Adolescent Development Exam #1

The ecological perspective of human development is the belief of _______. a. Bandura b. Bronfenbrenner c. Meade d. Maslow

B. bronfenbrenner

According to the results from the Steinberg and colleagues' study, who would be most likely to settle for $750 tomorrow than receive $1,000 a year from now? a. 10- to 11-year-olds b. 14- to 15-year-olds c. 16- to 17-year-olds d. 22- to 25-year-olds

a. 10- to 11-year-olds

Which of the following statements about hormonal changes in puberty is true? a. Hormonal changes affect the brain in ways that increase adolescents' desire for sensation-seeking activities. b. Hormonal changes of puberty make adolescents more risk averse. c. Hormonal changes of puberty make adolescents more introverted. d. Hormonal changes affect the brain in ways that decrease adolescents' desire for rewarding activities.

a. Hormonal changes affect the brain in ways that increase adolescents' desire for sensation-seeking activities.

A double shift in social status takes place during adolescence with an increase in both _________ and ___________. a. privileges; expectations b. school work; discipline c. discipline; restrictions d. restrictions; expectations

a. privileges; expectations

Karen, a ninth-grader, was mad at Cheryl for spilling juice on Karen's shirt. Karen spread a rumor that Cheryl had gossiped about her friends. Karen is using _____ to express her aggression toward Cheryl. a. relational aggression b. hostile attributional bias c. aggressive-withdrawal d. bullying

a. relational aggression

In early adolescence, _____ friendships are most common, and in late adolescence, _____ friendships are common. a. same sex; opposite sex b. same sex; same sex c. opposite sex; same sex d. opposite sex; opposite sex

a. same sex; opposite sex

According to an example provided in the textbook, a crowd member that has less social capital who is a really nice, thoughtful, and funny person may be high in _____ popularity but low in _____ popularity. a. sociometric; perceived b. perceived; sociometric c. status popularity; opposite-sex d. adult-oriented; peer-oriented

a. sociometric; perceived

Which of the following statements about the inventionist perspective is true? a. Adolescence is driven by the physiological changes of puberty. b. Adolescence is a separate period that has been largely determined by the broader social environment c. The cognitive advances of adolescence are what make this period distinct from all others. d. Adolescence is not a distinct period in the life cycle and should not be regarded as such.

b. Adolescence is a separate period that has been largely determined by the broader social environment

Who is most likely to have cross-ethnic friendships? a. Audrey, who attends a large multiethnic school b. Brandy, who attends a school where one ethnic group predominates c. Candice, who is involved in athletics d. Deborah, who is home-schooled

b. Brandy, who attends a school where one ethnic group predominates

Research testing Elkind's theory of adolescent egocentrism has found that certain aspects: a. peak at age 12 and then drastically decline. b. may remain present throughout the adolescent and adult years. c. are virtually a nonexistent phenomenon in adolescence or adulthood. d. are less prevalent among college students.

b. may remain present throughout the adolescent and adult years.

Which of the following does not contribute to changes in sleep patterns during adolescence? a. later secretion of melatonin b. mood fluctuations throughout the day c. television, computers, and artificial light sources d. early school starting times

b. mood fluctuations throughout the day

Hostile attributional bias: a. plays a small role in the aggressive behavior of rejected adolescents. b. plays a central role in the aggressive behavior of rejected adolescents. c. helps rejected adolescents gain acceptance. d. is the only factor in determining the behavior of rejected adolescents.

b. plays a central role in the aggressive behavior of rejected adolescents

Theorists who recognize both the importance of biological changes on adolescents and the ways in which contextual forces can interact and modify these biological forces are called _______ theorists. a. biosocial b. psychosocial c. organismic d. psychosexual

c. organismic

The presence or absence of certain hormones early in life may "program" the brain and the nervous system to develop in certain ways later on. These hormones are considered: a. androgens. b. estrogens. c. organizational. d. activational.

c. organizational

The extreme skepticism observed in many adolescents is most likely a result of: a. thinking in terms of what's possible rather than what's real. b. thinking about the process of thinking. c. seeing knowledge as relative rather than as absolute. d. viewing reality in terms of multiple dimensions.

c. seeing knowledge as relative rather than as absolute.

Which of the following does not support adolescents' improved ability to use deductive reasoning, as described by the text? a. the ability to inhibit a prepotent response b. the ability to stop oneself from acting automatically c. the ability to make an inference based on accumulated evidence d. the ability to recognize when a question cannot be answered with certainty

c. the ability to make an inference based on accumulated evidence

Social scientists believe that the transition from adolescence into adulthood in contemporary society is: a. too rocky. b. too vague. c. too long. d. All of these responses are true.

c. too long.

Professor Kendall has been researching adolescent maturation around the world. Which of the following is she likely to determine has the smallest role in determining group differences in pubertal maturation? a. nutrition b. sanitation c. infectious diseases d. genetics

d. genetics

The improvements in organizational strategies seen in adolescence include all but: a. increasing use of mnemonic devices. b. becoming more flexible with strategy use. c. increasing speed of information processing. d. improvements in attention.

d. improvements in attention.

According to Kohlberg, reasoning that is based on rewards and punishments is called: a. principled. b. conventional. c. postconventional. d. preconventional.

d. preconventional.

According to the textbook, what was the most effective way to reduce adolescent smoking? a. school-wide assemblies with presentations from police officers and doctors b. on-campus law enforcement personnel who enforce school rules that prohibit smoking c. advertisements on TV shows relevant to teens, such as MTV d. raising the price of cigarettes

d. raising the price of cigarettes

All of the following are aspects of social redefinition described in the textbook except: a. the passing on of information from the older generation. b. the accentuation of differences between males and females. c. the real or symbolic separation from parents. d. the completion of formal schooling.

d. the completion of formal schooling.

Which of the following individuals is not especially likely to be engaged in volunteerism? a. Ashley, whose parents actively volunteer in the community b. Joshua, who is a male adolescent c. Nancy, who is actively involved in neighborhood church d. Carolyn, who scores high on measures of extroversion

b. Joshua, who is a male adolescent

Which of the following statements is true about Arnett's concept of emerging adulthood? a. It is seen more commonly among politically conservative youth. b. Not all people in their mid-20s fit the profile. c. It is positively associated with economic pressures to support a family. d. It exists in all cultures.

b. Not all people in their mid-20s fit the profile.

Critics of Kohlberg's theory have asserted that reasoning about hypothetical moral problems in an advanced way is not the same as behaving morally. Furthermore, critics have also argued that reasoning about hypothetical life-and-death situations does not tell us very much about the ways people reason in day-to-day problems. What have recent research studies addressing these concerns found? a. These critics are correct in noting that there is little relationship between moral reasoning and moral behavior. b. Research has indicated that people reason about life-and-death dilemmas in ways that parallel their reasoning about moral dilemmas they encounter in their daily lives. Also, in general, an individual's moral reasoning is indeed related to an individual's moral behavior. c. People who reason at higher stages of moral thought are more tolerant of others' misbehavior; however, the way people reason about abstract, hypothetical situations is not related to the ways that people actually behave in real life day-to-day problems. d. Research has indicated that people who reason at higher stages do not necessarily behave in more moral ways; however, the reasoning behind life-and-death dilemmas is absolutely the same as the reasoning behind the problems that people encounter in everyday life.

b. Research has indicated that people reason about life-and-death dilemmas in ways that parallel their reasoning about moral dilemmas they encounter in their daily lives. Also, in general, an individual's moral reasoning is indeed related to an individual's moral behavior.

According to research from Due and colleagues, which country is likely to have a relatively low prevalence of bullying? a. Russia b. Sweden c. United States d. Germany

b. Sweden

Which of the following statements about the timing and tempo of sexual maturation is true? a. In the United States, and in all other countries, menarche typically occurs around age 12. b. The duration of puberty varies widely, from 1.5 to 6 years in girls and 2 to 5 years in boys. c. Adolescents who begin puberty early are also those who complete it early. d. Adolescents who begin puberty earlier usually grow to be taller adults.

b. The duration of puberty varies widely, from 1.5 to 6 years in girls and 2 to 5 years in boys.

Steve eats lunch with Jeff, Hans, and Mike every day. After school, they play computer games and talk about girls. This group of boys is called: a. a crowd. b. a clique. c. a reference group. d. a youth culture.

b. a clique.

Jane, an adolescent, can attribute her improved planning skills to developments in her ______ and she can attribute her gut-level, intuitive decision making to her ______. a. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; orbitofrontal cortex b. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; ventromedial prefrontal cortex c. ventromedial prefrontal cortex; dorsolateral prefrontal cortex d. orbitofrontal cortex; ventromedial prefrontal cortex

b. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; ventromedial prefrontal cortex

According to research presented in the textbook, the longer a foreign-born adolescent has lived in the United States, the more likely he or she is to: a. feel as though he or she has established meaningful interpersonal relationships. b. smoke cigarettes or binge drink. c. increase in health-benefiting behaviors. d. receive high grades in school.

b. smoke cigarettes or binge drink.

Which of the following research findings supports the hypothesis that, "under conditions of low collective efficacy, social problems are contagious"? a. Adolescents who associate with delinquent peers are more likely to be drawn into criminal and delinquent activity. b. Adolescents who live in neighborhoods with high rates of teenage childbearing are exposed to large numbers of peers who are relatively more tolerant of this behavior, which affects their own attitudes toward premarital childbearing. c. Both statements support the hypothesis. d. Neither of these statements supports the hypothesis.

c. Both statements support the hypothesis.

Which statement regarding increases in cognitive abilities is false? a. Increases in cognitive abilities are due to growth in the size of the brain. b. Pruning of the synapses leads to increases in cognitive abilities. c. Changes in levels of neurotransmitters reduce sensitivity to reward, leading to an increase in sensation seeking. d. Maturation of the prefrontal cortex allows for complex activities such as planning, decision making, goal setting, and metacognition.

a. Increases in cognitive abilities are due to growth in the size of the brain.

Based on Grisso and colleague's competency study, should we assume a 15-year-old is definitely more competent than a mentally ill adult who has been found not competent to stand trial? What about a 13-year-old? a. No, about 1/5 of 14- to 15-year-olds and about 1/3 of 13 and younger children are likely to be found to be as impaired in their abilities to stand trial as mentally ill adults who have been determined to be not competent to stand trial. b. The 15-year-old is definitely more competent to stand trial than a mentally ill adult; however, it is likely that the 13-year-old would be as impaired in her ability as a mentally ill adult. c. Both adolescents are likely to be more competent than a mentally ill adult who has been determined to be not competent. d. The results from the Grisso study cannot be used to predict whether a 15- or 13-year-old would be competent to stand trial.

a. No, about 1/5 of 14- to 15-year-olds and about 1/3 of 13 and younger children are likely to be found to be as impaired in their abilities to stand trial as mentally ill adults who have been determined to be not competent to stand trial.

Which of the following statements about the production of hormones at puberty is false? a. The body begins to produce several hormones that have not been present in the body up until this time. b. There is an increase in the production of certain hormones. c. Boys' bodies produce more androgens and girls' bodies produce more estrogens. d. The feedback loop regulating the endocrine system's set point for each hormone becomes increasingly important.

a. The body begins to produce several hormones that have not been present in the body up until this time. (FALSE statement)

All of the following are true regarding the legal boundary between childhood and adulthood except which one? a. The legal boundary between childhood and adulthood is very clear and consistent. b. There are many inconsistencies in the legal boundary between childhood and adulthood. c. Once an adolescent is designated as an adult, she or he is also subject to a new set of laws and will be treated differently. d. In some instances, attaining adult status brings with it more lenient treatment under the law, whereas in others, it may be associated with harsher treatment.

a. The legal boundary between childhood and adulthood is very clear and consistent.

Which of the following statements about the changes in information-processing abilities during adolescence is false? a. There are advances in short-term but not long-term memory. b. The speed of processing information increases. c. Adolescents are more "planful" than children. d. There are advances in selective and divided attention.

a. There are advances in short-term but not long-term memory.

What was one of the results of the Guyer and colleagues' (2009) study, where teenagers were imaged with fMRI equipment while they thought they were participating in a networking task with other teenagers (in reality, the study was rigged such that they were automatically provided with positive or negative feedback)? a. When the adolescents were told that other teenagers were interested in them, areas of their brains known to be sensitive to rewards were activated. b. When the adolescents were told that other teenagers were interested in them, no areas of their brains were activated. c. When the adolescents were told that other teenagers were interested in them, areas of the brain that are activated during highly stressful events were activated. d. When the adolescents were told that other teenagers were interested in them, the prefrontal cortex was fully activated.

a. When the adolescents were told that other teenagers were interested in them, areas of their brains known to be sensitive to rewards were activated.

A separate youth culture is said to promote all of the following, except: a. academics. b. sports. c. dating. d. partying.

a. academics.

Teenagers may become self-conscious because they believe that people are talking about them. Which characteristic are they exhibiting? a. an imaginary audience b. a personal fable c. propositional logic d. metacognition

a. an imaginary audience

Which theory helps researchers understand adolescent risk taking? a. behavioral decision theory b. alternative choices theory c. desirability theory d. cognitive development theory

a. behavioral decision theory

Almost half of all teenage deaths in the United States are a result of: a. car accidents and other unintentional injuries. b. suicide. c. homicide. d. sexually transmitted infections.

a. car accidents and other unintentional injuries.

Anthropologists Ruth Benedict and Margaret Mead believe the transition from adolescence to adulthood is ________ in a nonindustrialized society. a. gradual and peaceful b. abrupt and difficult c. gradual and difficult d. abrupt but peaceful

a. gradual and peaceful

Although both sexes experience changes in muscle tissue and body fat, the ratio of muscle to body fat is: a. greater in boys than girls. b. greater in girls than boys. c. about the same in both genders. d. greater in early-maturing girls than in late-maturing boys.

a. greater in boys than girls

Which term below allows individuals to suspend their beliefs about something in order to argue in the abstract? a. hypothetical thinking b. social cognition c. mutual perspective-taking d. impression formation

a. hypothetical thinking

Which of the following did not contribute to the redefinition of the term youth? a. increased materialism among college students b. a growing college population c. a rise in student activism d. changes in attitudes and values among college students

a. increased materialism among college students

The rapid increase in body fat that adolescent girls experience: a. leads to a majority of adolescent girls dieting unnecessarily. b. leads to an increase in healthy eating patterns among adolescent girls. c. increases vulnerability to feelings of body dissatisfaction for Black adolescent girls. d. is seen by the Centers for Disease Control as a major risk factor for obesity among adolescent girls.

a. leads to a majority of adolescent girls dieting unnecessarily.

___________ theorists believe that changes in cognitive abilities appearing during adolescence are qualitative, whereas __________ theorists believe they are quantitative. a. Cognitive-developmental; behavioral decision b. Information-processing; cognitive-developmental c. Cognitive-developmental; information-processing d. Information-processing; behavioral decision

c. Cognitive-developmental; information-processing

A small, tightly-knit group of between two and twelve friends usually of the same age and sex is called a. disengaged. b. engaged. c. a clique. d. a crowd

c. a clique.

Adolescent thinking can be distinguished from the thinking of children in several respects. All of these differences stem from improvement(s) in _____ during adolescence. a. personal life experiences b. synaptic pruning c. abstract logical reasoning d. autonomy and personal responsibility

c. abstract logical reasoning

Before the Industrial Revolution, the term child referred to: a. ages 3-12. b. ages 5-10. c. anyone under age 18 or 21. d. ages 3-25.

c. anyone under age 18 or 21.

Andrea, a 15-year-old, is most likely to learn social skills in a ________ and develop her sense of identity in a ________. a. crowd; crowd b. crowd; clique c. clique; crowd d. clique; clique

c. clique; crowd

Sternberg's "triarchic theory of intelligence" proposes that to assess an individual's intellectual capabilities it is necessary to look at three distinct, but interrelated, types of "intelligence": a. verbal, mathematical, and spatial. b. componential, kinesthetic, and experiential. c. componential, experiential, and contextual. d. verbal, mathematical, and interpersonal.

c. componential, experiential, and contextual.

Current efforts aimed at encouraging healthy behaviors among adolescents involve all of the following, except: a. changing the contexts in which adolescents live. b. increasing adolescents' knowledge and understanding of health-enhancing behaviors. c. encouraging adolescents to sign contracts promising to abstain from unhealthy behaviors. d. encouraging health care professionals to do more screening for risky health practices.

c. encouraging adolescents to sign contracts promising to abstain from unhealthy behaviors.

Self-esteem is _____ among students who are identified with peer groups that have relatively high status in their school. a. lower b. the same c. higher d. Self-esteem varies from person to person.

c. higher

Adolescents who use aggression deliberately, known as ________, are much more popular than adolescents who use aggression without planning to, known as __________. a. reactive formation; reactive aggression b. Machiavellian aggression; instrumental aggression c. instrumental aggression; reactive aggression d. relational aggression; instrumental aggression

c. instrumental aggression; reactive aggression

Compared to the situation 50 or 60 years ago, today's transition to adulthood is: a. short and smooth. b. short and rocky. c. long and disorderly. d. long and smooth.

c. long and disorderly.

Which of the following is not associated with disordered eating in the United States? a. poor interpersonal relationships b. depression c. alcohol and tobacco use d. All of these are associated with disordered eating.

d. All of these are associated with disordered eating.

How does poverty adversely affect the behavior and development of adolescents? a. Social problems are contagious and can spread from one adolescent to another. b. Poverty in neighborhoods breeds social isolation. c. Adolescents growing up in poverty are more likely to be exposed to violence. d. All of these are true.

d. All of these are true.

Justin's parents try extremely hard (almost excessively) to control his choice of friends. What effect is this style of parenting likely to have on Justin? a. Justin is likely to become a rejected and withdrawn student at school. b. Justin will gain more respect for his parents. c. Justin will be less likely to be involved in drug use and delinquent activity. d. Justin may become closer to the "forbidden" peers.

d. Justin may become closer to the "forbidden" peers.

Research studying adolescent friendship networks over a 1-year period has found all of the following, except which one? a. Girls are more likely than boys to be members of cliques. b. Boys are more likely than girls to be considered "isolates." c. Adolescents' positions in their schools' social network are relatively stable over time. d. More than half of the adolescents in any given school are members of cliques.

d. More than half of the adolescents in any given school are members of cliques.

Which of the following statements regarding Internet harassment is false? a. Perpetrators of Internet harassment are likely to show problems in social skills. b. Perpetrators of Internet harassment also engage in typical bullying. c. Many of the same adolescents who report having been victimized also report bullying others and these adolescents have the greatest adjustment problems. d. Most cyberbullying is conducted anonymously.

d. Most cyberbullying is conducted anonymously.

During periods of economic downturns such as the Depression, when jobs were scarce, adolescents are looked at as being ______. a. immature b. unstable c. incompetent d. All of these.

d. all of these (immature, unstable, incompetent)

Karl Mannheim and James Coleman believe adolescents and adults grow up under different social circumstances, therefore developing different sets of _______. a. values b. attitudes c. beliefs d. all of these

d. all of these (values, attitudes, beliefs)

Which of the following characteristics is not typically associated with being an early-maturing girl? a. feelings of awkwardness and self-consciousness b. being less popular, especially with boys c. being more likely to become involved in juvenile delinquency d. being less likely to pursue advanced education and a demanding career

d. being less likely to pursue advanced education and a demanding career

All of the following are indicators of metacognition, except: a. introspection. b. self-consciousness. c. using mental strategies to remember something. d. deductive reasoning.

d. deductive reasoning.

When is an adolescent most likely to question his or her religious beliefs? a. during junior high b. during middle school c. during high school d. during the early years of college

d. during the early years of college

Which of the following was not offered by the textbook as an explanation for the sex differences in the impact of early and late maturation? a. the cultural desirability of thin body types b. the developmental readiness hypothesis c. the maturational deviance hypothesis d. genetic makeup

d. genetic makeup

What might explain why adolescence has been elongated? a. the delayed onset of puberty b. recent brain imaging studies that have indicated that the prefrontal cortex is still developing until the age of 25 c. the failure of young adults to settle down in marriage-like relationships d. the increased importance of formal education in making a successful transition into adult roles

d. the increased importance of formal education in making a successful transition into adult roles

Legal decisions have tended to support adolescent autonomy when the behavior at issue is: a. viewed as potentially dangerous. b. supported by the adolescents' parents. c. also legal for adults. d. viewed as having potential benefit.

d. viewed as having potential benefit.

Which of the following conditions is most likely to produce the most favorable and easiest adjustment to menarche? a. when the girl's mother prepares her by describing the unpleasant aspects of menarche b. when the girl reaches menarche early c. when menarche occurs before the girl has been told about the physical changes that will occur d. when the girl knows the facts about the physical changes her body will undergo

d. when the girl knows the facts about the physical changes her body will undergo