Acid-Base Balance During Exercise

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pH ranges from:

0-14

What is the normal ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid?

20:1

Hemoglobin has ________x the buffering capacity due to its higher concentration.

6

The pH of pure water is:

7

What is the survival range pH?

7.0-7.8

What is normal blood pH?

7.4

Sports lasting _____ can produce significant amounts of H+.

> 45s

Acidosis and alkalosis can lead to:

CNS dysfunction cardiovascular system dysfunction

A base is a molecule that is capable of combining with:

H+

A buffer consists of:

a weak acid and its conjugate base

Cardiovascular system dysfunctions include:

abnormal electrical acitivity

What increases H+ concentration?

acid

If the pH is less than 7 the solution is:

acidic

What is an ion?

atom that is missed or had gained electrons

If the pH is greater than 7 the solution is:

basic

When do phosphate groups work?

beginning of exercise

What is the most important buffering system?

bicarbonate

What are the four chemical buffers?

bicarbonate phosphate groups cellular proteins histidine-dipeptides

The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation describes the ability of:

bicarbonate and carbonic acid to act as a buffer system

What are the extracellular buffers?

bicarbonate, hemoglobin, blood proteins

What can be increased to improve performance?

blood buffering capacity

High-intensity exercise training improves:

buffering capacity

The first line of acid-base buffer is:

buffering of H+ in the muscle

What resists change to pH?

buffers

Why should someone be careful using sodium buffers?

can cause nausea and vomiting alkalosis

PCO2 determines the concentration of:

carbonic acid

The end products of oxidation are:

carbs, fats, and protein metabolism

What is an example of histidine-dipeptide?

carnosine

What are the types of intracellular buffers?

chemical buffers H+ transporters

What is pH?

concentration of H+ ions in a solution

What causes acidosis?

decrease in pH due to increased H+

Is deoxyHb or oxyHb better?

deoxyHb

Uncontrolled diabetes can cause:

diabetic ketoacidosis

Abnormal pH can:

disrupt normal body function and affect performance

What is pKa?

dissociation constant for carbonic acid

When does bicarbonate work?

during exercise

The greater the concentration of a buffer, the greater the:

effectiveness

In many sports, the risk of acid-base balance is related to:

effort of the competitor

Blood pH declines with increasing:

exercise intensity

H+ production depends on:

exercise intensity amount of muscle mass involved duration of exercise

True or false: Failure to maintain acid-base homeostasis has no consequences.

false

Limiting performance can contribute to:

fatigue

CNS dysfunction includes:

fatigue and mental confusion

What is the major blood buffer during rest?

hemoglobin

How do cellular proteins work?

histidine accepts H+ to form a weak acid

The ingestion of sodium buffers shows:

inconclusive data

When blood pH increases, there is a ______________ rate of bicarbonate excretion.

increased

How does high-intensity exercise training improve buffering capacity?

increases intracellular carnosine and H+ transporters

How does increase H+ impair performance?

inhibits enzymes in aerobic and anaerobic ATP production hinder muscle contractile process

What is the first line of defense for acid-base balance?

intracellular buffers

The ability of buffers to resist change depends on:

intrinsic physiochemical ability to act as a buffer concentration of buffer

What is important in long-term acid-base balance?

kidneys

Heavy exercise results in productio of:

lactic acid

Small quantities of blood proteins means:

limited use during exercise

What are two causes of metabolic acidosis?

long-term starvation uncontrolled diabetes

Hydrogen ions are formed by the:

loss of an electron

Muscle pH declines more dramatically than blood pH during exercise because:

lower buffering capacity

CO2 is 'blown off' by the:

lungs

How doe MCTs work?

mediate a one-to-one co-transport of lactate and hydrogen ions out of the muscle fiber

What is the gain in the amount of acid in the body called?

metabolic acidosis

What is the loss of acids from the body called?

metabolic alkalosis

How do NHEs work?

move sodium ions into the muscles and hydrogen ions out into the interstitial space

Both H+ transporters have:

one-to-one ratio

What is the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation?

pH = pKa + log [HCO3-]/[H2CO3]

What is alkalosis?

pH above 7.45

What is acidosis?

pH below 7.35

What causes alkalosis?

pH increases due to decreases H+

What is the equation to find pH?

pH=-log[H+]

Acid-base disturbances can limit:

performance

What are the sources of H+ ions during exercise?

production of CO2 production of lactic acid/lactate ATP breakdown

How does long-term starvation lead to acidosis?

production of ketoacids from fat metabolism

Why do we need to regulate pH?

rate of enzyme-controlled metabolic reactions shape and function on enzymes and proteins cell integrity

When blood pH decreases, there is a ______________ rate of bicarbonate excretion.

reduced

What is the purpose of kidneys for acid-base balance?

regulate blood bicarbonate concentration

An acid is a molecule that can:

release H+

What do buffers do when H+ concentration decreases?

release H+

What do buffers do when H+ concentration increases?

remove H+

Metabolic alkalosis is caused by:

severe vomiting kidney disease

What are two types of sodium buffers?

sodium bicarbonate sodium citrate

What are the two types of H+ transporters?

sodium hydrogen exchanger (NHE) monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs)

Bicarbonate (HCO3-) is a _____________ base.

strong

Lactic acid is a ____________ acid.

strong

What does pH represent?

the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

What type of fibers are more advantageous for performance during high intensity exercise?

type II

Blood proteins are buffers in the extracellular compartment that can form:

weak acids


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