Abeka Earth and Space Science Test 2

about 15% of earthquakes occur here; this zone extends from southern Europe into Indonesia

Alpide belt

plastic rock on which the tectonic plates float

Asthenosphere

the idea that rapid movement of tectonic plates during the Flood is responsible for most of Earth's features?

Catastrophic plate tectonics

Compare two different techniques to reduce earthquake damage. Recommend one if the techniques and give five reasons why you chose that one.

Fixed- Base System - constructed un bedrock and absorbs seismic energy. Base-isolated System- building rest in isolators that absorb seismic energy

a computer system that stores and processes geographic data from various sources

GIS

Be able to read a topographic map

Height above sea level (contour lines)

At what point in the earth does the earthquake begins?

Hypocenter

a scale used to measure the damage of an earthquake does and is different for each location

Modified Mercalli Scale

boundary line between crust and mantle

Moho

The Ring of Fire

More than half of the world's active volcanoes are located in subduction zone.

fastest type of earthquake waves

P waves (primary)

How does slickensides provide evidence for the elastic rebound theory?

Rock polished smooth by the motion of rocks sliding across each other.

What provides us with information about the Earth's interior?

Seismic Waves

The study of earthquakes

Seismology

What is the inner core though to be?

Solid nickel and iron

underground source of a volcanic eruption

Underground magma chamber

How do scientists determine the point at which an earthquake begins?

Use three widely separated seismographs to record the earthquake.

What scale is used the measure the strength of a volcanic eruption?

Volcanic Explosivity Index

hardened lava that forms rough, jagged rocks with a crumbly texture

aa

Smaller earthquakes that follow a major earthquake.

aftershock

when rocks buckle upward to form an arch-like structure

anticline

mass of underground volcanic rock that is similar to a laccolith but much larger

batholith

the bowl-shaped depression formed by the collapse of a volcano after it has erupted

caldera

consists primarily of erupted volcanic ash and rock fragments held loosely together

cinder-cone

80% of the world's earthquakes occur here

circum-Pacific Belt

formed partly by explosive eruptions of ash and rock fragments and partly by mild lava flows

composite

solid central layer of Earth

core

bottom of the mantle

core-mantle boundary

Earth's outermost layer of solid rock

crust

What is the main difference between a dike and a sill

dike is a vertical slab of volcanic rock and sill is a horizontal slab

volcano that is inactive but can erupt again

dormant

the idea that rocks on either side of a fault spring to a position of little or no stress after an earthquake

elastic rebound theory

What is the point on the Earth's surface directly above where an earthquake begins?

epicenter

a volcano that probably will not erupt again

extinct

fracture zone between stationary and moving rock

fault

type of mountain that appears to have formed by the edges of two adjacent tectonic plates pushing together

folded

Study of the earth

geology

general term for a mass of underground volcanic rock

igneous intrusion

solid ejecta larger than 2 mm but less that 64 mm in diameter

lapilli

underground channel formed when surface lava hardened before the lava underneath it

lava tunnel

motlen rock beneath he surface of the earth

magma

What factors does the explosivity of a volcano depend on?

magma and the amount of dissolved gas contained in the magma

the middle layer of the earth

mantle

considered the most reliable method for measuring an earthquake's magnitude

moment magnitude scale

most abundant element in the earth's crust

oxygen

hardened lava with a surface that is either smooth or ropy

pahoehoe

lava in water solidifies almost instantly, forming rounded structures

pillow lava

What is the particle or block of solid volcanic ejecta?

pyroclast

What is the superheated cloud of gas and small particles that travels as an avalanche?

pyroclastic flow

deposits of sand, mineral fragments, or organic materials usually left by wind or water

sediments

What is an instrument used to record vibrations caused by an earthquake?

seismograph

What might a volcanologist use to help predict when a volcano will erupt?

seismometer

85% of earthquakes are this type

shallow-focus

What is an earthquake that is caused by sudden movements of rock beneath the earth's surface?

tectonic earthquakes

when rocks on one side of the fault are shoved over the rocks on the other side

thrust fault

area between the upper mantle and the lower mantle

transition zone

What is the channel in a volcano through which gases, ash, and molten rock are ejected from the earth's interior

vent

solid particles less than 2mm in diameter

volcanic ash

large, irregularly shaped lump made of lava that hardened before being thrown out of the volcano

volcanic block

large almond or teardrop shaped pieces of ejecta formed when lava solidifies after being thrown in air

volcanic bomb

Which type of mountain forms when molten rock erupts from a hole in the earth's crust?

volcano

an opening in the earth's surface through which hot gases, ash, and molten rock are ejected from the earth's interior

volcano