Abnormal Psychology Final 5 and 14

The brain completes an analysis of a face's visual features before categorizing it with respect to gender and emotion.

false

The symptoms of autism are apparent immediately after birth.

false

The prefrontal cortex is LEAST likely to be activated by experiences involving the emotion of ______.

fear

Which choice correctly pairs a type of disorder with the life stage in which it first arises?

generalized anxiety disorders- adolescence

Like ______ disorder(s), attention deficit/hyperactivity is a ______ disorder.

specific learning; neurodevelopmental

In the strange situation, only babies with a(n) ______ attachment pattern show positive emotion when the mother returns.

secure

The comorbidity of antisocial personality disorder with substance use disorder may be as high as ______.

80%

Across the adult lifespan, the expression of MOST personality disorders ______

decreases

With respect to the brain's processing of a social event, affect is to cognition as the ______ is to ______.

amygdala; prefrontal cortex

A child develops a theory of mind between ______ and ______ year(s) of age.

3; 5

Impulse control disorders begin around age ______.

5

In an experiment, researchers vary the number of times a confederate imitates participants' actions. Participants then rate their liking for participants on a scale in which higher numbers indicate greater liking. Based on information provided in the text, which correlation coefficient are the researchers MOST likely to find between the number of times participants' actions are imitated and the confederate's scores on the liking scale?

0.40

the prevalence of autistic spectrum disorder is

0.5% to 1%

There is evidence that children who are later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder may show face-processing abnormalities as early as ______ months of age. Correct!

6

Approximately ______ of children with ADHD show symptom reduction when they are treated with stimulant medication.

70%

Approximately ______ of those with a personality disorder report having experienced neglect or abuse in childhood.

70% to 80%

Approximately 1 in ______ people suffer from a personality disorder.

10

Odd, eccentric personality disorders are ______ times as prevalent among those with schizophrenia as among those without it.

10

Approximately ______ of individuals with autism spectrum disorder may be described as "savants."

10%

Autism was first described in the ______.

1940s

As many as 1 in ______ children in the United States and other Western nations may have attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

20

About 1 in ______ adults with intellectual developmental disorder are employed.

3

Down syndrome occurs when

an extra copy of chromosome 21 is produced during cell division after conception

A personality disorder A. represents an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates from the expectations of one's culture B. involves a loss of contact with reality and abnormal sensory and thought processes C. entails alternations between periods of profound sadness and extreme elation D. reflects persistent worry and tension

A. represents an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates from the expectations of one's culture

With respect to the study of attachment, the strange situation is to orphaned children as ______ is to ______.

Ainsworth; Bowlby

Antisocial and borderline personality disorders are examples of Cluster ______ personality disorders, namely ______ disorders

B; dramatic, emotional, or erratic

Which statement is true concerning the prevalence of personality disorders? Cluster A is the LEAST common cluster. Cluster B is the MOST common cluster. Cluster B is the LEAST common cluster. Cluster C is the LEAST common cluster.

Cluster B is LEAST common

Consider attachment disorders, conduct disorder, and oppositional defiant disorder. Which of these disorders, if any, are in the same DSM-5 category?

Conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder are in the same category; attachment disorders are in a different one.

Which statement is FALSE with respect to disinhibited social engagement disorder?

Disinhibited social engagement disorder is thought to be fairly common.

The MOST common form of intellectual developmental disorder is ______.

Down syndrome

Which attachment-related psychologist is matched with the correct participant population?

Harry Harlow- monkeys

The ethologist ______ observed the imprinting of newborn ducks on their mother.

Konrad Lorenz

Nineteen-year-old Rosa has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. Based on information presented in the textbook, what has MOST likely happened in Rosa's brain?

Neural connections were pruned unusually early.

In a study described in the textbook, Chein and colleagues (2011) had adolescents, young adults, and adults play simulated driving, either alone or in the presence of a peer. Which group(s) showed an increased number of risky driving decisions in the peer condition?

Only the adolescents showed an increased number of risky driving decisions in the peer condition.

Which statement is MOST accurate concerning the origin of personality disorders?

Personality disorders have both genetic and environmental roots but generally reflect environmental more than genetic factors in their development.

Conduct disorder is associated with ______ volume in the brain's ______.

decreased; amygdala and insult

Which phrase BEST expresses the proportion of children in the United States who come to the attention of child protective services? -a few -a substantial minority -about half -many

a substantial minority

Factor analyses of personality disorders have isolated a five-factor structure underlying the disorders. The factors seem to represent extreme and/or opposite versions of the five factors underlying normal personality. By this theory, detachment is to extraversion as antagonism is to ______.

agreeableness

Which statement MOST accurately describes age trends across childhood in inattention, on the one hand, and hyperactivity or impulsivity, on the other? -Both inattention and hyperactivity tend to increase across childhood. -Both inattention and hyperactivity tend to lessen across childhood. -Across childhood, inattention tends to lessen, whereas hyperactivity tends to increase. -Across childhood, inattention tends to increase, whereas hyperactivity tends to lessen.

across childhood, inattention tends to increase, whereas hyperactivity tends to lessen

Females are twice as likely as males to suffer from anxiety and depression ______.

after puberty but not before puberty

With respect to the five-factor model of personality, people tend to become more ______ as they age.

agreeable and conscientious

Both antisocial and narcissistic personality disorder are characterized by low levels of the five-factor dimension of ______.

agreeableness

An event's emotional significance is processed in the ______.

amygdala

The medications used to treat autism spectrum disorder do NOT include ______.

antianxiety medications

The terms moral insanity and psychopathy are MOST closely related to ______ personality disorder.

antisocial

In Mary Ainsworth's strange situation, infants with a(n) ______ attachment pattern are most likely to appear angry when their mother returns after a brief absence.

anxious/ambivalent

Rebecca takes her 1-year-old son, Adam, to visit an infants and toddlers program in which she hopes to enroll him. Adam appears very anxious and is unwilling to explore and play with the toys, even though Rebecca is close by. When Rebecca leaves the room to fill out some forms, Adam becomes extremely upset and remains inconsolable. When Rebecca returns, Adam stays close to her, holding onto her pant leg. However, Adam makes it very clear he does not want her to touch him or pick him up. Which term BEST describes Adam's attachment pattern?

anxious/ambivalent

Jeffrey has a mild form of autism. Although he has no language deficits, and his intelligence test scores are slightly above average, he does not seem to see the world in quite the same way that others do. Prior to the publication of the DSM-5, Jeffrey may have been diagnosed with ______ disorder; using the DSM-5, he is MOST likely to be diagnosed with ______ disorder.

asperger's; autism spectrum

Neurodevelopmental disorders do NOT include ______ disorder(s).

attachment

Which diagnostic label did not appear in earlier editions of the DSM?

autism spectrum disorder

Which term is new to the DSM with the publication of the DSM-5?

autism spectrum disorder

Cluster B personality disorders do NOT include ______ personality disorder.

avoidant

Hypersensitivity to negative evaluation is one characteristic of ______ personality disorder

avoidant

One example of an anxious fearful personality disorder is ______ personality disorder.

avoidant

Most research on treating personality disorders has concerned ______ personality disorder.

borderline

Jon is in seventh grade. Lately, he has been staying away from home all night and has been truant from school a number of days during the past month. When he does attend school, he often threatens younger students. He has occasionally been involved in physical fights with other students. Finally, security personnel at a local shopping mall have found him vandalizing property and shoplifting small items. Jon is displaying signs of ______ disorder(s).

conduct

Individuals with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder are especially high in the five-factor dimension of ______.

conscientiousness

______ is a treatment approach developed by Marsha Linehan for borderline personality disorder. It focuses on problem solving and acceptance.

dialectical behavior therapy

Oppositional defiant disorder differs from conduct disorder in that it

does not involve acting aggressively or destroying property

Genes related to the regulation of the neurotransmitter ______ may be involved in ADHD.

dopamine

______ may be especially appropriate for borderline personality disorder clients with comorbid substance abuse issues.

dynamic deconstructive psychotherapy

Adolescents are just as likely to make risky decisions when they are alone as when they are with friends.

false

Attachment disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder.

false

Most children with attention deficit/hyperactivity are diagnosed with the hyperactive-impulsive subtype.

false

One's attachment pattern varies greatly over the course of one's life.

false

Psychopaths have a smaller amygdala than do controls.

false

The DSM-5 identifies six distinct personality disorders.

false

______ investigated attachment among infant monkeys in a series of seminal experiments in the 1950s.

harry harlow

The term "mental retardation"

has been replaced in the DSM-5

An attention-seeking "drama queen" is MOST likely to be diagnosed with ______ personality disorder.

histrionic

With respect to the characteristics of a healthy self, intimacy is to connectedness as ______ is to ______.

identity; boundaries

As compared with children without the disorder, children with autism spectrum may be ______ in the ability to empathize and ______ in the ability to systematize.

inferior; superior

As compared with MOST other personality disorders, narcissistic personality disorder is ______ prevalent.

more

As compared with typical personalities, disordered personalities are BEST described as ______.

more extreme

The first areas to develop in an infant's brain are those involved in ______, whereas the ______ lobe is not fully developed until early adulthood.

movement and vision; frontal

In the DSM-5, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a ______ disorder.

neurodevelopment

Although the five-factor domain of ______ may confer a survival benefit by encouraging vigilance to possible dangers, it carries the potential costs of anxiety and depression.

neuroticism

Attachment is MOST similar to the process that psychoanalytic psychologists called ______.

object relations

Schizotypal personality disorder reflects

odd beliefs and behaviors

With respect to personality disorders, Cluster A is to Cluster C as ______ to ______.

odd or eccentric disorders are; anxious or fearful disorders

With respect to the five-factor model of personality, an individual who is curious, imaginative, and flexible is MOST likely to score high on the factor of ______

openness

The disorder MOST often comorbid with ADHD among children and adolescents is ______.

oppositional defiant disorder

which environmental factor does NOT relate to autism spectrum disorder

parenting style

The DSM-5 concept of an autism spectrum implies a continuum. How might one BEST arrange the previous labels of autism, pervasive developmental disorder, and Asperger's disorder along this continuum, from the most severe disorder to the mildest?

pervasive developmental disorder à Asperger's syndrome à autism

When Simon hears a funny joke, the ______ in his brain becomes active.

prefrontal cortex

The concept of attachment is rooted in the ______ perspective in psychology.

pychoanalytic

ADHD is MOST often treated using ______ medication.

stimulant

The term "mental retardation" is used in ______.

the ICD-10 but not the DSM-5

Which phrase BEST expresses the proportion of those with borderline personality disorder who injure themselves or threaten suicide?

the great majority

Avoidant attachment is associated with aggressiveness in middle childhood.

true

Bowlby originated the use of the term attachment in contemporary psychology

true

By 9 months of age, infants interpret other people's actions as goal directed.

true

Conduct disorder, hyperactivity, and substance use disorders all reflect a tendency toward externalizing or disinhibition.

true

More than half of adolescents report experiencing some type of adversity during their lifetime.

true

Most state residential schools for those with intellectual developmental disorder have now closed.

true

Personality disorders are more amenable to treatment than previously supposed

true

Researchers have consistently observed that infants who later develop autism spectrum disorder have brains that are up to 10% larger than those of other infants.

true

Schizoid personality disorder is marked by social detachment and emotional restriction.

true

Transference-focused psychotherapy reflects a psychodynamic approach to the treatment of personality disorders.

true

The five-factor model personality dimension of neuroticism is associated with being ______.

worried and self-conscious