Abnormal Psychology Chapter 1/2

Which mental health professional typically has a doctoral degree, had an internship, and focuses on life-adjustment problems rather than mental illnesses? a. counseling psychologist b. psychiatric social worker c. clinical psychologist d. psychiatric nurse

a. counseling psychologist

Which part of the brain is responsible for higher-level mental processes? a. forebrain b. corpus callosum c. cerebellum d. midbrain

a. forebrain

Researchers have found that the social stigma of mental disorders _____. a. is particularly challenging for those who are also stigmatized for reasons besides mental illness b. prevents anyone who has a mental illness from making a positive contribution to his or her community c. encourages people who have a mental disorder to seek help as quickly as possible d. can be eliminated by educating the public about the biological basis of mental illness

a. is particularly challenging for those who are also stigmatized for reasons besides mental illness

Which approach to understanding mental disorders is based on the belief that cognitive, interpersonal, emotional, and similar factors play an important role in the genesis of mental disorders? a. psychological b. sociocultural c. biological d. multicultural

a. psychological

According to a 2018 report from Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), what percentage of U.S. adults aged 18-25 had experienced a severe mental disorder such as schizophrenia during the previous 12 months? a. about 8% b. about 12% c. about 16% d. about 20%

a. about 8%

In the famous "Little Albert" experiment with the infant Albert, John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrated that which of the following can produce symptoms of a mental disorder? a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. catastrophizing d. regression

a. classical conditioning

Tamica works at an urban mental health center that serves a population in which a high percentage of people are recent immigrants or first-generation Americans and most are impoverished. Their lives are considerably different from what Tamica has experienced and she often finds herself diagnosing multiple disorders in her clients, many more than what she diagnosed when working with a less-marginalized population. Her supervisor challenges her and asks whether she might be unconsciously exaggerating the severity of clients' problems and diagnosing disorders in individuals who are struggling with, what for them, are simply every-day stressors. This tendency to exaggerate the severity of symptoms and disorders is called _____. a. overpathologizing b. ethnocentrism c. implicit bias d. social conditioning

a. overpathologizing

Kurtis was already struggling with symptoms including hallucinations and delusions when he was diagnosed with schizophrenia and began taking medication and participating in therapy groups. Although his symptoms have lessened markedly, he has repeatedly expressed the belief that he will inevitably wind up unemployed and homeless or will perhaps commit a violent crime and wind up in prison for the rest of his life. This tendency of an individual with a disorder to believe the worst stereotypes of individuals with the disorder is called _____. a. self-stigma b. self-handicapping c. self-efficacy d. negative self-esteem

a. self-stigma

Thomas Szasz asserted that mental illness is a fictional creation that society uses to control and change people who do not conform to its preferred norms. Which psychological perspective is consistent with his viewpoint? a. sociopolitical b. humanist c. psychodynamic d. behavioral

a. sociopolitical

One of the criticisms of the use of medication in the treatment of mental disorders is that _____. a. some medications offer minimal advantage over placebo b. because there are few side-effects, people prefer to stay on medication c. there is no research basis for understanding why medication works d. medication is rarely even considered even when the illness is severe

a. some medications offer minimal advantage over placebo

Techniques for treating hysteria that were used by Friedrich Anton Mesmer, an Austrian physician, led to the discovery that which of the following can cause certain symptoms of mental and physical disorders? a. suggestion b. stress c. chemical dependency d. classical conditioning

a. suggestion

Leslie, who has been diagnosed with borderline personality disorder, is seeing a therapist who is helping Leslie learn to mindfully experience her emotions and cope with stress in healthier ways. What type of therapy is Leslie receiving? a. Ellis's Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy b. Linehan's dialectical behavior therapy c. Rogers's humanistic therapy d. Beck's cognitive therapy

b. Linehan's dialectical behavior therapy

The enteric nervous system (ENS) is remarkable because, _____. a. although embedded in the peripheral musculature, it can signal the brain about emotional states b. although embedded in the gastrointestinal lining, it can signal the brain about emotional states c. it is embedded in peripheral musculature and can effectively seize control of all bodily functions from the brain d. it is embedded in the gastrointestinal lining and can effectively seize control of all bodily functions from the brain

b. although embedded in the gastrointestinal lining, it can signal the brain about emotional states

What are the major criteria involved in determining whether a given behavior represents psychopathology? a. self-stigma, biological vulnerability, behavior, and resilience b. distress, deviance, dysfunction, and dangerousness c. participation, phobias, personality, and stability d. volatility, expressiveness, self-efficacy, and unconscious disruptors

b. distress, deviance, dysfunction, and dangerousness

Which explanatory approach combines the perspectives of four, one-dimensional models? a. biological model b. multipath model c. psychological model d. sociocultural model

b. multipath model

After he experienced a traumatic brain injury in a motor vehicle accident, Fernando received treatments that were intended to create new pathways in his brain. Such treatments take advantage of _____. a. pruning b. neuroplasticity c. gene expression d. lateralization

b. neuroplasticity

An important component of the newest ("third wave") cognitive-behavioral therapies is _____. a. embracing irrational thoughts b. non-reactive attention to emotions c. dream analysis to identify areas of resistance to therapy d. replacing "fear" ideation with "excitement"

b. non-reactive attention to emotions

Race, gender, sexual orientation, and spirituality are examples of which type of factors? a. psychological b. sociocultural c. social d. biological

b. sociocultural

What is a psychiatric epidemiologist likely to study? a. the average cost of medication and therapy for a specific disorder b. the percentage of a population that has a specific disorder during a specific interval of time. c. the evolving understanding of the neurobiological causes of specific disorders d. the ways in which people with a specific disorder are regarded by others in their community

b. the percentage of a population that has a specific disorder during a specific interval of time.

Those who espoused the belief that demons caused mental illness might rely on which procedure to get the demons out of the person's body? a. amputation b. trephining c. purging d. bloodletting

b. trephining

Zofia, who has had obsessive-compulsive disorder since early adolescence, was having a particularly hard time during her first year away from home. A counselor at her college referred her to a group that aligned with the recovery movement. Which statement is Zofia likely to hear art a meeting of this group? a. Healing involves accepting one's diagnosis as part of one's identity. b. Recovery does not begin until you hit rock bottom. c. Recovery is not a continual movement forward. d. Acceptance of barriers is a crucial part of learning to live with a disorder.

c. Recovery is not a continual movement forward.

According to a 2018 report from Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), what percentage of U.S. adults aged 18-25 had experienced a mental disorder (not including a drug or alcohol use disorder) during the previous 12 months? a. about one-third b. only about 10% c. about 25% d. nearly half

c. about 25%

The vast majority of people who are mentally ill _____. a. have a prior history of violence and incarceration b. have multiple instances of getting into legal trouble c. do not commit crimes, harm others, or get into legal trouble d. physically harm at least one other individual during the course of their illness

c. do not commit crimes, harm others, or get into legal trouble

Paolo is seeing a therapist who often challenges him to examine his life and choices and to become more intentional in the way he lives his life. What is the theoretical orientation of Paolo's therapist? a. behavioral b. psychoanalytic c. existential d. cognitive

c. existential

Johann Weyer (1515-1588) asserted that many people who were tortured, imprisoned, and burned as witches were mentally disturbed, not possessed by demons. His book helped pave the way for a perspective that emphasized which values? a. spiritual b. evolutionary c. humanistic d. social

c. humanistic

In which approach to healthcare might insurers in the private sector monitor and control the delivery of services? a. preferred-provider system b. universal health care c. managed care d. socialized medicine

c. managed care

According to the assumptions about the sociocultural dimension of the multipath model, _____. a. the symptoms of any given type of mental disorder are consistent across all cultures b. the same psychological stressors come into play across all cultural groups c. mental health problems that are caused by social stressors may vary by culture d. diversity within a population alleviates the need for multicultural counseling

c. mental health problems that are caused by social stressors may vary by culture

Which of the following describes or attempts to explain a phenomenon or process that we cannot directly observe? a. hypothesis b. construct c. model d. prototype

c. model

Which branch of psychology concentrates on finding ways to facilitate optimal human functioning by addressing personal strengths, civic virtues, and psychological resilience? a. cognitive b. psychodynamic c. positive d. behavioral

c. positive

Family and other interpersonal relationships are examples of which dimension of the multipath model? a. biological b. humanistic c. social d. psychological

c. social

Teresa, who has schizophrenia, has a great deal of difficulty making friends and maintaining relationships and reports that she is painfully uncertain of what to do when she is in a group. She is participating in a therapeutic intervention that includes modeling and the use of role-play activities to practice behaviors associated with appropriate interactions. What sort of intervention is Teresa receiving? a. humanistic b. exposure therapy c. social-skills training d. psychodynamic

c. social-skills training

Kraepelin's system for classifying mental illnesses was based on _____. a. the psychosocial impacts of the disorders b. the clusters of symptoms the individual displayed c. the presumed physiological causes of the disorders d. the extent to which the individual was disabled

c. the presumed physiological causes of the disorders

Because of his increasingly aggressive behaviors toward friends and family over the past several months, Tomas's parents sought professional help. The psychologist, who favored a social model of psychopathology, stated that the entire family would need to participate in counseling sessions. This was most likely based on the assumption that _____. a. Tomas's family needed to assist with therapy by modeling appropriate behaviors so that Tomas could observe acceptable social interactions b. Tomas was in need of more attention and affection and his parents would have to be shamed into providing it c. Tomas and his family shared a genetic predisposition to a mental disorder that was likely to result in a violent confrontation d. Tomas's behavior indicated that one or more aspects of his family's relationship was dysfunctional

d. Tomas's behavior indicated that one or more aspects of his family's relationship was dysfunctional

What is cultural relativism? a. A cultural standard that prohibits certain individuals, based on age, gender, or status, from obtaining mental health counseling unless a parent or guardian has formally granted permission b. The body of research indicating that the causes and symptoms of mental disorders are nearly the same in all cultures and societies c. A research approach that is based on determining genetic influences on mental illness by identifying all of a patient's family members and defining their familial relationship to the patient d. The belief that the expression and determination of abnormal behavior is influenced by lifestyles, cultural values, and worldviews

d. The belief that the expression and determination of abnormal behavior is influenced by lifestyles, cultural values, and worldviews

What is the "etiology" of a disorder? a. The linguistic origin of the name of the disorder b. The record of research that has been conducted to study the disorder c. The recommended strategies for treating the disorder d. The proposed causes of the disorder

d. The proposed causes of the disorder

When individuals who live in societies that emphasize connections to others think about whether they, themselves, are honest, the area of their brain that is active is the same as the area of their brain that is active when they consider whether their family members are honest. When individuals who live in societies that emphasize individualism think about whether they, themselves, are honest, the area of their brain that is active is different from the area of their brain that is active when they consider whether their family members are honest. This research best described as an example of _____. a. biological psychiatry b. multicultural psychology c. biobehavioral psychology d. cultural neuroscience

d. cultural neuroscience

From the perspective of the multipath model, when evaluating mental disorders, _____. a. some behaviors may be unacceptable or stigmatizing within a given culture but behaviors are not an indicator of a mental disorder b. the determination of whether a behavior indicates a mental disorder should be based on whether the behavior is consistent with the client's personal values c. certain behaviors indicate a mental disorder, regardless of the cultural context in which those behaviors originate d. cultural norms and expectations should be considered when determining whether a behavior indicates a mental disorder

d. cultural norms and expectations should be considered when determining whether a behavior indicates a mental disorder

A criticism of social-relational models is that _____. a. relational issues are the focus rather than individual behavior b. empirical research is overemphasized when evaluating treatment outcomes c. family therapists hold parents responsible for their children's mental disorders d. family, marriage, and couples therapy do not adequately address cultural diversity

d. family, marriage, and couples therapy do not adequately address cultural diversity

Using a one-dimensional model to diagnose and treat a mental disorder _____. a. focuses the treatment effort, thereby increasing the likelihood of a successful outcome b. makes it easier for a therapist to get reimbursement from insurance c. increases the likelihood of identifying causes of disorders d. ignores the complexity inherent in the development of mental disorders

d. ignores the complexity inherent in the development of mental disorders

Jadwiga has a truly difficult supervisor at work and most of her coworkers openly state their intense dislike of the boss. Jadwiga, however, steadfastly denies feeling any animosity. A psychodynamic therapist might see the operation of which defense mechanism in Jadwiga's behavior? a. reaction formation b. regression c. rationalization d. repression

d. repression