Philosophy Midterm

is the fallacy of assigning two different meanings to the same significant word in an argument

50. Equivocation

41. According to Socrates, a clear sign that a person has _____ soul is her exclusive pursuit of social status, wealth, power, and pleasure

An unhealthy soul

27. Behe says that an irreducibly complex biological system would be a powerful challenge to

Darwinian evolution

10. Believing that God exists increases the probability that God does in fact exist

False

13. Hick concludes that this world is not well adapted to the purpose of soul-making

False

14. In Hick's view, because God is good and loving, the environment that he has created for human life is naturally as pleasant and comfortable as possible

False

15. James thinks that, in the search for truth, above all else we must avoid being in error

False

19. Swinburne argues that theism is a very complex hypothesis

False

20. The point of Pascal's wager is to prove that God exists

False

34. Craig thinks that the cause of the universe must be an accident

False

38. Philo declares that this world is the perfect product of a perfect deity.

False

87. Rule-utilitarianism is the idea that the rightness of actions depends solely on the relative good produced by individual actions

False

26. Aquinas says that the first efficient cause of everything is

God

70. Critics of the divine command theory say that if the theory is true, and God thus lacks reasons for his commands, then

God's decisions are arbitrary.

56. The renowned philosopher who lived and worked in the Greek city of Alexandria in the fifth century was

Hypatia

21. According to Aquinas, an infinite regress of causes is

Impossible

54. The fallacy of _______ is arguing erroneously that a particular action should not be taken because it will lead inevitably to other actions resulting in some dire outcome

Slippery slope

53. The fallacy of arguing that a claim must be true simply because many people believe it is known as

The appeal to popularity

11. For Hick, soul making is an essential part of a plausible theodicy

True

12. Hick asserts that it is no limitation on God's power that he cannot accomplish the logically possible

True

16. Pascal advises those who are unable to believe in God to control their passions and act as if they believed

True

17. Pascal believes that belief in God is a rational act

True

18. Rowe asserts that it is reasonable to believe that God does not exist

True

31. According to a 2014 survey, 63 percent of Americans believe in God with absolute certainty

True

32. According to David Humes's character, Philo, since the universe is not perfectly ordered, the existence of a deity is unlikely

True

37. Paley says that if we found a watch and examined it closely, we would naturally infer that it had a maker- even if we had never seen a watch made

True

81. A moral theory explains not why one event causes another but why an action is right or wrong or why a person or a person's character is good or bad.

True

85. From the fact that cultures have divergent moral beliefs on an issue, it does not logically follow that there is no objective moral truth

True

88. Utilitarianism is the view that right actions are those that maximize the overall well-being of everyone involved.

True

42. A good argument must have (1) solid and (2)

True premises

75. Mill declares that it is better to be Socrates dissatisfied than

a fool satisfied

9. Rowe argues that we can allow someone to define God anyway she wants, yet it will not follow from that definition that such a being

actually exists

90. Utilitarianism says that right actions are those that produce the greatest happiness for

all concerned

51. Philosophers provide reasons for thinking their ideas are plausible that is, they give us

arguments

22. According to Behe, the gradual accumulation of mutations

cannot evolve a biological system

28. Craig says an actually infinite number of things

cannot exist

77. Moral theories that say that the rightness of actions depends solely on their consequences are

consequentialist

69. An important moral criterion of adequacy is known as

consistency with our considered moral judgements.

66. According to Mill, to determine whether one pleasure is more valuable than another, we must

determine which pleasure most experienced people prefer.

76. Mill says that the ultimate end of utilitarianism is an existence as free of pain as possible and as rich as possible in

enjoyments

65. Questions like "what is knowledge" and "what is truth" are mainstays in the branch of philosophy known as

epistemology

73. For subjectivists, everyone's moral views are

equally plausible.

25. Anselm assumes that a being that exists in reality is greater than a being that

exists only in the understanding

33. Anslem thinks God is a being that exists in the understanding alone

false

35. Most scientists agree with Behe

false

36. Paley's argument, if cogent, proves the existence of the Christian God

false

39. Philo demonstrated that Anslem's argument was sound

false

40. Scientist and philosophers have no explanation for the existence of the universe

false

52. True or false? An argument is synonymous with persuasion

false

58. Philosophy, being an ancient art, cannot be applied to modern social problems such as racism

false

60. This classic argument-"The Bible says that God exists; the Bible is true because God wrote it; therefore, God exists"- is an example of begging the question

false

61. When you read a philosophical essay, you are simply trying to glean some facts from it as you might if you were reading a science text or technical report

false

62. Any type of declarative statement is an argumen

false

63. If inductive arguments succeed in lending very probable support to their conclusions, they are said to be weak

false

79. According to cultural relativism, some cultures' moral code are better than others

false

80. According to ethical egoism, people always act out of self-interest

false

82. By the lights of cultural relativism, cross-cultural moral disagreement is possible

false

83. Cultural relativism implies that moral progress is possible

false

84. Cultural relativism logically entails tolerance for others cultures

false

86. Mill believes that the moral worth of an action depends on one's motives

false

5. James says that a genuine option is

forced, live, and momentous

6. Mackie says that religious experiences are

generally indistinguishable from experiences with a known psychological or physical cause

29. Paley maintains that the key difference between the "contrivance" of a watch and that of nature is that the latter is

greater and grander

78. Psychological egoism is the doctrine that the only things anyone is capable of desiring or pursuing ultimately is

his or her own self-interest.

44. Arguments that are supposed to give probable support to their conclusions are

inductive

30. Some design arguments are framed as

inferences to the best explanation

1. According to Hick, a certain amount of evil in the world

is necessary

3. Hick believes that such evils as poverty, oppression, persecution, and war are

manifestations of human sin

49. In an argument, the statement being supported is the conclusion, and the statements supporting the conclusion are the

premises

2. According to James, a live option is a

real possibility to someone

7. Pascal believes that when it comes to the question of God's existence

reason can decide nothing

48. If you assume that a set of statements is true, and yet you can deduce a false or absurd statement from it, then the original set of statements as a whole must be false This kind of argument is known as

reduction ad absurdum

4. Hick says the idea of a person who can be infallibly guaranteed always to act rightly is

self-contradictory

89. Universal ethical egoism is the theory that everyone ought always to

serve her own interest

24. According to Paley, we must conclude that a watch had an intelligent designer if the watch

shows purposefulness

67. Act-utilitarianism is the view that the rightness of actions depends

solely on the relative good produced by individual actions.

45. For Socrates, an unexamined life is a tragedy because it results in grievous harm to the

soul

55. The fallacy of misrepresenting a person's views so they can be more easily attacked or dismissed is called the

straw man fallacy

47. If inductive arguments succeed in lending probable support to their conclusions, they are said to be

strong

71. Critics say that to avoid portraying God as arbitrary, we must assume that God issues commands based on

the best possible reasons.

57. The systemic use of critical reasoning to try and find answers to fundamental questions about reality, morality, and knowledge is called

the philosophical method

43. A question-and-answer dialogue in which propositions are methodically scrutinized to uncover the truth is known as

the socratic method

74. Mill argues that the Greatest Happiness Principle is

the standard of morality

59. Socrates preferred death to exile

true

64. In philosophy- and in any other kind of rational inquiry- accepting a conclusion (statement) without good reasons is an elementary mistake in reasoning

true

23. According to Craig, the kalam cosmological argument establishes that the

universe has a cause

72. Cultural relativism and ethical subjectivism imply that nothing is intrinsically

valuable

46. For Socrates, the good of the soul is attained only through an uncompromising search for

what's true and real

68. A moral theory explains

why an action is right or wrong.

8. Pascal says that if you bet that God exists, and he does not in fact exist, you

win infinite happiness and lose nothing