Academic Word List
interaction
a mutual action
inhibition
restraint
schedule
an ordered list of times at which things are planned to occur
invoked
called on for help
sustainable
capable of being continued
clause
(grammar) an expression including a subject and predicate but not constituting a complete sentence
constraints
restrictions
recovery
return to an original state
estimate
to judge the value, size, etc. of something
restrict
to keep within set limits; to confine
solely
without any others being included or involved
despite
without being affected by; in spite of
administrate
Supervise; carry out decisions
transport
move while supporting, either in a vehicle or in one's hands
credit
Belief, faith, trust; an arrangement to receive cash, goods, or services now and pay for them in the future.
attribute
1. regard something as being caused by. 2. a quality or feature regarded as a characteristic or inherent part of someone or something
ongoing
Continuous
commission
A committee officially in charge of something; in working order; an amount paid to an employee based on a percentage of the employee's sales
phenomenon
Any unusual occurrence
conversely
In an opposite manner; in an altogether different way
site
place, location
structure
The way something is set up or organized; organization
design
plan
advocate
a person who pleads for a cause or propounds an idea
scheme
plan
confer
[with object] grant (a title, degree , benefit, or right. have discussions; exchange opinions
levy
a charge imposed and collected
generation
a coming into existence
hypothesis
a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation
mechanism
a system of parts working together in a machine; a piece of machiner
subsidiary
a company that is completely controlled by another company
utility
a company that performs a public service
abstract
a concept or idea not associated with any specific instance
consultation
a conference between two or more people to consider a particular question
bond
a connection that fastens things together
team
a cooperative unit
publication
a copy of a printed work offered for distribution
orientation
a course introducing a new situation or environment
innovation
a creation (a new device or process) resulting from study and experimentation
challenge
a demanding or stimulating situation
trigger
a device that activates or releases or causes something to happen
restraints
a device that stops or slows something's motion
differentiation
a discrimination between things as different and distinct
phase
a distinct period or stage in a process of change or forming part of something's development
decline
a downward slope or bend
statistic
a fact or piece of data obtained from a study of a large quantity of numerical data
sequence
a following of one thing after another in time
debate
a formal discussion on a particular matter in a public meeting or legislative assembly, in which opposing arguments are put forward and which usually ends with a vote
bias
a general assumption that prevents objective consideration of an issue or situation
notion
a general inclusive concept
regime
a government, especially an authoritarian one
erosion
a gradual decline of something
panel
a group of people gathered for a special purpose to discuss an issue
category
a group of people or things having something in common; type
error
a mistake
principle
a moral rule or set of ideas about what is right and wrong, that influences how you behave; the basic idea that a plan or system is based on; a rule that explains the way something works
convention
a large formal assembly with a purpose
license
a legal document giving official permission to do something
contract
a legal written agreement between two people, companies, etc that says what each will do; to get a contagious illness; to become smaller or tighter
period
a length of time (in a particular person's life, in history, in a sports game, etc.)
tape
a long thin piece of cloth or paper as used for binding or fastening
dimension
a measurable extent of a particular kind, such as length, breadth, depth, or height
depression
a mental state characterized by feelings of inadequacy and sadness
formula
a method or set of principles that you use in order to solve a problem or to make sure that something is successful
inclination
a natural disposition toward a certain condition or character or behavior
series
a number of events, objects, or people of a similar or related kind coming one after another
couple
a pair who associate with one another; two of the same objects
chapter
a part of a book or any distinct period in history or in a person's life
sector
a part of an area of activity, especially of business, industry, or trade
aspect
a part, feature, or characteristic
sum
a particular amount of money. An arithmetical problem, especially at an elementary level
area
a particular part of a place, city, country, etc; a particular subject or type of activity
quotation
a passage or expression that is quoted or cited
logic
a system of reasoning
expert
a person with special knowledge or ability who performs skillfully
strategy
a plan of action
method
a planned way of doing something
guarantee
a pledge that something will happen or that something is true
location
a point or place
incentive
a positive motivational influence
evolution
a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage
controversy
a public dispute that arouses strong feelings
constant
a quantity that does not change
subordinate
a rank or order that is less important
contrary
a relation of direct opposition
partnership
a relationship between two or more persons who agree for benefit
reaction
a response that reveals a person's feelings
process
a series of actions, developments, or changes that happen naturally; a series of actions that someone does to achieve a particular result
cycle
a series of events that are regularly repeated in the same order
survey
a set of questions that you ask a large number of people in order to find out about their opinions;a general description or report about a particular area or subject
file
a set of related records (either written or electronic) kept together
attitude
a settled way of thinking or feeling about something
image
a visual representation of something, usually produced on a surface
manual
a small handbook
label
a small piece of paper, fabric, plastic, or similar material attached to an object and giving information about it
conflict
a state of opposition between persons or ideas or interests
medium
a state that is intermediate between extremes
amendment
a statement that is added to a proposal or document
issue
a subject or problem that people discuss; a magazine, newspaper, etc. printed for a particular day, week, month, or year
revolution
a sudden, radical or complete change; the movement of a body around another body
scenario
a suggested sequence of possible events
code
a system of words, letters, figures , or symbols used to represent others , especially for the purposes of secrecy. Computingprogram instructions
channel
a television station and its programs
option
a thing that is or may be chosen
implement
a tool, utensil, or other piece of equipment that is used for a particular purpose
whereas
a transitional word used to show direct contrast
deviation
a turning aside (of your course or attention or concern)
theme
a unifying idea that is a recurrent element in an artistic work or conversation
vehicle
a vehicle that transports people or objects
chart
a visual display of information
policy
a way of doing things that has been officially agreed and chosen by a political party, business, or organization
perspective
a way of regarding situations or topics etc.
version
a work that has been recast in a new form
journal
a written record; a professional magazine or publication
visual
able to be seen
forthcoming
about to appear; available when needed; communicative
attained
achieved or reached
conformity
acting according to certain accepted standards
supplementary
added to complete or make up a deficiency
presumption
an assumption that is taken for granted
grant
agree to give or allow (something requested) to
corresponding
agreeing in amount
consent
agreement or permission
community
all of the populations of different species that live and interact in an area
legal
allowed, ordered, or approved by law; relating to the law
similar
almost the same but not exactly the same
albeit
although
violation
an act that disregards an agreement or a right
exploitation
an act that exploits or victimizes someone (treats them unfairly)
index
an alphabetical listing of names and topics along with page numbers where they are discussed
scope
an area in which something acts or operates or has control
impact
an effect or influence on someone or something
route
an established line of travel or access
appreciation
an expression of gratitude
concept
an idea of how something is, or how something should be done
theory
an idea that explains how something works, why something happens, etc., especially something that has not yet been proven true
simulation
an imitation of a possible situation
feature
an important part of something, a characteristic
contribution
an individual efforts in a common set purpose
project
an individual or collaborative enterprise that is carefully planned to achieve a particular aim
portion
an individual quantity that is part of a larger whole
network
an interconnected system of things or people
instance
an occurrence of something
device
an tool invented for a particular purpose
thesis
an unproved statement put forward as a premise in an argument
sphere
any ball-shaped thing
philosophy
any personal belief about how to live
input
any stimulating information or event
commodity
anything that is bought or sold
technology
application of science to business
assigned
appointed to a post or duty
posed
arranged for the purpose of taking or creating a picture
hence
as a consequence; for this reason
behalf
as the agent of or on someone's part (usually expressed as "on behalf of")
funds
assets in the form of money
grade
assign a rank or rating to
academic
associated with academia or an academy
arbitrary
based on or subject to individual discretion or preference or sometimes impulse
ensure
be careful or certain to do something
exceed
be or do something to a greater degree
prospect
belief about (or mental picture of) the future
intrinsic
belonging to a thing by its very nature
contemporary
belonging to the present time
finite
bounded or limited in size or volume
collapse
break down, literally or metaphorically
summary
brief statement or account of the main points of something
induced
brought about or caused
whereby
by or through which
thereby
by that means or because of that
via
by way of; through
investigate
carry out a systematic or formal inquiry to discover and examine the facts of (an incident, allegation, etc.) so as to establish the truth
rejected
cast off as valueless
alter
cause to change
modified
changed in form or character
converted
changed to something new or different
fluctuations
changes-- often from highs to lows and back again
military
characteristic of or associated with soldiers or the military
dynamic
characterized by action or forcefulness or force of personality
compensation
something (such as money) given or received as payment
select
choose
specified
clearly stated
apparent
clearly visible or understood; obvious:
approximate
close to the actual, but not completely accurate or exact
colleagues
co-workers, people who have the same career
protocol
code of correct conduct
integrate
combine (one thing ) with another to form a whole
subsequent
coming after something in time ; following
preceding
coming before in time or order
undertake
commit oneself to and begin (an enterprise or responsibility); take on
devoted
committed in devotion or affection
mutual
common to or shared by two or more parties
offset
compensate for or counterbalance
brief
concise and succinct
ethical
conforming to accepted standards of social or professional behavior
aware
conscious of; bearing in mind
individual
considered separately from other people or things in the same group
rational
consistent with or based on or using reason
retain
continue to have (something); keep possession of
survive
continue to live
accurate
correct
notwithstanding
despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession)-- in usage it needs a complement
inferred
derived by reasoning; implied as a conclusion
empirical
derived from experiment and observation rather than theory
nevertheless
despite anything to the contrary
nonetheless
despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession)
specific
detailed and exact
relevant
directly relating to the subject or topic
evident
easily noticed or understood
obvious
easily perceived or understood; clear, self-evident, or apparent
parameter
echnical a numerical or other measurable factor forming one of a set that defines a system or sets the conditions of its operation
sufficient
enough
initiatives
enterprises, ventures, business opportunities
equivalent
equal in amount or value
percent
equal to a particular amount in every hundred
estate
everything you own
identical
exactly alike
dominant
exercising control
radical
exhibiting extreme or very unusual ideas or behavior
integral
existing as an essential constituent or characteristic
prior
existing or coming before in time, order, or importance
anticipated
expected hopefully
implies
expresses or states indirectly
overlap
extend over and cover a part of
attached
fastened together
principal
first in order of importance; main
rigid
fixed and unmoving; incapable of or resistant to bending
concentrate
focus all one's attention on a particular object or activity
trace
follow, discover, or ascertain the course of development of something
prohibited
forbidden by law
published
formally made public
conceived
formed in the mind
unified
formed or united into a whole
incorporated
formed or united into a whole, organized and maintained as a legal corporation
edition
something a little different from others of the same type
clarity
free from obscurity and easy to understand
assurance
freedom from doubt
acquire
gain through experience
sex
gender -male or female
acknowledged
generally accepted
complement
something added to complete or make perfect
liberal
generou-- giving freely or, a person who favors a progressive political philosophy
region
geographic area
automatically
gets done without a person's deliberate control
focus
give attention to something
restore
give or bring back
abandon
give up with the intent of never claiming, doing or caring for again
reinforced
given added strength or support
pursue
go in search of or hunt for
objective
goal or purpose
coincide
happen simultaneously
consequent
happening as a result of something
external
happening or located outside or beyond some limits
denote
have as a meaning
convinced
having a strong belief
accompanied
having companions or escort
mature
having reached full natural growth or development
physical
having substance or material existence
capable
having the requisite qualities for
complex
having varied interrelated parts, and therefore hard to understand; complicated
intensity
high level or degree
mode
how something is done or how it happens
injure
hurt
constitute
if several parts constitute something, they form it together
vary
if several things of the same type vary, they are all different from each other
available
if something is available, you can have it, buy it, or use it
positive
if you are positive about things, you are hopeful and confident, and think about what is good in a situation rather than what is bad; good or useful
implicit
implied though not directly expressed
overseas
in a place across an ocean
furthermore
in addition
virtually
in essence or effect but not in fact
likewise
in like or similar manner
hierarchical
in order of rank or authority
successive
in regular succession without gaps
inevitably
in such a manner as could not be otherwise
ultimately
in the end
inherent
in the nature of something though not readily apparent
underlying
in the nature of something though not readily apparent
incompatible
incapable of being used with or connected to other devices or components without modification
comprise
include or contain
comprehensive
including all or everything
enhanced
increased or intensified in value or beauty or quality
highlighted
indicated the most interesting or memorable part
data
information or facts
emphasis
intensity of expression
qualitative
involving distinctions based on qualities
global
involving the entire earth
mental
involving the mind or an intellectual process
task
job
marginal
just barely adequate or within a lower limit
maintain
keep
definite
known for certain, precise
random
lacking any definite plan or order or purpose
adults
physically mature organisms
considerable
large in number or amount
final
last, end
negative
less than zero, having a bad or unpleasant effect
coherence
logical and orderly and consistent relation of parts
foundation
lowest support of a structure
intermediate
lying between two extremes in time or space or degree
diminished
made to seem smaller or less
facilitate
make easier
refine
make more complex, intricate, or precise
accumulation
material collected or gathered by successive additions
cited
mentioned
encountered
met, found
techniques
methods
immigration
migration into a place of which you are not from there
fees
monies charged for a service
integrity
moral soundness
primary
most important
transfer
move from one place to another
emerge
move out of or away from something and become visible
predominantly
much greater in number or influence
federal
national
adjacent
near or close to but not necessarily touching
mediation
negotiation to resolve differences conducted by some impartial party
persistent
never-ceasing
revealed
no longer hidden
reluctant
not eager or unwilling
confined
not free to move about
excluded
not included
temporary
not permanent
neutral
not supporting or favoring either side in a war, dispute, or contest
comments
notes that an author or reviewer adds to a document
diversity
noticeable differences among multiple parties or bodies
significant
noticeable or important
extract
obtain from a substance, as by mechanical action
initial
occurring at the beginning
annual
occurring once every year
concurrent
occurring or operating at the same time
crucial
of extreme importance
corporate
of or belonging to a unified group of people
classical
of or characteristic of a form or system felt to be of first significance before modern times
nuclear
of or relating to or constituting the nucleus of an atom
internal
of or situated on the inside
so-called
of unclear truthfulness
voluntary
of your own free will or design
alternative
one of a number of things from which only one can be chosen
paragraph
one of several distinct subdivisions of a text intended to separate ideas
factor
one of several things that influence or cause a situation
section
one of the parts that an object, group, place, etc. is divided into
element
one part or feature of a whole system, plan, piece of work etc, especially one that is basic or important
layer
one thickness above or between other thicknesses
impose
orce (an unwelcome decision or ruling) on someone
ignored
paid no attention to
job
paid position of regular employment
components
parts
detected
perceived with the mind or a tool
visible
perceptible especially by the eye
decades
periods of ten years
commit
perpetrate or carry out (a mistake, crime, or immoral act). transfer something to (a state or place where it can be kept or preserved)
potential
possibility
explicit
precisely and clearly expressed or readily observable
draft
preliminary version of a written work
exposure
presentation to view in an open or public manner
submitted
presented for approval
stress
pressure or tension exerted on a material object
previous
prior; before
generated
produced, prepared
insert
put or introduce into something
compiled
put together in book or a work
construct
put together out of different components or parts
link
put together two or more pieces
conclude
reach agreement on; to bring to a close
distinct
recognizable and clear
registered
recorded officially
minimized
reduced to the smallest possible size or amount or degree
deny
refuse to accept or believe, declare untrue
occupy
reside or have one's place of business in (a building)
normal
regular
technical
relating to a complex process
ethnic
relating to a population subgroup (within a larger or dominant national or cultural group) with a common national or cultural tradition
chemical
relating to chemistry
professional
relating to or belonging to a profession
civil
relating to ordinary citizens and their concerns, as distinct from military or ecclesiastical matters
domestic
relating to the running of a home or to family relations
medical
relating to the study or practice of medicine
proportion
relation of parts within a whole
status
relative social or professional position ; standing
isolated
remote and separate physically or socially
enable
render capable or able for some task
guidelines
rules
norms
rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members
criteria
rules by which something is judged
secure
safe from harm
adequate
satisfactory or acceptable in quality or quantity
predict
say or estimate that (a specified thing ) will happen in the future or will be a consequence of something
dramatic
sensational in appearance or thrilling in effect
research
serious study of a subject that is intended to discover new facts about it
symbolic
serving as a visible symbol for something abstract
fundamental
serving as an essential component
founded
set up or laid the groundwork for
resolve
settle or find a solution to (a problem or contentious matter)
communicate
share or exchange information, news, or ideas
precise
sharply exact or accurate or delimited
implicate
show (someone) to be involved in a crime. convey (a meaning) indirectly through what one says, rather than stating it explicitly
illustrated
show something with pictures
parallel
side by side and having the same distance continuously between them
analogous
similar or correspondent in some ways though otherwise different
practitioners
someone who practices a learned profession
display
something shown to the public
exhibit
something shown to the public
resource
something such as useful land, or minerals such as oil or coal, that exists in a country and can be used to increase its wealth:
welfare
something that aids or promotes well-being
entities
something that exists, whether it be a person, being or organization
transmission
something that is transmitted; the assembled parts in a vehicle that transfer power from the engine to axles
preliminary
something that serves as a preceding event or introduces what follows
commenced
started
priority
status established in order of importance or urgency
instructions
steps or rules to be followed
ceases
stops
odd
strange or unusual
compounds
substances formed by the joining of elements through chemical bonding
appropriate
suitable for a particular person or place or condition etc
appendix
supplementary material that is collected and added at the back of a book
promote
support or actively encourage (a cause, venture, etc.); further the progress of
ideology
system of ideas characteristic of a group or culture
currency
system of money
removed
taken out of
overall
taking everything into account
lecture
teaching by giving a discourse on some subject (typically to a class)
suspended
temporarily inactive
minimal
the least possible
media
term applied to agencies of mass communication, such as newspapers, magazines, and telecommunications
eliminate
terminate or take out
domain
territory over which rule or control is exercised
intelligence
the ability to comprehend
volume
the ability to contain something
energy
the ability to do work
vision
the ability to see
transformation
the act of changing in form or shape or appearance
shift
the act of changing one thing for another
distortion
the act of distorting something so it seems to mean something it was not intended to mean
allocation
the act of distributing by allotting or apportioning
termination
the act of ending something
enforcement
the act of enforcing or compelling to obey
inspection
the act of examining or reviewing
expansion
the act of increasing in size or volume or quantity or scope
release
the act of liberating someone or something
justification
the act of making excuses by reasoning
adjustment
the act of making something different
monitoring
the act of observing something (and sometimes keeping a record of it)
transition
the act of passing from one state or place to the next
accommodation
the act of providing something (lodging or seat or food) to meet a need
substitution
the act of putting one thing or person in the place of another
deduction
the act of removing a part from the whole
revision
the act of rewriting something
disposal
the act or means of getting rid of something
manipulation
the action of touching or manipulating with the hands or mental powers
output
the amount of something produced by a person, machine, or industry
plus
the arithmetic operation of adding
contradiction
the assertion of the opposite of that which has been said
culture
the attitudes and behavior that are characteristic of a particular social group or organization
infrastructure
the basic structure or features of a system or organization
export
the business of selling goods to another country
core
the center of an object
gender
the classification of being male or female
insights
the clear (and often sudden) understanding of a complex situation
tension
the condition of being stretched or strained
finance
the control of how money is spent, especially for a company or government
coordination
the controlling of different parts into a working whole
interval
the distance between things
revenue
the entire amount of income before any deductions are made
format
the general appearance of a publication
paradigm
the generally accepted perspective of a particular discipline at a given time
target
the goal intended to be attained
environment
the land, water, and air in which people, animals, and plants live; the situations, things, people, etc. that affect the way in which people live and work
capacity
the maximum production possible, ability to perform or produce
access
the means or opportunity to approach or enter a place
benefit
the money or other advantages you get from something such as insurance or the government or as part of your job; advantage, improvement or help that you get from something
income
the money that you earn from working or making investments
maximum
the most possible
migration
the movement of persons from one country or locality to another
goal
the object of a person's ambition or effort; an aim or desired result
ministry
the office, duties, or work of a minister
duration
the period of time during which something continues
trend
the popular taste at a given time
role
the position, job, or function, of someone or something has in a particular situation or activity
authority
the power someone has because of his/her official position; someone who is respected because of his/her knowledge about a subject
adaptation
the process of changing as a result of something
bulk
the property of something that is great in magnitude
motivation
the psychological feature that arouses an organism to action toward a desired goal
flexibility
the quality of being adaptable, variable or flexible
stability
the quality of being free from change or variation
validity
the quality of being true
incidence
the relative frequency of occurrence of something
ratio
the relative sizes of two quantities
outcomes
the results or consequences
uniform
the same throughout in structure or composition
psychology
the science of mental life
framework
the shape or structure of something
unique
the single one of its kind
context
the situation, events, or information that are related to something, and that help you understand it; the words and sentences that come before and after a word that can help you understand its meaning
minimum
the smallest possible quantity
assembly
the social act of assembling
contrast
the state of being strikingly different from something else in juxtaposition or close association
reliance
the state of depending on something
contact
the state or condition of touching or of being near
topic
the subject matter of a conversation or discussion
source
the thing, place, person, etc. that you get something from; the cause of a problem, or the place where it starts; a person place, or document that you get information from
prime
the time of maturity when power and vigor are greatest
discretion
the trait of judging wisely and objectively
passive
the voice used to indicate that the grammatical subject of the verb is the recipient (not the source) of the action denoted by the verb
conduct
the way a person behaves toward other people
economy
the way that money, businesses, and products are organized in a particular country, area, etc.; the careful use of money, time, products, etc. so that nothing is wasted
aggregate
the whole amount
aid
the work of caring for or attending to someone or something
item
thing
minorities
those that are smaller in number of groups
somewhat
to a small degree or extent
consist
to be made of or contain particular things or people
purchase
to buy
invest
to buy shares, property, or goods because you hope that the value will increase
compute
to calculate
interpret
to change words spoken in one language into another; translate
proceed
to continue to do something that has already been planned or started
achieve
to do what one sets out to do
undergo
to endure; to experience
analyze
to examine or think about something carefully in order to understand it
demonstrate
to explain or teach by showing
define
to explain the exact meaning of a particular word or idea
reside
to live in a particular place
seek
to look for
derive
to get something such as happiness, strength or satisfaction from someone or something; to develop or come from something else
obtain
to get, to acquire
distribute
to give something such as medicine or food to each person in a large group
occur
to happen, especially without being planned first; to exist or be present in a particular place
assist
to help
involve
to include or affect someone or something
affect
to influence
intervention
to interfere in order to alter a specific behavior
assess
to make a judgment abut a person or situation after thinking carefully about it; to calculate the quality, amount, or value of something
legislate
to make a law about something
regulate
to make and enforce rules
equate
to make equal or uniform
create
to make something new exist or happen; to invent or design something
approach
to move closer to someone or something; to ask someone for something when you are not sure if s/he will do what you want
displacement
to move something from its natural environment
require
to need something
evaluate
to place a value on
respond
to react to something that has been said or done
identify
to recognize and name someone or something
indicate
to show that something exists or is likely to be true
establish
to start something such as a company, system, situation, etc., especially one that will exist for a long tine; to begin a relationship, conversation, etc., with someone; to find out facts that will prove something is true
participate
to take part in an activity or event
assume
to think that something is true although you have no proof; take control, power, or a particular position; to start having a particular quality or appearance
perceive
to understand or think of something or someone in a particular way
consume
to use up or eat up resources or materials
function
to work in a particular way or in the correct way; the usual purpose of a thing, or the job that someone usually does; a large party or ceremonial event
equipment
tools needed for an undertaking or to perform a service
reverse
turning in the opposite direction
ambiguous
unclear in meaning or application
discrimination
unfair treatment of a person or group on the basis of prejudice
institute
v: to introduce or start; n: an organization that has a particular purpose such as scientific research
tradition
values and beliefs passed from generation to generation
enormous
very large
range
variety of things or people
confirmed
verified or ratified
major
very large or important, especially when compared to other things or people of a similar kind
styles
ways of doing or presenting things
widespread
widely circulated or diffused
cooperative
willing to adjust to differences in order to obtain agreement
eventually
within an indefinite time or at an unspecified future time
straightforward
without evasion or compromise; free from ambiguity
relaxed
without strain or anxiety
labor
work, especially work using a lot of physical effort; the process in which a baby is born by being pushed from its mother's body
author
writer or creator
document
writing that provides information
text
written words
circumstances
your overall condition or environment in life