possible, but is usually discernable by behavioral tests
The final process in the activation of the HPA axis is -stimulation of the pituitary gland by CRF. -activation of the adrenal gland by the pituitary gland. -secretion of cortisol by the adrenal gland. -secretion of CRF by the hypothalamus.
secretion of cortisol by the adrenal gland
While Alice is under hypnosis, she expresses strong emotions about being in a car accident that caused the death of her oldest son. When not under hypnosis, she expresses no emotion about the death of her oldest son when talking about the accident. This absence of emotion when not under hypnosis is characteristic of -derealization. -depersonalization. -selective amnesia. -general amnesia.
selective amnesia
In dissociative amnesia, the individual typically has no memory of -selective events or emotional tone attached to them, particularly those involving trauma. -events prior to the trauma. -any events. -events following a trauma.
selective events or emotional tone attached to them, particularly those involving trauma
Evidence for the influence of social and cultural factors in conversion disorder includes the fact that conversion disorder -tends to occur in lower socioeconomic groups where there is less medical knowledge. -tends to occur in wealthy areas where there is easy access to sophisticated medical tests. -is almost exclusively experienced by women. -is being diagnosed more frequently in our society.
tends to occur in lower socioeconomic groups where there is less medical knowledge
In non-Western cultures, trance and possession are -the rarest forms of dissociative disorders. -the most common forms of dissociative disorders. -extremely rare. -never considered a disorder.
the most common forms of dissociative disorders
Jody sometimes eats more than just about any other girl that you know. You wonder if her eating sometimes could be considered bingeing. In order to determine this, you would have to know -whether she is eating junk foods, -the caloric intake of the foods. -the situations under which she eats a great deal. -whether eating gets to be out of her control.
whether eating gets to be out of her control
Which of the following represents the typical profile of a patient with either anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa? -Young female, socially competitive environment -Any age female, few friends -Young female, highly competitive -Young female, history of depression
young family, socially competitive environment
