Academic Word List

interaction

a mutual action

inhibition

restraint

schedule

an ordered list of times at which things are planned to occur

invoked

called on for help

sustainable

capable of being continued

clause

(grammar) an expression including a subject and predicate but not constituting a complete sentence

constraints

restrictions

recovery

return to an original state

estimate

to judge the value, size, etc. of something

restrict

to keep within set limits; to confine

solely

without any others being included or involved

despite

without being affected by; in spite of

administrate

Supervise; carry out decisions

transport

move while supporting, either in a vehicle or in one's hands

credit

Belief, faith, trust; an arrangement to receive cash, goods, or services now and pay for them in the future.

attribute

1. regard something as being caused by. 2. a quality or feature regarded as a characteristic or inherent part of someone or something

ongoing

Continuous

commission

A committee officially in charge of something; in working order; an amount paid to an employee based on a percentage of the employee's sales

phenomenon

Any unusual occurrence

conversely

In an opposite manner; in an altogether different way

site

place, location

structure

The way something is set up or organized; organization

design

plan

advocate

a person who pleads for a cause or propounds an idea

scheme

plan

confer

[with object] grant (a title, degree , benefit, or right. have discussions; exchange opinions

levy

a charge imposed and collected

generation

a coming into existence

hypothesis

a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation

mechanism

a system of parts working together in a machine; a piece of machiner

subsidiary

a company that is completely controlled by another company

utility

a company that performs a public service

abstract

a concept or idea not associated with any specific instance

consultation

a conference between two or more people to consider a particular question

bond

a connection that fastens things together

team

a cooperative unit

publication

a copy of a printed work offered for distribution

orientation

a course introducing a new situation or environment

innovation

a creation (a new device or process) resulting from study and experimentation

challenge

a demanding or stimulating situation

trigger

a device that activates or releases or causes something to happen

restraints

a device that stops or slows something's motion

differentiation

a discrimination between things as different and distinct

phase

a distinct period or stage in a process of change or forming part of something's development

decline

a downward slope or bend

statistic

a fact or piece of data obtained from a study of a large quantity of numerical data

sequence

a following of one thing after another in time

debate

a formal discussion on a particular matter in a public meeting or legislative assembly, in which opposing arguments are put forward and which usually ends with a vote

bias

a general assumption that prevents objective consideration of an issue or situation

notion

a general inclusive concept

regime

a government, especially an authoritarian one

erosion

a gradual decline of something

panel

a group of people gathered for a special purpose to discuss an issue

category

a group of people or things having something in common; type

error

a mistake

principle

a moral rule or set of ideas about what is right and wrong, that influences how you behave; the basic idea that a plan or system is based on; a rule that explains the way something works

convention

a large formal assembly with a purpose

license

a legal document giving official permission to do something

contract

a legal written agreement between two people, companies, etc that says what each will do; to get a contagious illness; to become smaller or tighter

period

a length of time (in a particular person's life, in history, in a sports game, etc.)

tape

a long thin piece of cloth or paper as used for binding or fastening

dimension

a measurable extent of a particular kind, such as length, breadth, depth, or height

depression

a mental state characterized by feelings of inadequacy and sadness

formula

a method or set of principles that you use in order to solve a problem or to make sure that something is successful

inclination

a natural disposition toward a certain condition or character or behavior

series

a number of events, objects, or people of a similar or related kind coming one after another

couple

a pair who associate with one another; two of the same objects

chapter

a part of a book or any distinct period in history or in a person's life

sector

a part of an area of activity, especially of business, industry, or trade

aspect

a part, feature, or characteristic

sum

a particular amount of money. An arithmetical problem, especially at an elementary level

area

a particular part of a place, city, country, etc; a particular subject or type of activity

quotation

a passage or expression that is quoted or cited

logic

a system of reasoning

expert

a person with special knowledge or ability who performs skillfully

strategy

a plan of action

method

a planned way of doing something

guarantee

a pledge that something will happen or that something is true

location

a point or place

incentive

a positive motivational influence

evolution

a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage

controversy

a public dispute that arouses strong feelings

constant

a quantity that does not change

subordinate

a rank or order that is less important

contrary

a relation of direct opposition

partnership

a relationship between two or more persons who agree for benefit

reaction

a response that reveals a person's feelings

process

a series of actions, developments, or changes that happen naturally; a series of actions that someone does to achieve a particular result

cycle

a series of events that are regularly repeated in the same order

survey

a set of questions that you ask a large number of people in order to find out about their opinions;a general description or report about a particular area or subject

file

a set of related records (either written or electronic) kept together

attitude

a settled way of thinking or feeling about something

image

a visual representation of something, usually produced on a surface

manual

a small handbook

label

a small piece of paper, fabric, plastic, or similar material attached to an object and giving information about it

conflict

a state of opposition between persons or ideas or interests

medium

a state that is intermediate between extremes

amendment

a statement that is added to a proposal or document

issue

a subject or problem that people discuss; a magazine, newspaper, etc. printed for a particular day, week, month, or year

revolution

a sudden, radical or complete change; the movement of a body around another body

scenario

a suggested sequence of possible events

code

a system of words, letters, figures , or symbols used to represent others , especially for the purposes of secrecy. Computingprogram instructions

channel

a television station and its programs

option

a thing that is or may be chosen

implement

a tool, utensil, or other piece of equipment that is used for a particular purpose

whereas

a transitional word used to show direct contrast

deviation

a turning aside (of your course or attention or concern)

theme

a unifying idea that is a recurrent element in an artistic work or conversation

vehicle

a vehicle that transports people or objects

chart

a visual display of information

policy

a way of doing things that has been officially agreed and chosen by a political party, business, or organization

perspective

a way of regarding situations or topics etc.

version

a work that has been recast in a new form

journal

a written record; a professional magazine or publication

visual

able to be seen

forthcoming

about to appear; available when needed; communicative

attained

achieved or reached

conformity

acting according to certain accepted standards

supplementary

added to complete or make up a deficiency

presumption

an assumption that is taken for granted

grant

agree to give or allow (something requested) to

corresponding

agreeing in amount

consent

agreement or permission

community

all of the populations of different species that live and interact in an area

legal

allowed, ordered, or approved by law; relating to the law

similar

almost the same but not exactly the same

albeit

although

violation

an act that disregards an agreement or a right

exploitation

an act that exploits or victimizes someone (treats them unfairly)

index

an alphabetical listing of names and topics along with page numbers where they are discussed

scope

an area in which something acts or operates or has control

impact

an effect or influence on someone or something

route

an established line of travel or access

appreciation

an expression of gratitude

concept

an idea of how something is, or how something should be done

theory

an idea that explains how something works, why something happens, etc., especially something that has not yet been proven true

simulation

an imitation of a possible situation

feature

an important part of something, a characteristic

contribution

an individual efforts in a common set purpose

project

an individual or collaborative enterprise that is carefully planned to achieve a particular aim

portion

an individual quantity that is part of a larger whole

network

an interconnected system of things or people

instance

an occurrence of something

device

an tool invented for a particular purpose

thesis

an unproved statement put forward as a premise in an argument

sphere

any ball-shaped thing

philosophy

any personal belief about how to live

input

any stimulating information or event

commodity

anything that is bought or sold

technology

application of science to business

assigned

appointed to a post or duty

posed

arranged for the purpose of taking or creating a picture

hence

as a consequence; for this reason

behalf

as the agent of or on someone's part (usually expressed as "on behalf of")

funds

assets in the form of money

grade

assign a rank or rating to

academic

associated with academia or an academy

arbitrary

based on or subject to individual discretion or preference or sometimes impulse

ensure

be careful or certain to do something

exceed

be or do something to a greater degree

prospect

belief about (or mental picture of) the future

intrinsic

belonging to a thing by its very nature

contemporary

belonging to the present time

finite

bounded or limited in size or volume

collapse

break down, literally or metaphorically

summary

brief statement or account of the main points of something

induced

brought about or caused

whereby

by or through which

thereby

by that means or because of that

via

by way of; through

investigate

carry out a systematic or formal inquiry to discover and examine the facts of (an incident, allegation, etc.) so as to establish the truth

rejected

cast off as valueless

alter

cause to change

modified

changed in form or character

converted

changed to something new or different

fluctuations

changes-- often from highs to lows and back again

military

characteristic of or associated with soldiers or the military

dynamic

characterized by action or forcefulness or force of personality

compensation

something (such as money) given or received as payment

select

choose

specified

clearly stated

apparent

clearly visible or understood; obvious:

approximate

close to the actual, but not completely accurate or exact

colleagues

co-workers, people who have the same career

protocol

code of correct conduct

integrate

combine (one thing ) with another to form a whole

subsequent

coming after something in time ; following

preceding

coming before in time or order

undertake

commit oneself to and begin (an enterprise or responsibility); take on

devoted

committed in devotion or affection

mutual

common to or shared by two or more parties

offset

compensate for or counterbalance

brief

concise and succinct

ethical

conforming to accepted standards of social or professional behavior

aware

conscious of; bearing in mind

individual

considered separately from other people or things in the same group

rational

consistent with or based on or using reason

retain

continue to have (something); keep possession of

survive

continue to live

accurate

correct

notwithstanding

despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession)-- in usage it needs a complement

inferred

derived by reasoning; implied as a conclusion

empirical

derived from experiment and observation rather than theory

nevertheless

despite anything to the contrary

nonetheless

despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession)

specific

detailed and exact

relevant

directly relating to the subject or topic

evident

easily noticed or understood

obvious

easily perceived or understood; clear, self-evident, or apparent

parameter

echnical a numerical or other measurable factor forming one of a set that defines a system or sets the conditions of its operation

sufficient

enough

initiatives

enterprises, ventures, business opportunities

equivalent

equal in amount or value

percent

equal to a particular amount in every hundred

estate

everything you own

identical

exactly alike

dominant

exercising control

radical

exhibiting extreme or very unusual ideas or behavior

integral

existing as an essential constituent or characteristic

prior

existing or coming before in time, order, or importance

anticipated

expected hopefully

implies

expresses or states indirectly

overlap

extend over and cover a part of

attached

fastened together

principal

first in order of importance; main

rigid

fixed and unmoving; incapable of or resistant to bending

concentrate

focus all one's attention on a particular object or activity

trace

follow, discover, or ascertain the course of development of something

prohibited

forbidden by law

published

formally made public

conceived

formed in the mind

unified

formed or united into a whole

incorporated

formed or united into a whole, organized and maintained as a legal corporation

edition

something a little different from others of the same type

clarity

free from obscurity and easy to understand

assurance

freedom from doubt

acquire

gain through experience

sex

gender -male or female

acknowledged

generally accepted

complement

something added to complete or make perfect

liberal

generou-- giving freely or, a person who favors a progressive political philosophy

region

geographic area

automatically

gets done without a person's deliberate control

focus

give attention to something

restore

give or bring back

abandon

give up with the intent of never claiming, doing or caring for again

reinforced

given added strength or support

pursue

go in search of or hunt for

objective

goal or purpose

coincide

happen simultaneously

consequent

happening as a result of something

external

happening or located outside or beyond some limits

denote

have as a meaning

convinced

having a strong belief

accompanied

having companions or escort

mature

having reached full natural growth or development

physical

having substance or material existence

capable

having the requisite qualities for

complex

having varied interrelated parts, and therefore hard to understand; complicated

intensity

high level or degree

mode

how something is done or how it happens

injure

hurt

constitute

if several parts constitute something, they form it together

vary

if several things of the same type vary, they are all different from each other

available

if something is available, you can have it, buy it, or use it

positive

if you are positive about things, you are hopeful and confident, and think about what is good in a situation rather than what is bad; good or useful

implicit

implied though not directly expressed

overseas

in a place across an ocean

furthermore

in addition

virtually

in essence or effect but not in fact

likewise

in like or similar manner

hierarchical

in order of rank or authority

successive

in regular succession without gaps

inevitably

in such a manner as could not be otherwise

ultimately

in the end

inherent

in the nature of something though not readily apparent

underlying

in the nature of something though not readily apparent

incompatible

incapable of being used with or connected to other devices or components without modification

comprise

include or contain

comprehensive

including all or everything

enhanced

increased or intensified in value or beauty or quality

highlighted

indicated the most interesting or memorable part

data

information or facts

emphasis

intensity of expression

qualitative

involving distinctions based on qualities

global

involving the entire earth

mental

involving the mind or an intellectual process

task

job

marginal

just barely adequate or within a lower limit

maintain

keep

definite

known for certain, precise

random

lacking any definite plan or order or purpose

adults

physically mature organisms

considerable

large in number or amount

final

last, end

negative

less than zero, having a bad or unpleasant effect

coherence

logical and orderly and consistent relation of parts

foundation

lowest support of a structure

intermediate

lying between two extremes in time or space or degree

diminished

made to seem smaller or less

facilitate

make easier

refine

make more complex, intricate, or precise

accumulation

material collected or gathered by successive additions

cited

mentioned

encountered

met, found

techniques

methods

immigration

migration into a place of which you are not from there

fees

monies charged for a service

integrity

moral soundness

primary

most important

transfer

move from one place to another

emerge

move out of or away from something and become visible

predominantly

much greater in number or influence

federal

national

adjacent

near or close to but not necessarily touching

mediation

negotiation to resolve differences conducted by some impartial party

persistent

never-ceasing

revealed

no longer hidden

reluctant

not eager or unwilling

confined

not free to move about

excluded

not included

temporary

not permanent

neutral

not supporting or favoring either side in a war, dispute, or contest

comments

notes that an author or reviewer adds to a document

diversity

noticeable differences among multiple parties or bodies

significant

noticeable or important

extract

obtain from a substance, as by mechanical action

initial

occurring at the beginning

annual

occurring once every year

concurrent

occurring or operating at the same time

crucial

of extreme importance

corporate

of or belonging to a unified group of people

classical

of or characteristic of a form or system felt to be of first significance before modern times

nuclear

of or relating to or constituting the nucleus of an atom

internal

of or situated on the inside

so-called

of unclear truthfulness

voluntary

of your own free will or design

alternative

one of a number of things from which only one can be chosen

paragraph

one of several distinct subdivisions of a text intended to separate ideas

factor

one of several things that influence or cause a situation

section

one of the parts that an object, group, place, etc. is divided into

element

one part or feature of a whole system, plan, piece of work etc, especially one that is basic or important

layer

one thickness above or between other thicknesses

impose

orce (an unwelcome decision or ruling) on someone

ignored

paid no attention to

job

paid position of regular employment

components

parts

detected

perceived with the mind or a tool

visible

perceptible especially by the eye

decades

periods of ten years

commit

perpetrate or carry out (a mistake, crime, or immoral act). transfer something to (a state or place where it can be kept or preserved)

potential

possibility

explicit

precisely and clearly expressed or readily observable

draft

preliminary version of a written work

exposure

presentation to view in an open or public manner

submitted

presented for approval

stress

pressure or tension exerted on a material object

previous

prior; before

generated

produced, prepared

insert

put or introduce into something

compiled

put together in book or a work

construct

put together out of different components or parts

link

put together two or more pieces

conclude

reach agreement on; to bring to a close

distinct

recognizable and clear

registered

recorded officially

minimized

reduced to the smallest possible size or amount or degree

deny

refuse to accept or believe, declare untrue

occupy

reside or have one's place of business in (a building)

normal

regular

technical

relating to a complex process

ethnic

relating to a population subgroup (within a larger or dominant national or cultural group) with a common national or cultural tradition

chemical

relating to chemistry

professional

relating to or belonging to a profession

civil

relating to ordinary citizens and their concerns, as distinct from military or ecclesiastical matters

domestic

relating to the running of a home or to family relations

medical

relating to the study or practice of medicine

proportion

relation of parts within a whole

status

relative social or professional position ; standing

isolated

remote and separate physically or socially

enable

render capable or able for some task

guidelines

rules

norms

rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members

criteria

rules by which something is judged

secure

safe from harm

adequate

satisfactory or acceptable in quality or quantity

predict

say or estimate that (a specified thing ) will happen in the future or will be a consequence of something

dramatic

sensational in appearance or thrilling in effect

research

serious study of a subject that is intended to discover new facts about it

symbolic

serving as a visible symbol for something abstract

fundamental

serving as an essential component

founded

set up or laid the groundwork for

resolve

settle or find a solution to (a problem or contentious matter)

communicate

share or exchange information, news, or ideas

precise

sharply exact or accurate or delimited

implicate

show (someone) to be involved in a crime. convey (a meaning) indirectly through what one says, rather than stating it explicitly

illustrated

show something with pictures

parallel

side by side and having the same distance continuously between them

analogous

similar or correspondent in some ways though otherwise different

practitioners

someone who practices a learned profession

display

something shown to the public

exhibit

something shown to the public

resource

something such as useful land, or minerals such as oil or coal, that exists in a country and can be used to increase its wealth:

welfare

something that aids or promotes well-being

entities

something that exists, whether it be a person, being or organization

transmission

something that is transmitted; the assembled parts in a vehicle that transfer power from the engine to axles

preliminary

something that serves as a preceding event or introduces what follows

commenced

started

priority

status established in order of importance or urgency

instructions

steps or rules to be followed

ceases

stops

odd

strange or unusual

compounds

substances formed by the joining of elements through chemical bonding

appropriate

suitable for a particular person or place or condition etc

appendix

supplementary material that is collected and added at the back of a book

promote

support or actively encourage (a cause, venture, etc.); further the progress of

ideology

system of ideas characteristic of a group or culture

currency

system of money

removed

taken out of

overall

taking everything into account

lecture

teaching by giving a discourse on some subject (typically to a class)

suspended

temporarily inactive

minimal

the least possible

media

term applied to agencies of mass communication, such as newspapers, magazines, and telecommunications

eliminate

terminate or take out

domain

territory over which rule or control is exercised

intelligence

the ability to comprehend

volume

the ability to contain something

energy

the ability to do work

vision

the ability to see

transformation

the act of changing in form or shape or appearance

shift

the act of changing one thing for another

distortion

the act of distorting something so it seems to mean something it was not intended to mean

allocation

the act of distributing by allotting or apportioning

termination

the act of ending something

enforcement

the act of enforcing or compelling to obey

inspection

the act of examining or reviewing

expansion

the act of increasing in size or volume or quantity or scope

release

the act of liberating someone or something

justification

the act of making excuses by reasoning

adjustment

the act of making something different

monitoring

the act of observing something (and sometimes keeping a record of it)

transition

the act of passing from one state or place to the next

accommodation

the act of providing something (lodging or seat or food) to meet a need

substitution

the act of putting one thing or person in the place of another

deduction

the act of removing a part from the whole

revision

the act of rewriting something

disposal

the act or means of getting rid of something

manipulation

the action of touching or manipulating with the hands or mental powers

output

the amount of something produced by a person, machine, or industry

plus

the arithmetic operation of adding

contradiction

the assertion of the opposite of that which has been said

culture

the attitudes and behavior that are characteristic of a particular social group or organization

infrastructure

the basic structure or features of a system or organization

export

the business of selling goods to another country

core

the center of an object

gender

the classification of being male or female

insights

the clear (and often sudden) understanding of a complex situation

tension

the condition of being stretched or strained

finance

the control of how money is spent, especially for a company or government

coordination

the controlling of different parts into a working whole

interval

the distance between things

revenue

the entire amount of income before any deductions are made

format

the general appearance of a publication

paradigm

the generally accepted perspective of a particular discipline at a given time

target

the goal intended to be attained

environment

the land, water, and air in which people, animals, and plants live; the situations, things, people, etc. that affect the way in which people live and work

capacity

the maximum production possible, ability to perform or produce

access

the means or opportunity to approach or enter a place

benefit

the money or other advantages you get from something such as insurance or the government or as part of your job; advantage, improvement or help that you get from something

income

the money that you earn from working or making investments

maximum

the most possible

migration

the movement of persons from one country or locality to another

goal

the object of a person's ambition or effort; an aim or desired result

ministry

the office, duties, or work of a minister

duration

the period of time during which something continues

trend

the popular taste at a given time

role

the position, job, or function, of someone or something has in a particular situation or activity

authority

the power someone has because of his/her official position; someone who is respected because of his/her knowledge about a subject

adaptation

the process of changing as a result of something

bulk

the property of something that is great in magnitude

motivation

the psychological feature that arouses an organism to action toward a desired goal

flexibility

the quality of being adaptable, variable or flexible

stability

the quality of being free from change or variation

validity

the quality of being true

incidence

the relative frequency of occurrence of something

ratio

the relative sizes of two quantities

outcomes

the results or consequences

uniform

the same throughout in structure or composition

psychology

the science of mental life

framework

the shape or structure of something

unique

the single one of its kind

context

the situation, events, or information that are related to something, and that help you understand it; the words and sentences that come before and after a word that can help you understand its meaning

minimum

the smallest possible quantity

assembly

the social act of assembling

contrast

the state of being strikingly different from something else in juxtaposition or close association

reliance

the state of depending on something

contact

the state or condition of touching or of being near

topic

the subject matter of a conversation or discussion

source

the thing, place, person, etc. that you get something from; the cause of a problem, or the place where it starts; a person place, or document that you get information from

prime

the time of maturity when power and vigor are greatest

discretion

the trait of judging wisely and objectively

passive

the voice used to indicate that the grammatical subject of the verb is the recipient (not the source) of the action denoted by the verb

conduct

the way a person behaves toward other people

economy

the way that money, businesses, and products are organized in a particular country, area, etc.; the careful use of money, time, products, etc. so that nothing is wasted

aggregate

the whole amount

aid

the work of caring for or attending to someone or something

item

thing

minorities

those that are smaller in number of groups

somewhat

to a small degree or extent

consist

to be made of or contain particular things or people

purchase

to buy

invest

to buy shares, property, or goods because you hope that the value will increase

compute

to calculate

interpret

to change words spoken in one language into another; translate

proceed

to continue to do something that has already been planned or started

achieve

to do what one sets out to do

undergo

to endure; to experience

analyze

to examine or think about something carefully in order to understand it

demonstrate

to explain or teach by showing

define

to explain the exact meaning of a particular word or idea

reside

to live in a particular place

seek

to look for

derive

to get something such as happiness, strength or satisfaction from someone or something; to develop or come from something else

obtain

to get, to acquire

distribute

to give something such as medicine or food to each person in a large group

occur

to happen, especially without being planned first; to exist or be present in a particular place

assist

to help

involve

to include or affect someone or something

affect

to influence

intervention

to interfere in order to alter a specific behavior

assess

to make a judgment abut a person or situation after thinking carefully about it; to calculate the quality, amount, or value of something

legislate

to make a law about something

regulate

to make and enforce rules

equate

to make equal or uniform

create

to make something new exist or happen; to invent or design something

approach

to move closer to someone or something; to ask someone for something when you are not sure if s/he will do what you want

displacement

to move something from its natural environment

require

to need something

evaluate

to place a value on

respond

to react to something that has been said or done

identify

to recognize and name someone or something

indicate

to show that something exists or is likely to be true

establish

to start something such as a company, system, situation, etc., especially one that will exist for a long tine; to begin a relationship, conversation, etc., with someone; to find out facts that will prove something is true

participate

to take part in an activity or event

assume

to think that something is true although you have no proof; take control, power, or a particular position; to start having a particular quality or appearance

perceive

to understand or think of something or someone in a particular way

consume

to use up or eat up resources or materials

function

to work in a particular way or in the correct way; the usual purpose of a thing, or the job that someone usually does; a large party or ceremonial event

equipment

tools needed for an undertaking or to perform a service

reverse

turning in the opposite direction

ambiguous

unclear in meaning or application

discrimination

unfair treatment of a person or group on the basis of prejudice

institute

v: to introduce or start; n: an organization that has a particular purpose such as scientific research

tradition

values and beliefs passed from generation to generation

enormous

very large

range

variety of things or people

confirmed

verified or ratified

major

very large or important, especially when compared to other things or people of a similar kind

styles

ways of doing or presenting things

widespread

widely circulated or diffused

cooperative

willing to adjust to differences in order to obtain agreement

eventually

within an indefinite time or at an unspecified future time

straightforward

without evasion or compromise; free from ambiguity

relaxed

without strain or anxiety

labor

work, especially work using a lot of physical effort; the process in which a baby is born by being pushed from its mother's body

author

writer or creator

document

writing that provides information

text

written words

circumstances

your overall condition or environment in life