Philosophy Midterm
is the fallacy of assigning two different meanings to the same significant word in an argument
50. Equivocation
41. According to Socrates, a clear sign that a person has _____ soul is her exclusive pursuit of social status, wealth, power, and pleasure
An unhealthy soul
27. Behe says that an irreducibly complex biological system would be a powerful challenge to
Darwinian evolution
10. Believing that God exists increases the probability that God does in fact exist
False
13. Hick concludes that this world is not well adapted to the purpose of soul-making
False
14. In Hick's view, because God is good and loving, the environment that he has created for human life is naturally as pleasant and comfortable as possible
False
15. James thinks that, in the search for truth, above all else we must avoid being in error
False
19. Swinburne argues that theism is a very complex hypothesis
False
20. The point of Pascal's wager is to prove that God exists
False
34. Craig thinks that the cause of the universe must be an accident
False
38. Philo declares that this world is the perfect product of a perfect deity.
False
87. Rule-utilitarianism is the idea that the rightness of actions depends solely on the relative good produced by individual actions
False
26. Aquinas says that the first efficient cause of everything is
God
70. Critics of the divine command theory say that if the theory is true, and God thus lacks reasons for his commands, then
God's decisions are arbitrary.
56. The renowned philosopher who lived and worked in the Greek city of Alexandria in the fifth century was
Hypatia
21. According to Aquinas, an infinite regress of causes is
Impossible
54. The fallacy of _______ is arguing erroneously that a particular action should not be taken because it will lead inevitably to other actions resulting in some dire outcome
Slippery slope
53. The fallacy of arguing that a claim must be true simply because many people believe it is known as
The appeal to popularity
11. For Hick, soul making is an essential part of a plausible theodicy
True
12. Hick asserts that it is no limitation on God's power that he cannot accomplish the logically possible
True
16. Pascal advises those who are unable to believe in God to control their passions and act as if they believed
True
17. Pascal believes that belief in God is a rational act
True
18. Rowe asserts that it is reasonable to believe that God does not exist
True
31. According to a 2014 survey, 63 percent of Americans believe in God with absolute certainty
True
32. According to David Humes's character, Philo, since the universe is not perfectly ordered, the existence of a deity is unlikely
True
37. Paley says that if we found a watch and examined it closely, we would naturally infer that it had a maker- even if we had never seen a watch made
True
81. A moral theory explains not why one event causes another but why an action is right or wrong or why a person or a person's character is good or bad.
True
85. From the fact that cultures have divergent moral beliefs on an issue, it does not logically follow that there is no objective moral truth
True
88. Utilitarianism is the view that right actions are those that maximize the overall well-being of everyone involved.
True
42. A good argument must have (1) solid and (2)
True premises
75. Mill declares that it is better to be Socrates dissatisfied than
a fool satisfied
9. Rowe argues that we can allow someone to define God anyway she wants, yet it will not follow from that definition that such a being
actually exists
90. Utilitarianism says that right actions are those that produce the greatest happiness for
all concerned
51. Philosophers provide reasons for thinking their ideas are plausible that is, they give us
arguments
22. According to Behe, the gradual accumulation of mutations
cannot evolve a biological system
28. Craig says an actually infinite number of things
cannot exist
77. Moral theories that say that the rightness of actions depends solely on their consequences are
consequentialist
69. An important moral criterion of adequacy is known as
consistency with our considered moral judgements.
66. According to Mill, to determine whether one pleasure is more valuable than another, we must
determine which pleasure most experienced people prefer.
76. Mill says that the ultimate end of utilitarianism is an existence as free of pain as possible and as rich as possible in
enjoyments
65. Questions like "what is knowledge" and "what is truth" are mainstays in the branch of philosophy known as
epistemology
73. For subjectivists, everyone's moral views are
equally plausible.
25. Anselm assumes that a being that exists in reality is greater than a being that
exists only in the understanding
33. Anslem thinks God is a being that exists in the understanding alone
false
35. Most scientists agree with Behe
false
36. Paley's argument, if cogent, proves the existence of the Christian God
false
39. Philo demonstrated that Anslem's argument was sound
false
40. Scientist and philosophers have no explanation for the existence of the universe
false
52. True or false? An argument is synonymous with persuasion
false
58. Philosophy, being an ancient art, cannot be applied to modern social problems such as racism
false
60. This classic argument-"The Bible says that God exists; the Bible is true because God wrote it; therefore, God exists"- is an example of begging the question
false
61. When you read a philosophical essay, you are simply trying to glean some facts from it as you might if you were reading a science text or technical report
false
62. Any type of declarative statement is an argumen
false
63. If inductive arguments succeed in lending very probable support to their conclusions, they are said to be weak
false
79. According to cultural relativism, some cultures' moral code are better than others
false
80. According to ethical egoism, people always act out of self-interest
false
82. By the lights of cultural relativism, cross-cultural moral disagreement is possible
false
83. Cultural relativism implies that moral progress is possible
false
84. Cultural relativism logically entails tolerance for others cultures
false
86. Mill believes that the moral worth of an action depends on one's motives
false
5. James says that a genuine option is
forced, live, and momentous
6. Mackie says that religious experiences are
generally indistinguishable from experiences with a known psychological or physical cause
29. Paley maintains that the key difference between the "contrivance" of a watch and that of nature is that the latter is
greater and grander
78. Psychological egoism is the doctrine that the only things anyone is capable of desiring or pursuing ultimately is
his or her own self-interest.
44. Arguments that are supposed to give probable support to their conclusions are
inductive
30. Some design arguments are framed as
inferences to the best explanation
1. According to Hick, a certain amount of evil in the world
is necessary
3. Hick believes that such evils as poverty, oppression, persecution, and war are
manifestations of human sin
49. In an argument, the statement being supported is the conclusion, and the statements supporting the conclusion are the
premises
2. According to James, a live option is a
real possibility to someone
7. Pascal believes that when it comes to the question of God's existence
reason can decide nothing
48. If you assume that a set of statements is true, and yet you can deduce a false or absurd statement from it, then the original set of statements as a whole must be false This kind of argument is known as
reduction ad absurdum
4. Hick says the idea of a person who can be infallibly guaranteed always to act rightly is
self-contradictory
89. Universal ethical egoism is the theory that everyone ought always to
serve her own interest
24. According to Paley, we must conclude that a watch had an intelligent designer if the watch
shows purposefulness
67. Act-utilitarianism is the view that the rightness of actions depends
solely on the relative good produced by individual actions.
45. For Socrates, an unexamined life is a tragedy because it results in grievous harm to the
soul
55. The fallacy of misrepresenting a person's views so they can be more easily attacked or dismissed is called the
straw man fallacy
47. If inductive arguments succeed in lending probable support to their conclusions, they are said to be
strong
71. Critics say that to avoid portraying God as arbitrary, we must assume that God issues commands based on
the best possible reasons.
57. The systemic use of critical reasoning to try and find answers to fundamental questions about reality, morality, and knowledge is called
the philosophical method
43. A question-and-answer dialogue in which propositions are methodically scrutinized to uncover the truth is known as
the socratic method
74. Mill argues that the Greatest Happiness Principle is
the standard of morality
59. Socrates preferred death to exile
true
64. In philosophy- and in any other kind of rational inquiry- accepting a conclusion (statement) without good reasons is an elementary mistake in reasoning
true
23. According to Craig, the kalam cosmological argument establishes that the
universe has a cause
72. Cultural relativism and ethical subjectivism imply that nothing is intrinsically
valuable
46. For Socrates, the good of the soul is attained only through an uncompromising search for
what's true and real
68. A moral theory explains
why an action is right or wrong.
8. Pascal says that if you bet that God exists, and he does not in fact exist, you
win infinite happiness and lose nothing