Adolescent Development Final

Ken and Kayla are concerned because they noticed their 10-year-old son, Tom, engaging in sex play with a male friend. They ask a psychologist what she thinks. What did she probably say?

"Same-sex play among young adolescents is more common than many would think and it is nothing to worry about."

Kohlberg's stage theory

1) pre-conventional (stage 1,2) 2) conventional (stage 3, 4) 3) post conventional (stage 5, 6)

As used in the study of adolescence, the term intimacy refers to an emotional attachment between two people that is characterized by all of the following, except: 1) sharing common interests and activities. 2) willingness to disclose private, sometimes sensitive, information. 3) a sexual and/or physical relationship. 4) concern for each other's well-being.

3) a sexual and/or physical relationship.

Which of the following factors is not closely related to when an adolescent will begin dating? 1) community norms 2) when peers start dating 3) depressive symptomatology 4) family instability

3) depressive symptomatology

In the MEDIA folder you were to view a video of one of Laurence Steinberg's experiments in adolescent risk-taking. Which of the following statements does not support Steinberg's findings in this and similar experiments? 1) The adolescent driving took more risks when he thought his friends were watching him. 2) Adolescents' and adults' risk-taking behavior is similar when they have no passengers in the car 3) The part of the brain that is responsible for adolescents paying more attention to potential rewards than the downside of risky behavior is the ventral striatum. 4) The adolescent driving took more risks because his friends were actively distracting him.

4) The adolescent driving took more risks because his friends were actively distracting him.

secure attachment

A healthy attachment between infant and caregiver, characterized by trust.

The textbook states that peers are important for all of the following reasons, except:

Adolescents with an extremely high orientation toward peers tend to perform better in school.

Performance Goals

Aim to prove their abilities rather than improve them

Kristie believes that her parents are too strict and has decided not to abide by their rules. She refuses to do her chores around the house and breaks curfew every night. Kristie is probably from: A. a permissive home. B. an authoritarian home. C. an authoritative home. D. an autocratic home.

Authoritarian home

The most important school-related influence on learning and psychosocial development is:

Classroom Climate

Self-Efficacy

Confidence in one's own abilities

Jenny has high academic self-esteem while Cory has high physical self-esteem. According to the textbook, who will probably have higher overall self-esteem?

Cory

During late adolescence, the susceptibility to peer pressure _______

Decreases

Self-handicapping

Deliberately behaving in ways that will likely interfere with doing well, in order to have an excuse for failing

In classical psychoanalytic theories, the process of separation that occurs during early adolescence is referred to as:

Detachment

According to Erikson, problems in identity development can result when:

Earlier crises have not been resolved

Self-disclosure and loyalty become important dimensions of friendship in:

Early Adolescence

John and Mary want their children to develop a strong need for achievement. In addition to using an authoritative parenting style, they also should:

Encourage their children's successes.

Erik Erikson believed that _______ is the primary psychosocial crisis of adolescence.

Establishing a coherent sense of identity

Achievement Motivation

Extent to which an individual strives for success

Andy gets extremely nervous during exams and never does as well as he should because of the anxious feelings. He has a very strong:

Fear of Failure

During preadolescence, _____ is the single most important determinant of friendship.

Gender

rejection sensitivity

Heightened vulnerability to being rejected by others.

Mrs. Kumin wants to help her lower-achieving students. She should:

Help them learn to attribute their performance to factors that are under their control.

Research suggests that with regard to the link between adolescents' relationships with their peers and their families:

Improving the quality of relationships at home can help adolescents improve their peer relationships

Explain the distinction between internalizing disorders and externalizing disorders, and be able to provide examples of each

Internalizing: problems directed inwardly (depression, anxiety) Externalizing: problems directed outwardly (juvenile delinquency)

Danny plays video games not because he will win anything by doing well, or because anyone approves of his increasing skill, but because he enjoys getting better at the games. His behavior is an example of:

Intrinsic Motivation

What do researchers believe explains why some individuals who engage in precocious, promiscuous, or unprotected sex are also highly likely to engage in other types of delinquent behavior?

It is likely that risky sexual behavior and other types of risky behavior are both symptoms of a certain personality profile which makes individuals more likely to behave risky in general.

The belief or expectation that one cannot control the forces in one's environment is called:

Learned Helplessness

Dr. Worthy studies achievement attributions. According to the textbook, she would be assessing the ways in which individuals attribute their performance to a combination of all of the following factors, except:

Motivation

platonic relationships

Nonsexual relationships with individuals who might otherwise be romantic partners.

Tory is extrinsically motivated and believes that intelligence is a fixed trait. Based on this combination, Tory probably focuses on:

Performance Goals

When Lenny gets frustrated or upset, he turns to his peers rather than his parents for support. As a matter of fact, Lenny relies on his peers more than his parents for most things. Lenny is probably from: 1) Authoritarian Home 2) Authoritative Home 3) Permissive Home 4) Neglectful Home

Permissive home

this theorist had some thoughts about how adolescents think about standards of right and wrong, but they applied to children's moral development

Piaget

Gwen has recently been preoccupied with trying to understand what kind of person she is. As an exercise, she writes out a list of 20 traits that she thinks best describe her. According to the text, Gwen is focusing on her:

Self-conception

How positively or negatively people feel about themselves defines:

Self-esteem

CDC's Division of Adolescent Sexual Health (DASH) works with education and health agencies, parents and teens, to meet the healthy sexual developmental needs of all teens. DASH's primary focus is directed toward HIV and STD prevention. Which of the following is not one of the protective (resiliency) factors that the CDC aims to promote to lessen the effect of risk factors that can result in unhealthy adolescent development, including sexual diseases?

Sexual abstinence

Denise has just been caught vandalizing public property for the fourth time this year. What is probably true of her early home and school life?

She probably had problems at home and school at an early age.

Stereotype threat

Situational factors can affect students' beliefs about their abilities and subsequent performance

Fear of Failure

So afraid of failing that motivation fades

Underachievers

Students whose grades are far lower than one would expect based on their intellectual ability

Carol Dweck's Study

Supported the idea that praising someone for their EFFORT is more effective than praising them for their INTELLIGENCE

An explanation of why students' motivation and school achievement drop as they transition into secondary school is that:

Teachers focus on grades rather than mastery of the material.

Delay of Gratification

The ability to wait longer to get a larger, better, or more valuable reward instead of a less attractive one available immediately

Achievement

The development of motives, capabilities, interests, and behaviors that have to do with performance in evaluative situations

internal working model

The implicit model of interpersonal relationships that an individual employs throughout life, believed to be shaped by early attachment experiences.

intimacy

The psychosocial domain concerning the formation, maintenance, and termination of close relationships.

attachment

The strong affectional bond that develops between an infant and a caregiver.

Because Andrea is a lesbian, she is more likely to exhibit what types of behaviors?

There is no connection between sex-role behavior and sexual preference.

How much do people's personalities differ before and after adolescence?

They remain about the same

AIDS is transmitted through:

bodily fluids.

The neurotransmitter associated with the experience of pleasure that is implicated in substance abuse problems is known as:

dopamine.

According to national surveys, sexual activity among adolescents is occurring ______

earlier for both boys and girls than it has in past decades.

According to the textbook, international disparities in rates of teenage childbearing are associated/correlated with:

income equality and educational attainment.

one of the dimensions of moral development: regulates a person's activities when she or he is not engaged in social interaction

intrapersonal

moral development

involves changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding standards of right and wrong

according to the behaviorist view, the effectiveness of this depends on the characteristic of the model and the presence of cognitive processes, such as symbolic codes and imagery, that enhance retention of the modeled behavior

modeling

According to Sullivan, where does the capacity for intimacy first develop?

preadolescent, same-sex relationships

internalizing disorders

psychosocial problems that are manifested in a turning of the symptoms inward in emotional and cognitive distress as in depression or anxiety

Identity Status:

shifts across the life span

Describe the prevalence, risk factors, and causes of suicide, suicide ideation, and non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents

- each year, more than 10% of American female HS students and about 5% of males attempt suicide - 25% of teens have done non-suicidal self-injury at least once Risk Factors: depression, bipolar disorder, hopelessness, drug or alcohol abuse, availability of firearms, high suicidal intent, previous attempt, co-exiting condition, suicidal behaviors, insomnia, self-harm behavior, behavior problems, involvement with bullying as target and/or aggressor, current or past abuse, legal or disciplinary crisis, lack of treatment, family history of suicidal behavior, unsupported GLBTQ youth

Understand substance abuse and its relation to internalizing and externalizing disorders

- substance abuse: using drugs in away that causes significant problems at home, school, work, or with the law) - Substance abuse during adolescence, whatever its antecedents, is associated with a host of other problems. Young people who abuse alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs are more likely to experience problems at school; suffer from psychological distress and depression; become involved in dangerous or deviant activities, including crime, delinquency, and truancy; and engage in unprotected sexual activity.

Cognitive Changes in Sexuality

-Children are introspective about their sex play -Adolescents are often reflective about sexual behavior

Contextual Influences on Sexual Activity; Girls

-Important predictors of girls' involvement in sexual intercourse are: -Whether their friends are doing it -Whether they have sexually permissive attitudes

Hormonal Influences on Sexual Activity; Girls

-Increase in sex drive as estrogen AND testosterone increase -Sexual activity is a result of the impact of estrogen on girls' physical attractiveness to boys

Hormonal Influences on Sexual Activity; Boys

-Increase testosterone = increase in sex drive because they want to have sex more and physical appearance makes them more attractive to girls -Height, strength, development of secondary sex characteristics (facial hair)

Condoms and Education are the best prevention tools

-Programs must focus on benefits of condoms rather than costs of not using them -Knowledge of risks alone is not sufficient to keep adolescents from risky behaviors

healthy individuation is fostered by...

-close family relationships -results in positive mental health, too

autonomous adolescents

-report being close with parents -enjoy family activities -few conflicts with parents -want to be like them -turn to them for help

False self-behavior definition

-when one acts in a way they know is inauthentic -occurs less often with parents than dates, but more often with parents than with close friends

Compared to older adolescents (15 years and older) and preadolescents (8-11 year olds), which of the following statements about self-esteem, self-consciousness, and self-image is false regarding young adolescents (ages 11-14)? 1) Young adolescents' self-esteem remains stable. 2) Young adolescents have lower self-esteem. 3) Young adolescents are more self-conscious. 4) Young adolescents have a more unstable self-image

1) Young adolescents' self-esteem remains stable.

three types of autonomy

1) emotional autonomy 2) behavioral autonomy 3) cognitive autonomy

Which of the following statements concerning sexual-minority (LGBTQ) youth is false? 1) the progression through the phases of dating and romance is as similar for them as for heterosexual adolescents 2) for sexual-minority youth, development of close, nonsexual friendships with same-sex peers may be hampered by their peers' homophobia 3) the stigmas attached to homosexuality complicate the development of intimate relations 4) these youngsters often pursue sexual activity outside the context of a dating relationship to avoid harassment by peers

1) the progression through the phases of dating and romance is as similar for them as for heterosexual adolescents

3 approaches to changes in self identity among adolescents

1. changes in self-conceptions 2. changes in self-esteem 3. changes in one's sense of identity

Compared to children, adolescents show these characteristics when describing themselves: : (2 things)

1. express personality in terms of the situation; they realize their personality is expressed in diff. ways i diff. situations) 2. They take into account who is doing the describing; they distinguish between their own opinions of themselves and the views of others

What are three changes that result in identity development in adolescence?

1. they're more about to imagine their possible selves 2. increase in future orientation (imagining future, considering long-term consequences) 3. new array of choices & decisions --> changes in social roles

Delaying serious involvement in dating relationships until age _____ appears to be the most favorable pattern for healthy psychosocial development and is the current age norm for the initiation of serious dating.

15

Which of the following statements about self-esteem is true? 1) Having high self-esteem boosts achievement. 2) High achievement boosts self-esteem 3) High achievement and high self-esteem each boost the other. 4) For the most part, self-esteem and achievement are unrelated.

2) High achievement boosts self-esteem

Based on prior successful methods, which of the following methods is most likely to reduce drug and alcohol use? 1) drug and alcohol education programs 2) raising the price of alcohol and cigarettes 3) laws restricting the sale of these items to minors 4) scare tactics

2) raising the price of alcohol and cigarettes

Which of the following statements about comorbidity is not true? 1) There is seldom comorbidity among different psychosocial problems (internalizing disorders, externalizing disorders, substance abuse) during adolescence. 2) Substance abuse problems are likely to be comorbid with both externalizing and internalizing problems. 3) The common factor with respect to comorbidity in psychosocial problems (internalizing problems, externalizing problems, substance abuse) is depression 4) Some experts question whether it makes sense to draw distinctions between anxiety and depression because rates of comorbidity are so high.

3) The common factor with respect to comorbidity in psychosocial problems (internalizing problems, externalizing problems, substance abuse) is depression

Which statement about conformity to peers is most true? 1) conformity to peers is low during early and middle adolescence 2) conformity is low when the behavior in question is antisocial 3) conformity is higher during early and middle adolescence than later adolescence, especially when the behavior is antisocial 4) conformity is higher during later adolescence

3) conformity is higher during early and middle adolescence than later adolescence, especially when the behavior is antisocial

With age, adolescents become more likely to consider both the risks and benefits associated with the decisions they make and more likely to weigh the long-term consequences of their choices, and not just the immediate ones. According to the textbook, these improvements seem to be due to all the following except: 1) the increase in the ability to control their impulses 2) the decline in the extent to which decisions are influenced by their potential to produce immediate rewards 3) the increase in the ability to give equal weight to the potential costs and benefits of a decision 4) the increase in the probability that decision making is influenced by emotions

4) the increase in the probability that decision making is influenced by emotions

anxious-resistant attachment

An insecure attachment between infant and caregiver, characterized by distress at separation and anger at reunion.

anxious-avoidant attachmant

An insecure attachment between infant and caregiver, characterized by indifference on the part of the infant toward the caregiver.

_______________ is an example of an internalizing disorder; _______________ is an example of an externalizing disorder.

Anxiety; delinquency

Jane has decided not to go along with her friends and drink after school. She realizes that drinking is wrong, and decides not to give in to the peer pressure. What type of autonomy is Jane exhibiting?

Behavioral

Marshmallow Study

Children who showed self-control were more likely to be successful in school and work as adolescents and adults

The textbook indicates that some risk taking behaviors may have: A) been evolutionarily adaptive B) biological underpinnings C) Neither A or B is true D) Both A and B are true

D) Both A and B are true

16 year old Macy believes that the death penalty is wrong because her parents, friends, and church say so. She has never really thought about the issue, but has accepted this view as her own. What is her identity status?

Foreclosure

this theorist crafted a major theory about how adolescents think about right and wrong; he proposed that moral development is based primarily on moral reasoning and unfolds in a series of stages; central to his work on moral development were interviews with individuals of different ages

Kohlberg

Researchers who oppose trying juvenile offenders as adults in criminal court typically base their arguments on finding that:

Mature decision making is the product of both cognitive abilities, which mature around 16 years of age, and psychosocial factors, which are still developing in young adulthood.

The annual nationwide survey that assesses adolescents' use and abuse of a variety of drugs is called:

Monitoring the Future.

What domain of self-esteem is the most important predictor of overall self-esteem?

Physical self-esteem -especially for girls -African american girls tend to not feel as negatively about their appearance → higher self-esteem than white or hispanic girls

Issues of autonomy:

Recur throughout the life span

The gap between American students' performance and that of students from other countries _____ as they move from elementary to middle to high school

Widens

these views emphasize the moral behavior of adolescents; the familiar processes of reinforcement, punishment, and imitation have been invoked to explain how and why adolescents learn certain moral behaviors and why their behaviors differ from those of one another

behavioral views

Eddie was caught binge drinking. This means that he:

consumed five or more alcoholic drinks in a short period of time.

Which period of adolescence shows the greatest changes in self-esteem? (early, middle or late)

greatest changes during early adolescence

cognitive autonomy

having independent values, opinions, beliefs -moral development -political thinking -religious beliefs

emotional autonomy

independence is related to changes in the individuals close relationships, particularly with parents

Whereas _________ refers to individuals' capacity to behave on their own, ___________ has emotional and cognitive as well as behavioral components.

independence, autonomy

one of the dimensions of moral development: regulates social interactions and arbitrates conflict

interpersonal

According to Sullivan, development can be best understood by examining transformations in:

interpersonal needs.

Sullivan believed the crisis of adolescence is _____. Erikson believed it is _____.

intimacy; identity

externalizing disorders

psychosocial problems that are manifested in a turning of the symptoms, outward, as in aggression or delinquency

Margaret has been able to withstand many stressors in her life without showing negative effects. Margaret's behavior would be considered an example of:

resiliency.

Todd would rather date men than women. This refers to Todd's:

sexual orientation.

Lorenz and Bowlby were ethologists and as such they stressed

the adaptive survival value of behavior as the basis of infant-caregiver attachment.

For adolescent girls, which of the following is the most important factor in determining the onset of sexual intercourse?

the attitudes of friends toward sexual activity

behavioral autonomy

the capacity to make independent decisions and follow through on them -changes in decision-making -legal decision-making

Although the rate of sexual activity among adolescents in the United States does not differ much from that reported by other industrialized countries, the rate of teenage pregnancy in the United States is:

the highest in the world among industrialized countries.

In general, the earlier an adolescent's criminal career begins:

the more likely he or she is to become a chronic offender.

Date rape is when a young person is forced to have sex when he or she does not want to. Sexual coercion and date rape are more likely to occur when:

there is a large (3 or more years) age difference between a girl and her partner.

kohlberg's theory has been criticized for placing too much emphasis on moral ___ and not moral ___

thought, behavior

true or false: according to Kohlberg, children and adolescents construct their moral thoughts as they pass from one stage to the next, rather than passively accepting a cultural norm of morality

true