Abnormal Psychology EXAM 2

A personality change that often accompanies dissociative fugues is that people become: A. more withdrawn. B. more outgoing. C. more inhibited. D. more histrionic in their emotional reactions.

B. more outgoing.

Raymond has multiple personality disorder. All of his subpersonalities talk about and tattle on each other. This is called a: A. co-conscious relation. B. mutually cognizant pattern. C. one-way amnesic relationship. D. mutually amnesic relationship.

B. mutually cognizant pattern.

Devon is being treated for anxiety. He is connected to an instrument that records muscle tension. His job is to try to reduce muscle tension. This is an example of: A. biofeedback training. B. EMG training. C. relaxation training. D. self-instruction training.

A. biofeedback training

The person associated with developing a cognitive theory of depression based on negative and maladaptive thinking was: A. Beck. B. Freud. C. Seligman. D. Lewinsohn.

A. Beck.

What do obsessions and compulsions have in common? A. Both are used to deal with or ward off anxiety. B. Both arise out of an excessively strong superego. C. Both involve rituals. D. Both are a normal part of life for the average person.

A. Both are used to deal with or ward off anxiety

Which of these statements would not reflect a part of the cognitive triad? A. Everyone is out to get me. B. Life is just too overwhelming. C. I don't even want to wake up tomorrow. D. I just can't go on.

A. Everyone is out to get me.

Which one of these descriptors would be LEAST likely to describe someone experiencing obsessive-compulsive disorder, according to the cognitive perspective? A. Let the good times roll. Don't worry about tomorrow. B. I'm a bit of a control freak. C. It seems that I am always more "down" than my friends. D. I'm have a bit of trouble separating my thoughts from reality. I'm afraid if I think it, it will actually happen.

A. Let the good times roll. Don't worry about tomorrow.

Which of the following accurately describes the sympathetic nervous system pathway of the stress response? A. The hypothalamus excites the sympathetic nervous system which excites body organs to release hormones that serve as neurotransmitters, producing even more arousal. B. The parasympathetic nervous system excites the sympathetic nervous system which excites body organs to release hormones that serve as neurotransmitters, producing even more arousal. C. The hypothalamus excites the parasympathetic nervous system which excites body organs to release hormones that serve as neurotransmitters, producing even more arousal. D. The hypothalamus inhibits the sympathetic nervous system which inhibits body organs to release hormones that serve as neurotransmitters, producing a reduction in arousal.

A. The hypothalamus excites the sympathetic nervous system which excites body organs to release hormones that serve as neurotransmitters, producing even more arousal.

Which of the following accurately describes the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal pathway of the stress response? A. The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to produce a stress hormone that causes the adrenal gland to release corticosteroids. B. The hypothalamus produces corticosteroids which stimulate the pituitary to produce a stress hormone that causes the adrenal gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone. C. The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to produce corticosteroids that cause the adrenal gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone. D. The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to produce a stress hormone that causes the adrenal gland to release hypothalamic hormone in a feedback loop.

A. The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to produce a stress hormone that causes the adrenal gland to release corticosteroids.

Of the following alternatives, which is best for differentiating dissociative amnesia from dissociative fugue? A. Those with dissociative fugue change where they live. B. Those with dissociative amnesia often develop amnesia without experiencing an upsetting event. C. Those with dissociative fugue experience a loss of semantic, rather than episodic knowledge. D. Those with dissociative

A. Those with dissociative fugue change where they live.

In the treatment of anxiety disorders, overall, the MOST success appears to come from the use of: A. a combination of medications and cognitive therapies. B. medications and other biological treatments alone. C. a combination of cognitive and behavioral therapies, without medications. D. rational-emotive therapy alone.

A. a combination of medications and cognitive therapies.

Which of the following would provide the best evidence for the cognitive explanation for depression? A. a finding that people show negative thoughts before they became depressed B. a finding that people show negative thoughts only after they become depressed C. a finding that biochemical imbalances lead to both depression and negative thoughts D. a finding that social rewards are not related to happiness

A. a finding that people show negative thoughts before they became depressed

Leila always feels threatened and anxious—imagining something awful is about to happen. But she is able to work and care for her family, although not as well as she would like. Leila is probably experiencing: A. a generalized anxiety disorder. B. a hormonal imbalance. C. no specific problem; she just likes to worry. D. a specific fear response.

A. a generalized anxiety disorder

In terms of their DSM diagnostic categorization, which of the following pairs belong together? A. acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder B. psychophysiological disorder and acute stress disorder C. psychophysiological disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder D. acute stress disorder and psychological factors affecting medical condition

A. acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder

People who talk rapidly, dress flamboyantly, and get involved in dangerous activities are showing ______ symptoms of mania. A. behavioral B. motivational C. cognitive D. emotional

A. behavioral

Which theoretical position explains the origin of phobias as due to classical conditioning? A. biological B. sociocultural C. behavioral D. psychodynamic

A. behavioral

A therapist describes a patient who believes her personal worth is tied to each task she performs. She draws negative conclusions from very little evidence, amplifies minor mistakes into major character flaws, and suffers from repetitive thoughts that remind her of her flaws. You conclude that the therapist holds which theoretical orientation? A. cognitive B. biological C. behavioral D. psychoanalytic

A. cognitive

Which of the following therapies is an effective long-term, nonpharmacological treatment for panic attack that involves teaching patients to interpret their physical sensations accurately? A. cognitive B. behavioral C. humanistic D. psychodynamic

A. cognitive

A returning combat veteran with a stress disorder would most likely be in ______ to help change dysfunctional attitudes and styles of interpretation that resulted from the trauma. A. cognitive therapy B. family therapy C. EDMR D. a rap group

A. cognitive therapy

Ever since the auto accident, during which Pat was miraculously unhurt, Pat has not been the same. Pat forgets appointments, friends' names, and even things done in the last few days. Pat's amnesia is termed: A. continuous. B. organic. C. circumscribed. D. selective.

A. continuous.

A phobic person is taught to imagine the feared items as part of desensitization training. This is an example of the ______ technique. A. covert B. modeling C. fear hierarchical flooding D. in vivo

A. covert

People with which dissociative disorder typically do not eventually recover without receiving treatment? A. dissociative identity disorder B. dissociative fugue C. dissociative amnesia D. All dissociative disorders eventually resolve themselves successfully.

A. dissociative identity disorder

The most common cognitive description of someone exhibiting mania is that the person is: A. excessively optimistic, with poor judgment. B. excessively optimistic, with normal self-esteem. C. very coherent, with good judgment. D. very coherent, with abnormally high self-esteem.

A. excessively optimistic, with poor judgment.

The athlete expected to experience the least situation anxiety would be the one who: A. experiences no difference between practice and a game. B. is generally an anxious person. C. is an inexperienced athlete playing on a team. D. is an inexperienced athlete participating in an individual sport.

A. experiences no difference between practice and a game.

A combat veteran undergoing "eye movement desensitization and reprocessing" is experiencing which general form of therapy? A. exposure therapy. B. group therapy. C. insight therapy. D. drug therapy.

A. exposure therapy.

Fear differs from anxiety in that: A. fear is to a specific threat and anxiety is more general. B. anxiety is more likely to lead to aggression than is fear. C. anxiety is to an interpersonal threat and fear is to an inanimate threat. D. anxiety is an immediate response; fear is more vague.

A. fear is a specific threat and anxiety is more general

Which of the following is an example of a narrow social phobia? A. fear of public speaking B. fear of snakes C. fear of tornados when a tornado warning is in effect D. fear of generally functioning poorly in front of others

A. fear of public speaking

Which of the following is the best example of "reduced responsiveness" as it relates to posttraumatic stress disorder? A. feeling detached or estranged from others and loss of interest in activities B. feelings of extreme guilt for surviving the traumatic event C. reliving the event through day dreams and night dreams D. excessive talking about the event in inappropriate settings

A. feeling detached or estranged from others and loss of interest in activities

Dissociative fugues usually: A. follow a stressful event. B. end very gradually. C. have numerous recurrences. D. involve irrecoverable memory loss.

A. follow a stressful event.

A person who is restless, keyed up, and on edge for no apparent reason is experiencing: A. free-floating anxiety. B. specific anxiety. C. fearful anxiety. D. obsessions.

A. free-floating anxiety.

Current research suggests that those who experience severe stress: A. have abnormal levels of norepinephrine and cortisol. B. are less anxious than the average person before the trauma. C. were likely to be wealthy as children. D. were not directly exposed to the trauma, but experienced it second-hand.

A. have abnormal levels of norepinephrine and cortisol.

What treatment approach is often used in cases of dissociative amnesia and fugue? A. hypnotherapy B. family therapy C. amphetamine injections D. electroconvulsive shock therapy

A. hypnotherapy

Antidepressants that are effective in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder serve to: A. increase serotonin activity in the brain. B. increase norepinephrine activity in the brain. C. increase the level of all brain neurotransmitters. D. decrease serotonin activity in the brain.

A. increase serotonin activity in the brain.

For an antidepressant to be effective against obsessive-compulsive disorder, it must: A. increase serotonin activity. B. decrease serotonin activity. C. increase norepinephrine activity. D. decrease norepinephrine activity.

A. increase serotonin activity.

Which of the following typifies posttraumatic stress disorder? A. increased arousal, anxiety, and guilt B. inability to remember the event that led to the stress C. increased responsiveness and emotion right after the event D. a tendency to want to go back to see the site of the stress

A. increased arousal, anxiety, and guilt

Dissociative disorders: A. involve major changes in memory. B. usually have a precise physical cause. C. are a type of anxiety disorder. D. involve multiple personalities by definition.

A. involve major changes in memory.

Which of the following would be a motivational symptom of depression? A. lack of desire to eat B. a negative view of oneself C. experiences of sadness and anger D. staying in bed for hours during the day

A. lack of desire to eat

According to "intolerance of uncertainty theory," those with generalized anxiety disorder are: A. likely to overestimate the chances that any negative event will occur. B. likely to underestimate the chances that any positive event will occur. C. only able to tolerate uncertainty in mildly threatening events. D. only able to tolerate uncertainty in severely threatening events.

A. likely to overestimate the chances that any negative event will occur

Combat veterans are most likely to report symptoms of A. localized amnesia. B. continuous amnesia. C. generalized amnesia. D. selective amnesia.

A. localized amnesia.

Cognitive therapists believe that generalized anxiety disorder is induced by: A. maladaptive assumptions. B. lack of empathy. C. interpersonal loss. D. overactive id impulses.

A. maladaptive assumptions.

A state of breathless euphoria, or frenzied energy, in which people have an exaggerated belief in their power describes: A. mania. B. dysthymia. C. depression. D. cyclothymia.

A. mania.

Davon watched his father recoil from a snake in fear. Now he is afraid of snakes. This apparent acquisition of fear of snakes is an example of: A. modeling. B. response discrimination. C. escape response. D. stimulus generalization.

A. modeling

If you were afraid of dogs and your therapist treated you by interacting with dogs while you watched, you would be receiving: If you were afraid of dogs and your therapist treated you by interacting with dogs while you watched, you would be receiving: A. modeling. B. flooding. C. systematic desensitization. D. biofeedback.

A. modeling

Cognitive theorists explain depression in terms of a person's: A. negative interpretation of events. B. symbolic losses. C. decrease in positive activities. D. ethnic background.

A. negative interpretation of events.

Panic disorder appears to be related to abnormal activity of which neurotransmitter? A. norepinephrine B. epinephrine C. serotonin D. endorphin

A. norepinephrine

In case of multiple personality, "Pat" is aware of the existence of "Jerry" and "Chris," but "Jerry" and "Chris" are not aware of the existence of the other personalities. This form of subpersonality relationship is called: A. one-way amnesic. B. mutually cognizant. C. mutually amnesic. D. co-conscious.

A. one-way amnesic.

Rosa's heart was racing (from the 4 cups of coffee she had just finished), but she thought she might be having a heart attack. Her fear seemed to be increasing without end. This might be the beginning of a: A. panic attack. B. manic episode. C. specific phobia. D. social phobia.

A. panic attack

You notice someone who is sweating, experiencing shortness of breath, choking, feeling dizzy, and is afraid of dying. If it is not a heart attack but an indicator of anxiety disorder, it is probably a: A. panic attack. B. phobia. C. obsessive-compulsive response. D. posttraumatic disorder.

A. panic attack

Every once in a while, Ona feels nervous to the point of terror. It seems to come on suddenly and randomly. Her experience is an example of a(n): A. panic disorder. B. phobic disorder. C. generalized anxiety disorder. D. obsessive-compulsive disorder.

A. panic disorder

Having frequent headaches is a(n) ______ symptom of depression. A. physical B. emotional C. behavioral D. motivational

A. physical

The clinician who would be most likely to say, "Tell me about any early losses you experienced" is a: A. psychodynamic clinician. B. behavioral clinician. C. cognitive clinician. D. sociocultural clinician.

A. psychodynamic clinician.

The clinician who would be most likely to say, "Tell me about how your parents cared for and protected you" is a: A. psychodynamic clinician. B. behavioral clinician. C. cognitive clinician. D. sociocultural clinician.

A. psychodynamic clinician.

Which of the following would be a physical symptom of depression? A. sleeping poorly B. lack of desire to go to work C. decreased level of physical activity D. experiences of sadness and dejection

A. sleeping poorly

Steve is afraid of eating in public, expecting to be judged negatively and to feel humiliated. As a result, he always makes up excuses when asked out to eat. His diagnosis would probably be: A. a social phobia. B. a specific phobia. C. generalized anxiety disorder. D. posttraumatic stress disorder.

A. social phobia

While walking through a forest during a rainstorm, 5-year-old Samir was almost struck by lightning. Today, as an adult, he is extremely afraid of trees. What is the conditioned stimulus in the example? A. the trees B. the lightning C. the rain storm D. the feelings of fear

A. the trees

I am generally a calm, relaxed person. If you are generally a tense, excitable person, we differ in: A. trait anxiety. B. state anxiety. C. situation anxiety. D. content anxiety.

A. trait anxiety.

To be classified as having a major depressive episode, depression must last for a period of at least: A. two weeks. B. two months. C. one year. D. two years.

A. two weeks.

The defense mechanism that involves doing good works in order to cancel out one's previous bad acts is called: A. undoing. B. isolation. C. reaction formation. D. denial.

A. undoing

The most common form of mood disorder is: A. unipolar depression. B. bipolar disorder. C. mania. D. manic-depression.

A. unipolar depression.

Of the following, the best description of the "avoidance theory of generalized anxiety disorder" is: A. worrying serves to reduce bodily arousal. B. worry interferes with our ability to cope with life. C. worrying keeps the focus on emotions, not cognitions. D. worrying is an uncontrollable part of life.

A. worrying serves to reduce bodily arousal

A person diagnosed with a stress disorder is experiencing a disorder categorized by DSM as: A. depression. B. anxiety. C. pharmacological. D. mania.

B. Anxiety

Which of the following does not characterize stress disorders? A. recurring memories, dreams, or nightmares about the event B. a compulsive need to engage in activities that remind one of the event C. reduced responsiveness to the world around one D. signs of increased arousal, such as poor sleep and exaggerated startle reactions

B. a compulsive need to engage in activities that remind one of the event

On an impulse, David decides to throw a huge party. It takes four days of round-the-clock work to get everything ready, then David welcomes over 200 guests. When the police stop by because David has blocked a public road to have room for the party, he flies into a rage. Most likely, David is experiencing: A. a manic phase of bipolar II disorder. B. a manic phase of bipolar I disorder. C. a manic phase of cyclothymic disorder. D. mania.

B. a manic phase of bipolar I disorder.

An individual who had suffered from dissociative fugue likely would have experienced all of the following except: A. relatively few aftereffects. B. a recurrence of the problem months or years later. C. a fairly sudden ending to the dissociative fugue state. D. a traumatic event.

B. a recurrence of the problem months or years later.

That some subpersonalities might be able to drive and others might not, demonstrates the different _______ of multiple personalities. A. identifying features B. abilities and preferences C. physiological responses D. evoked potentials

B. abilities and preferences

A pattern of anxiety, insomnia, depression, and flashbacks that begins shortly after a horrible event and persists for less than a month is called: A. hysteria. B. acute stress disorder. C. generalized anxiety disorder. D. posttraumatic stress disorder.

B. acute stress disorder.

The gland that produces a hormone that is involved in the reaction to fearful and stressful situations is the: A. ganglion. B. adrenal. C. hippocampus. D. medulla.

B. adrenal

One procedure used to treat phobic disorders involves having the therapist confront the feared object or situation while the fearful client observes. This is called: A. flooding. B. modeling. C. implosive therapy. D. systematic desensitization.

B. modeling

In the most common type of dissociative amnesia, a person loses memory for: A. some but not all the events surrounding the trauma. B. all events beginning with the trauma but within a limited period of time. C. all events from the trauma onward. D. all events before and after the trauma.

B. all events beginning with the trauma but within a limited period of time.

Pierre feels terrible. He is sad, tired, and depressed, but he refuses to show it. This is consistent with the: A. hormone theory. B. artifact theory. C. quality-of-life theory. D. social pressure.

B. artifact theory.

The type of clinician who would be most likely to say, "What are some things you enjoy doing, and how often do you do them?" would be a: A. psychoanalyst. B. behaviorist. C. cognitive clinician. D. sociocultural clinician.

B. behaviorist.

Somene who experiences a half-dozen alternations between mild mania and major depression within a one-year timespan would be classified as: A. bipolar II seasonal. B. bipolar II rapid cycling. C. bipolar I mixed episodes. D. bipolar I.

B. bipolar II rapid cycling.

A depressed person who is confused, unable to remember things, and unable to solve problems is suffering from ______symptoms. A. emotional B. cognitive C. motivational D. behavioral

B. cognitive

When someone checks the stove 10 times to make sure it is turned off before leaving in the morning, one is exhibiting a(n): A. obsession. B. compulsion. C. panic attack. D. phobia.

B. compulsion

The group of hormones that appears to be most involved in arousal and fear reaction are the: A. prolactins. B. corticosteroids. C. adrenalaltoids. D. beta-blockers.

B. corticosteroids

According to Freud, a generalized anxiety disorder is most likely to result when: A. a person does not dream, and thus has no outlet for anxiety. B. defense mechanisms are too weak to cope with anxiety. C. a person never has a chance to experience trauma. D. defense mechanisms are too strong.

B. defense mechanisms are too weak to cope with anxiety

People who are unable to recall important information about themselves, especially of an upsetting nature, are most likely experiencing: A. depersonalization. B. dissociative amnesia. C. body dysmorphic disorder. D. the placebo response.

B. dissociative amnesia.

Of the following disorders, the one for which an individual would least likely need therapy to avoid a recurrence and to recover lost memories is: A. depersonalization disorder. B. dissociative fugue. C. conversion disorder. D. dissociative amnesia.

B. dissociative fugue.

The experience of feeling like weeping constantly would be considered a(n) ______ symptom of depression. A. cognitive B. emotional C. behavioral D. motivational

B. emotional

A person with posttraumatic stress disorder who refuses to talk about it is: A. reexperiencing the traumatic event. B. experiencing avoidance. C. experiencing reduced responsiveness. D. experiencing increased arousal, anxiety, and guilt.

B. experiencing avoidance.

An obsessive-compulsive person who was told that everyone was required to wear shoes at all times in the house and not to vacuum for a week, would be experiencing what therapy procedures? A. family therapy B. exposure and response prevention C. reinforcement for compulsive behavior D. free association

B. exposure and response prevention

Your fear of spiders is debilitating because you are an entomologist. To treat this phobia, your therapist puts you in a room with spiders, even asking you to handle them. This technique might be used in: A. modeling. B. flooding. C. covert desensitization. D. systematic desensitization.

B. flooding

A person experiencing multiple personalities would MOST accurately be diagnosed with dissociative: A. schizophrenia. B. identity disorder. C. fugue. D. amnesia.

B. identity disorder

Ideally, critical incident stress debriefing occurs: A. immediately, and is long-term. B. immediately, and is short-term. C. after a "recovery" period, and is long-term. D. after a "recovery" period, and is short-term.

B. immediately, and is short-term.

A person who believes that it is awful and catastrophic when things are not the way he or she would like them to be is displaying: A. metaworry. B. irrational assumption. C. compulsion. D. condition of worth.

B. irrational assumptions

A person who believes that one should be thoroughly competent, adequate, and achieving in all possible aspects is displaying: A. metaworry. B. irrational assumption. C. compulsion. D. condition of worth.

B. irrational assumptions

If I believe that it is a dire necessity for me to be loved or approved by everyone and that it is catastrophic if things are not the way I want them, I am displaying basic: A. existential anxiety. B. irrational assumptions. C. moral anxiety. D. conditions of worth.

B. irrational assumptions

The defense mechanism that involves not "owning" one's unwanted thoughts, but believing that they are "foreign" intrusions is called: A. undoing. B. isolation. C. reaction formation. D. denial.

B. isolation

Many victims of spousal abuse stay with their abusers, even though it is obvious to others that they should—and in fact could—leave. A good explanation for their behavior is: A. symbolic (imagined) loss. B. learned helplessness. C. artifact theory. D. body dissatisfaction.

B. learned helplessness.

Mary Ann experiences a mugging and robbery in which her prized poodle is kidnapped. Eventually the dog is found and returned. However, she is unable to recall events immediately following the attack, up until the safe return of the dog. This is a classic example of: A. selective amnesia. B. localized amnesia. C. continuous amnesia. D. generalized amnesia.

B. localized amnesia.

Your aunt says, "I know I'm depressed, and I think and worry about my depression constantly. However, never actually do anything about it." She is: A. providing an example of the cognitive triad. B. making ruminative responses. C. committing errors in logic. D. regressing toward the oral stage of development.

B. making ruminative responses.

"Your worries? They're only thoughts. Don't try to stop them, but recognize that they're thoughts, and don't let them upset you so much." This quote most likely would come from someone using which form of therapy for generalized anxiety disorder? A. rational-emotive therapy B. mindfulness-based cognitive therapy C. intolerance of uncertainty therapy D. biofeedback

B. mindfulness-based cognitive therapy

Harry is terrified of the snakes that his 8-year-old son brings home. During his therapy, his therapist demonstrated how to handle them. This is a form of therapy based on: A. flooding. B. modeling. C. implosive techniques. D. covert desensitization.

B. modeling

When all of the subpersonalities in a person with dissociative identity disorder are aware of one another, it is termed a: A. co-conscious relationship. B. mutually cognizant pattern. C. one-way amnesic relationship. D. mutually amnesic relationship.

B. mutually cognizant relationship.

According to Freud, children who are prevented from expressing id impulses—making mud pies, playing war, and exploring their genitals—are at risk for developing: A. realistic anxiety. B. neurotic anxiety. C. moral anxiety. D. existential anxiety.

B. neurotic anxiety

In modeling, the client: A. confronts the feared object directly. B. observes the therapist confronting the feared object. C. imagines the therapist confronting the feared object. D. imagines himself or herself confronting the feared object.

B. observes the therapist confronting the feared object.

A person who experiences unpredictable panic attacks combined with dysfunctional behavior and thoughts is probably experiencing: A. typical panic attacks. B. panic disorder. C. physiological damage. D. a normal response to stress.

B. panic disorder

An intense, persistent, and irrational fear that is accompanied by a compelling desire to avoid the object of the fear to the point of interfering with the life of the person is called: A. panic disorder. B. phobic disorder. C. obsessive-compulsive disorder. D. generalized anxiety disorder.

B. phobic disorder

Combat veterans in a therapy group express a great deal of guilt and rage. Most likely, the veterans are in a: A. desensitization and reprocessing group. B. rap group. C. "experience writing" group. D. exposure group.

B. rap group.

Jose just saw his best friend shot and killed by a gunman who was driving through his neighborhood. A month later he is in a psychologist's office complaining that he cannot work and it all seems hopeless. There are several other symptoms consistent with these. Based on these data, the diagnosis would be: A. recurrent depression. B. reactive depression. C. endogenous depression. D. melancholic depression.

B. reactive depression.

Which of the following is a nondrug biological treatment for anxiety that is in general use today? A. psychoanalysis B. relaxation therapy C. behavior modification D. rational-emotive therapy

B. relaxation therapy

The first step in treatment of systematic desensitization is: A. role playing. B. relaxation training. C. construction of a fear hierarchy. D. graded pairings with the phobic object.

B. relaxation training

Which of the following has been proposed as a cause of dissociative disorders? A. regression B. self-hypnosis C. lack of repression D. classical conditioning

B. self-hypnosis

Although initially thought to be due to an excessive amount of a particular neurotransmitter, mania has been found to be due to low levels of which neurotransmitter? A. dopamine B. serotonin C. acetylcholine D. norepinephrine

B. serotonin

After Marie's plane crashed, mother came to stay with her. Her friends visited often, and went to lunch and dinner with her occasionally. This situation, which probably contributed to Marie's coping ability after the accident, relates to ______ as a factor in her response to the stress. A. personality B. social support C. severity of the trauma D. the nature of her childhood experiences

B. social support

Some people are stimulated by exciting, potentially dangerous activities that terrify others. These varying reactions represent differences in: A. trait anxiety. B. state anxiety. C. neurotic anxiety. D. existential anxiety.

B. state anxiety.

Looking for rainbows while walking the dog in the rain is an example of a: A. stressor. B. stress response. C. social support system. D. potential stressor.

B. stress response.

Having to walk the dog several times a day when it is raining is an example of a: A. stressor. B. stress response. C. stress disorder. D. psychophysical disorder.

B. stressor

Poor health is best described as a: A. stress. B. stressor. C. stress response. D. stress model.

B. stressor

The difference between bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder is: A. the number of depressive and manic episodes. B. the severity of the manic episodes. C. the number of depressive episodes. D. the seasonal variation in the episodes.

B. the severity of the manic episodes.

People experiencing mania: A. are acutely aware of their domineering, excessive behaviors. B. want excitement and companionship. C. enthusiastically long for new friends, but ignore old friends. D. enthusiastically look for old friends, but ignore new friends.

B. want excitement and companionship.

Psychodynamic theorists believe that dissociative amnesias and fugues result from: A. projection. B. regression. C. repression. D. sublimation.

C. repression.

"I don't want to do that. The therapist wants me to imagine scenes where I was in combat-and imagine them like I was there. How can this possibly help me?" Which of the following is the BEST answer your can give to a combat veteran who says this? A. "That really can't help you. The best thing to do is suppress your fear, control it." B. "Your therapist is suggesting something called 'virtual exposure,' but no one knows if it helps." C. "Your therapist is suggesting an effective form of exposure called 'flooding.'" D. "You should try drug therapy; that usually works, even without additional therapy."

C. "Your therapist is suggesting an effective form of exposure called 'flooding.'"

What is one important way obsessions and compulsions are related? A. Compulsions are a way to prevent obsessions from occurring. B. Obsessions generally lead to violent or immoral compulsions. C. Compulsions help people control their obsessions. D. Obsessions are not related to compulsions.

C. Compulsions help people control their obsessions

Someone experiencing a serious memory loss, thought to be a way to escape from the stress of the trauma that happened, would MOST likely be diagnosed with: A. a conversion disorder. B. a somatoform disorder. C. a dissociative disorder. D. hysteria.

C. a dissociative disorder.

Salina was terrified during the San Francisco earthquake of 1989 (who wouldn't be!). For a couple of weeks after, she did not sleep well or feel comfortable inside a building. However, gradually the fears diminished, and they disappeared within a month. Her reaction to the earthquake was a(n): A. panic attack. B. phobic reaction. C. acute stress disorder. D. posttraumatic stress disorder.

C. acute stress disorder.

If a study demonstrated that concern about one's weight usually is caused by depression, that finding would provide strong evidence: A. against the hormone explanation. B. for the hormone explanation. C. against the body dissatisfaction explanation. D. for the body dissatisfaction explanation.

C. against the body dissatisfaction explanation.

The phobia most often associated with panic disorder is: A. claustrophobia. B. acrophobia. C. agoraphobia. D. metrophobia.

C. agoraphobia (afraid of public places)

In order to determine if person's fear of snakes is severe enough to be categorized as a phobia, you could: A. show him a snake: if he appears to be very uncomfortable, he most likely has a phobia. B. show him a snake: if he appears to be very uncomfortable, he most likely has a fear. C. ask him if anxiety about snakes interferes with daily living; if he says "yes," he most likely has a phobia. D. ask him if anxiety about snakes interferes with daily living; if he says "yes," he most likely has a fear.

C. ask him if anxiety about snakes interferes with daily living; if he says "yes," he most likely has a phobia

A person displaying sadness, lack of energy, headaches, and feelings of low self-worth is showing all of the following symptoms except ______ symptoms. A. emotional B. motivational C. behavioral D. cognitive

C. behavioral

The therapy Eliot is receiving emphasizes dealing with his compulsions, but not his obsessions. In addition, he does "homework" in the form of self-help procedures between therapy sessions. Most likely, Eliot is receiving which kind of therapy? A. psychodynamic B. psychodynamic, with therapist interpretation C. behavioral D. cognitive

C. behavioral

A decrease in social rewards—especially a decrease in social support, such as the support found in a happy marriage—may precede the onset of depression, providing evidence for which theoretical perspectives? A. psychodynamic and cognitive B. cognitive and behavioral C. behavioral and sociocultural D. sociocultural and biological

C. behavioral and sociocultural

A recently divorced individual who swears off dating for fear of experiencing another failed relationship has an increased risk of developing a depressive disorder, providing direct support for which theoretical explanation of depression? A. psychodynamic and cognitive B. cognitive and behavioral C. behavioral and sociocultural D. sociocultural and biological

C. behavioral and sociocultural

When he was five years old, Samir was almost struck by lightening while walking through a forest during a rainstorm. Today, he is extremely afraid of trees. A behaviorist would say that he has acquired this fear by: A. operant conditioning. B. modeling and imitation. C. classical conditioning. D. stimulus generalization.

C. classical conditioning

In the face of fear, someone is unable to concentrate and develops a distorted view of the world. This person is showing which of the following fear responses? A. physical B. emotional C. cognitive D. The person is showing all three responses.

C. cognitive

Teaching people to accept their worries and live in the present moment—mindfulness therapy—is MOST consistent with which theoretical approach? A. psychodynamic B. biological C. cognitive D. behavioral

C. cognitive

If I'm in a depressed mood and all I do is think about my mood, without trying to change it, I'm making what kind of response? A. helplessness B. hopelessness C. ruminative D. perseverative

C. ruminative

When I was a young child and watching TV with my mother, a mouse ran by. My mother screamed, scaring me. Subsequently, I have been afraid of mice. In this example, the mouse is the: A. conditioned response. B. unconditioned response. C. conditioned stimulus. D. unconditioned stimulus.

C. conditioned stimulus.

Carlotta is attacked in the street and her young daughter is kidnapped. Eventually, the police find her daughter and she is returned to her mother. However, Carlotta is unable to recall events that have occurred since the attack. She is even unable to retain new information; she remembers what happened before the attack but cannot remember new and ongoing experiences. This is a classic example of: A. localized amnesia. B. selective amnesia. C. continuous amnesia. D. generalized amnesia.

C. continuous amnesia.

A milder pattern of mood swings that does not reach the severity of bipolar disorder but does include brief depressive and manic episodes is called ______ disorder. A. dysthymic B. anhedomic C. cyclothymic D. anxiety

C. cyclothymic

Milder forms of bipolar disorders are known as ______ disorders. A. hypomanic-depressive B. dysthymic C. cyclothymic D. manic-depressive

C. cyclothymic

Which diagnosis includes a breakdown in sense of self, a significant alteration in memory or identity, and even a separation of one part of the identity from another part? A. mood disorder B. personality disorder C. dissociative disorder D. histrionic personality disorder

C. dissociative disorder

An individual who formerly knew almost all the state and international capital cities can no longer remember them as a result of a dissociative disorder. That dissociative disorder most likely is: A. dissociative fugue. B. dissociative amnesia. C. dissociative identity. D. Such memories are affected about equally by the dissociative disorders.

C. dissociative identity.

A student who dreads being called on in class, and in fact panics at the thought of public speaking, is experiencing a(n) ______ response to stress. A. physical B. cognitive C. emotional D. developmental

C. emotional

The part of the body that releases hormones into the bloodstream is the ______ system. A. nervous B. exocrine C. endocrine D. autonomic

C. endocrine

Which of the following would be an emotional symptom of depression? A. lack of desire to eat B. a negative view of oneself C. experiences of sadness and anger D. staying in bed for hours during the day

C. experiences of sadness and anger

A person with posttraumatic stress disorder who has symptoms of derealization is: A. reexperiencing the traumatic event. B. experiencing avoidance. C. experiencing reduced responsiveness. D. experiencing increased arousal, anxiety, and guilt.

C. experiencing reduced responsiveness.

What characteristic is shared by both hypnotic amnesia and dissociative disorders? A. forgetting basic knowledge rather than events B. forgetting information that is specifically anxiety producing C. forgetting specific information for a period of time, yet later recalling it D. forgetting while retaining insight into why one is forgetting, or a feeling that something has been forgotten

C. forgetting specific information for a period of time, yet later recalling it

One distinction that DSM-IV-TR makes between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder is based on: A. how intense the anxiety-linked symptoms are. B. what the cause of the anxiety-linked symptoms was. C. how long the anxiety symptoms last. D. what sort of treatment is contemplated for the anxiety-linked symptoms.

C. how long the anxiety symptoms last.

Which of the following is not an example of memory recovery techniques used by therapists? A. hypnosis B. journal writing C. imagining the event D. dream interpretation

C. imagining the event

A woman in a middle-level manager's job is repeatedly not promoted, no matter how hard she tries, even though she seems as qualified as the men who are promoted. If she develops depression as a result of her work experiences, the theory that MOST easily explains the onset of her depression is: A. artifact theory. B. hormone theory. C. lack-of-control theory. D. cognitive triad theory.

C. lack-of-control theory.

A woman who was frequently but unpredictably beaten by her husband was finally taken to a shelter by the police. While there she did not take advantage of educational and job training opportunities. How would cognitive theorists explain her behavior? A. automatic negative thoughts B. faulty cognitive triad C. learned helplessness D. arbitrary attribution

C. learned helplessness

According to Freud, children who are severely and repeatedly punished for expressing their id impulses may develop: A. realistic anxiety. B. neurotic anxiety. C. moral anxiety. D. existential anxiety.

C. moral anxiety

Psychodynamic therapy may be particularly effective in the treatment of dissociative disorders because: A. most dissociative disorders involve some degree of fixation. B. most other forms of therapy take several years to improve functioning of those with these disorders. C. psychodynamic therapy often tries to recover lost memories. D. those with dissociative disorders generally do not respond well to drugs and hypnosis.

C. psychodynamic therapy often tries to recover lost memories.

Someone who looks at the influence of race, living conditions, marital status, and roles on the development of depression would most likely represent which theoretical orientation? A. behavioral B. cognitive C. sociocultural D. psychoanalytical

C. sociocultural

According to behavioral theory, specific learned fears become a generalized anxiety disorder through the process of: A. modeling. B. stimulus generalization. C. stimulus discrimination. D. response prevention.

C. stimulus generalization

Little Karen was bitten by a tan pony she was riding at a carnival. It hurt and frightened her. The next month she was visiting her uncle, who had a tan Great Dane (dog). It frightened her even though she had never had a bad experience with a dog. Fear of this dog is an example of: A. response discrimination. B. modeling. C. stimulus generalization. D. vicarious reinforcement.

C. stimulus generalization

A person who copes well with a happy event in life is showing a positive: A. stress. B. stressor. C. stress response. D. stress model.

C. stress response.

In response to a threat, we perspire, breathe more quickly, get goose bumps, and feel nauseated. These responses are controlled by the: A. somatic nervous system. B. peripheral nervous system. C. sympathetic nervous system. D. parasympathetic nervous system.

C. sympathetic nervous system.

Kelly was in a passenger plane that had engine trouble. She watched as all four engines quit, one at a time. Then the plane exploded and she was thrown free 5,000 feet in the air. It was a miracle that she survived, though severely injured, because she landed in a thick pine forest covered with 10 feet or more of snow. When she regained consciousness several weeks later, she had a stress reaction that lasted for years, and she could never fly again. The factor that probably contributed most to her extreme posttraumatic stress reaction was: A. her personality. B. her social support. C. the severity of the trauma. D. the nature of her childhood experiences.

C. the severity of the trauma.

Religious rituals and superstitious behavior (such as not stepping on cracks) would be considered a compulsive behavior: A. when done to provide comfort and reduce tension. B. when done more than once a day. C. when they interfere with daily function and cause distress. D. never.

C. when they interfere with daily function and cause distress

How do phobias and common fear differ? A. A fear more dramatically interferes with one's life. B. A phobia is less intense. C. A fear lasts longer. D. A phobia leads to a greater desire to avoid the object.

D. A phobia leads to a greater desire to avoid the object

A psychodynamic theorist would use repression as the chief explanation for all dissociative disorders except: A. dissociative identity disorder. B. dissociative fugue. C. dissociative amnesia. D. A psychodynamic theorist would use repression as the chief explanation for dissociative identity disorder, dissociative fugue, and dissociative amnesia.

D. A psychodynamic theorist would use repression as the chief explanation for dissociative identity disorder, dissociative fugue, and dissociative amnesia.

Raphael was just outside the parking garage of the World Trade Center when the explosion occurred. At the time he was terrified and had visions of the building falling on him. Ever since the bombing he has had periods of anxiety and sleeplessness. This is an example of a: A. panic disorder. B. phobic disorder. C. generalized anxiety disorder. D. posttraumatic stress disorder.

D. PTSD

If someone leads a life of service to others in order to counter his hatred and contempt for the poor and destitute, this person is exhibiting what psychodynamic theorists would call: A. denial. B. undoing. C. isolation. D. reaction formation.

D. Reaction formation

Which theoretical position explains the origin of anxiety disorders as the overrun of defense mechanisms by neurotic or moral anxiety? A. the behavioral approach B. the humanistic approach C. the sociocultural approach D. the psychodynamic approach

D. The psychodynamic approach

A good way to describe a typical manic episode would be to say that it's like: A. a roller coaster—up and down, up and down. B. a meteorite—a sudden burst of energy that's quickly gone. C. a power plant's output—steady, regular energy being produced. D. a flash flood—spreading out wherever there's room for it to go.

D. a flash flood—spreading out wherever there's room for it to go.

A person who witnessed a horrible accident and then became unusually anxious and depressed for 3 weeks is probably experiencing: A. posttraumatic stress disorder. B. pretraumatic stress disorder. C. combat fatigue. D. acute stress disorder.

D. acute stress disorder.

Cognitive theorists have found that people who develop obsessive-compulsive disorder also: A. have a lower rate of depression. B. have lower standards of conduct and morality. C. believe it is impossible and undesirable to have control over everything. D. believe their thoughts are capable of causing harm to themselves or others.

D. believe their thoughts are capable of causing harm to themselves or others.

Imagine that researchers investigating panic disorder gave you a drug that caused you to hyperventilate and your heart beat rapidly. You would have been given a(n): A. in vivo test. B. modeling test. C. covert sensitization test. D. biological challenge test.

D. biological challenge test

Posttraumatic stress disorders: A. begin immediately after the stress occurs. B. last between 1 and 3 weeks. C. don't begin until years after the traumatic event. D. last longer than a month.

D. last longer than a month

Jamal is experiencing a major depressive episode that appears to have begun three weeks ago. He is miserable and suffers from at least five symptoms of depression. No unusually stressful events have occurred in the past year. Based on these data, the diagnosis would be: A. postpartum depression. B. reactive depression. C. exogenous depression. D. endogenous depression.

D. endogenous depression.

Sohila has been deteriorating for more than a year. She is always tired (she does not sleep), she is losing weight (she eats poorly), she is sad, feels terrible, and feels like it will never get any better. When asked, it is clear that nothing in particular has happened. Based on these data, the diagnosis would be: A. manic depression. B. reactive depression. C. exogenous depression. D. endogenous depression.

D. endogenous depression.

A person with posttraumatic stress disorder who is upset by what she or he had to do to survive and perhaps even feels unworthy of surviving is: A. reexperiencing the traumatic event. B. experiencing avoidance. C. experiencing reduced responsiveness. D. experiencing increased arousal, anxiety, and guilt.

D. experiencing increased arousal, anxiety, and guilt.

Gwendolyn is held up at knifepoint and her young son is kidnapped. Eventually, her son is found and returned. However, she is unable to recall events that occurred since the attack, although she remembers some new experiences; worse still, she finds that she is forgetting events that occurred even before the attack. This is a classic example of: A. selective amnesia. B. localized amnesia. C. continuous amnesia. D. generalized amnesia.

D. generalized amnesia.

Cognitive theorists and psychodynamic theorists have in common an emphasis on: A. the components of the cognitive triad. B. object relations theory as it relates to grief reactions. C. methodologies for investigating mood disorders. D. how early experiences shape one's risk for depression.

D. how early experiences shape one's risk for depression.

"Phobic and generalized anxiety disorders arise when people stop looking at themselves honestly and with acceptance and instead deny and distort their true thoughts, emotions, and behavior." This explanation for anxiety disorders would most likely be offered by: A. behaviorists. B. cognitive theorists. C. sociocultural theorists. D. humanistic theorists.

D. humanistic theorists

A phobic person is taken to a snake-handing convention in order to actually confront snakes as part of desensitization training. This is an example of the ______ technique. A. covert B. modeling C. fear hierarchical D. in vivo

D. in vivo

These days, many people experience disasters secondhand through the media. For example, online and TV sources recently aired graphic coverage of severe earthquakes, which killed hundreds and made thousands homeless in Turkey. Studies show that watching coverage of disasters: A. actually decreases the likelihood of watchers developing stress disorders (the "insulation effect"). B. does not increase the likelihood of watchers developing stress disorders. C. increases the likelihood of watchers thinking they will develop stress disorders, but does not increase the likelihood of watchers developing stress disorders. D. increases the likelihood of watchers developing stress disorders.

D. increases the likelihood of watchers developing stress disorders.

After a major earthquake, television coverage showed survivors shuffling confusedly through the ruined buildings. If such victims later could not remember the days immediately after the earthquake, the victims would be suffering from what type of amnesia? A. continuous B. selective C. posttraumatic D. localized

D. localized

An older person retires and begins experiencing health problems. Consequently, the person loses contact with old friends and becomes unpleasant to be around. A behaviorist would explain the resulting depression in terms of: A. learned helplessness. B. object relations loss. C. sociocultural changes. D. loss of positive social rewards.

D. loss of positive social rewards.

A teammate of a basketball player says, "Congratulations on making those game-winning free throws. Weren't you bothered by the fans waving their arms behind the basket?" The basketball player replies, "Thanks. I felt a little nervous, but to tell the truth, I didn't even notice the fans." Most likely, the player who made the foul shots has: A. high situational and trait anxiety. B. low trait anxiety, but high situation anxiety. C. high trait anxiety, but low situation anxiety. D. low situational and trait anxiety

D. low situational and trait anxiety

Which of the following alternatives is generally not true regarding gender and depression? A. women are more likely to be diagnosed with depression B. men have less frequent bouts of depression C. women have longer-lasting bouts of depression D. men respond less successfully to therapy for depression

D. men respond less successfully to therapy for depression

The experience of a lack of desire to engage in sexual activity with one's spouse would be considered a(n) ______ symptom of depression. A. cognitive B. emotional C. behavioral D. motivational

D. motivational

A person experiencing mania goes out with friends, looking for adventure. Additionally, the individual talks loudly, runs rather than walks, and has given away a lot of money to random people on the street. These symptoms are primarily: A. emotional and cognitive. B. physical and cognitive. C. motivational and behavioral. D. motivational and emotional.

D. motivational and emotional.

Alexis has multiple personality disorder. When one of her personalities, Jodi, is asked about another one, Tom, she claims ignorance. Tom has never heard of Jodi either. This would be called a: A. co-conscious relationship. B. mutually cognizant pattern. C. one-way amnesic relationship. D. mutually amnesic relationship.

D. mutually amnesic relationship.

Jan is very fearful of speaking in public and will do everything she can to avoid that behavior. If her fear is judged to be phobic, the most accurate diagnosis would be: A. agoraphobia. B. specific phobia. C. broad social phobia. D. narrow social phobia.

D. narrow social phobia

A person, years after committing a serious crime, is found living under a false identity over 1,000 miles from where the person used to live. The person's memory of the crime, and of other earlier events, is intact. Most likely this is a case of: A. dissociative fugue. B. dissociative amnesia. C. dissociative identity (multiple personality) disorder. D. no mental disorder.

D. no mental disorder.

Antidepressant drugs are frequently effective in treating panic attacks. This may mean that the disorder is related to levels of the neurotransmitter: A. GABA. B. dopamine. C. acetylcholine. D. norepinephrine.

D. norepinephrine

Investigators have shown that traumatic events are related to abnormal activity of the neurotransmitter: A. GABA. B. serotonin. C. epinephrine. D. norepinephrine.

D. norepinephrine.

Which of the following is an anxiety disorder? A. schizophrenia B. bipolar disorder C. major depression D. obsessive-compulsive disorder

D. obsessive-compulsive disorder

Imagine that you just had a "close call" while driving, but now you feel your body returning to normal. Which part of your nervous system is controlling this return to normalcy? A. somatic nervous system B. peripheral nervous system C. sympathetic nervous system D. parasympathetic nervous system

D. parasympathetic nervous system

A student who turns pale and feels nauseated when called on to speak in class is experiencing a(n) ______ response to stress. A. emotional B. cognitive C. developmental D. physical

D. physical

Dorian was only 10 miles away when Mt. St. Helens exploded with one of the largest blasts in history. There was ash and lava everywhere, and he was sure he was going to die. He was terrified to the core of his being. When rescue teams found him a week later, he was cold, hungry, and scared. More than a year later he still has nightmares and wakes up in a cold sweat. This description best fits a(n): A. phobia. B. acute stress disorder. C. generalized anxiety disorder. D. posttraumatic stress disorder.

D. posttraumatic stress disorder.

A pattern of anxiety, insomnia, depression, and flashbacks that persists for years after a horrible event is called: A. hysteria. B. acute stress disorder. C. generalized anxiety disorder. D. posttraumatic stress reaction.

D. posttraumatic stress reaction.

Almost every night, Cara wakes up terrified and screaming for the boys to get off her. Two years later she still can't get the gang rape out of her mind. The fear, anxiety, and depression are ruining her life. This is an example of a(n): A. phobia. B. panic reaction. C. acute stress reaction. D. posttraumatic stress reaction.

D. posttraumatic stress reaction.

The type of clinician who would be most likely to say, "Tell me about the quality of mutual support you receive from your marriage" is a: A. psychodynamic clinician. B. behavioral clinician. C. cognitive clinician. D. sociocultural clinician.

D. sociocultural clinician.

Which of the following would be a behavioral symptom of depression? A. lack of desire to eat B. a negative view of oneself C. experiences of sadness and anger D. staying in bed for hours during the day

D. staying in bed for hours during the day

Pairing the thought of feared objects and relaxation training is: A. implosive therapy. B. systematic desensitization. C. experimental extinction. D. self-instruction training.

D. systematic desensitization

You are suffering from arachnophobia. Your therapist first has you go through relaxation training, then has you construct a fear hierarchy and, finally, has you go through a phase of graded pairings of spiders and relaxation responses. This approach is called: A. modeling. B. flooding. C. implosive therapy. D. systematic desensitization.

D. systematic desensitization

To receive a diagnosis of dysthymic disorder, an individual must have experienced symptoms for at least: A. two weeks. B. two months. C. one year. D. two years.

D. two years.

When I was a young child and watching TV with my mother, a mouse ran by. My mother screamed, scaring me. Subsequently, I have been afraid of mice. In this example, my mother's scream is the: A. conditioned response. B. unconditioned response. C. conditioned stimulus. D. unconditioned stimulus.

D. unconditioned stimulus

Which of the following is an example of a metaworry? A. worry about all possible signs of danger B. worry about not worrying enough C. thinking about worrying D. worrying about worrying

D. worrying about worrying

If you had lost your sense of identity, which of the following would most likely to disrupted? A. your relationships B. your intellectual functioning C. your attitudes toward your body D. your memory

D. your memory

A psychodynamic theorist finds that a client is experiencing a battle between anxiety-provoking id impulses and anxiety-reducing ego defense mechanisms. She thinks that this usually unconscious conflict is being played out in an explicit and overt manner. She is sure this underlying conflict explains her client's: A. fugue state. B. schizophrenia. C. generalized anxiety disorder. D. obsessive-compulsive disorder.

OCD

"Everyone has intrusive and unwanted thoughts. Most people ignore them. But some people blame themselves and expect terrible consequences, so they act in ways they hope will neutralize the thoughts." The type of theorist most likely to agree with this quote would be a: A. psychodynamic theorist. B. behaviorist. C. cognitive theorist. D. biologist

c. cognitive theorist

According to cognitive theorists, compulsive acts serve to ______ obsessive thoughts. A. reinforce B. increase C. neutralize D. clarify

c. neutralize