Adolescents exam 1
The fundamental changes in adolescence include which of the following domains?
biological, social, cognitive
According to the textbook, today, about _____ of American adolescents are from ethnic minority groups; and, by the end of this century, it is estimated that nearly _____ of American adolescents will be non-White.
45%; 2/3
Piagetian theory
Adolescence marks the transition from concrete to abstract thoughts
Early adolescence
Ages 10 to 13 middle school
Middle adolescence
Ages 14 to 17 high school
Late adolescence
Ages 18 to 21 College
Fundamental changes
Biological, cognitive, and social transitions
Which of the following is not characteristic of changes in skeletal structure during puberty?
Bones become more porous and more likely to break.
Tanner stages
Boys and girls the development of the secondary sex characteristics is typically divided into five stages known as the tater stages
Tanner stage 4 girls
Breast is further in large and there is a great contour distinction. The nipples including the Ariola form a secondary mound on the breast. The hair is now adult type of covers a smaller surface area than in adults.
The piagetian cognitive-developmental view of adolescent thinking
Cognitive development through four stages, adolescent thinking in quantitatively different from childhood, competence and performance: what you can do versus what is done. First stages birth to two years sensorimotor stage stick things in Mouth. second stage 2 to 6 years pre-operational or water and different size glasses. stage three 6 to 11 years concrete operational can manipulate objects understand physics in basic. stage 4 12 years normal operation
Types of intelligence
Componential (school smarts), experiential (creativity), contextual (street smart).
Piagetian stage 3
Concrete operational. 6 to 11 years. Can manipulate objects understand physics and basics
Freudian theory
Development best understood in terms of the psychosexual conflicts that arise at different points of development
Emerging adulthood
Early to mid 20s. 18 to 29
Which organismic theorist stressed the psychosocial conflicts faced by individuals at specific points in time as a crisis of internal forces of biology and the demands of society?
Erik Erikson Psychosocial Theory
Tempo of puberty (rate of beginning of puberty to end)
For girls it's 1 1/2 to 6 years and girls and for boys it's 2 to 5 years
Timing of puberty
For girls it's 5 to 13 and for boys at 6 1/2 to 13 1/2. There is no relation between age and rate of puberty development
Piagetian stage 4
Formal operational 11 + years
What exerts the strongest impact on individual differences in pubertal timing
Genetics
Synaptic pruning
Illuminates unused/unnecessary synapse. Use it or lose it concept
Myelination
Insulated axons or more efficient. Since messages quicker. Makes brain more dense and heavy.
Hypothalamus
Monitors levels of androgen and estrogen
Tanner stage 1 girls
No breast development. No pubic air
Compared to when adults are interrogated by the police, juveniles are:
None of these are true.
Changes in stature/dimension
One. Adolescent growth spurt too. Primary sex characteristics three. Secondary sex characteristics
Puberty
Period of lifespan in which an individual becomes capable of sexual reproduction
Multidisciplinary approach
Perspective that draws on a variety of disciplines
Piagetian stage 2
Preoperational. 2 to 6 years. Pour water in different size glasses
Process of social redefinition
Real or symbolic separation from parents, separation of males and females, passing all of culture, historical, and practical information(passing on legacy)
The immediate impact of puberty
Self image mood relationships sleep the impact of specific puberty events and physical changes of puberty affects
Who most closely resembles the profile of someone who has binge eating disorder?
Sherri, a volleyball player who binges on junk food but does not engage in any other weight loss behaviors
Tanner stage 5 girls
Size may vary in the mature stage. The breast is fully developed the contours or the state. The hair is adult type distributed as an inverse triangle. There may be here on the inside of the thighs.
Piagetian stage 1
Stage one. Sensorimotor stage. Birth to two years. Stick things in Mill
Ericksonian theory
Stresses the psychosocial rather than the psychosexual, conflicts faced by the individual at each point in time
Gonads
Testes in males and ovaries and females
Tanner stage 3 girls
The breasts or more distinct although there is no separation between contours of the two breasts the hair is darker course are in curlier and spread sparsely or the skin around the vaginal lips
Which of the following statements about the impact of hormones on behavior is false?
The direct relation between adolescent moodiness and hormonal changes of puberty is extremely strong.
Tanner stage 2 girls
The first sign of breast development has appeared. Some breast tissue under the temple. The aerial it is somewhat in March. There is a small amount of long pubic hair along the vaginal lips
Tanner stage 5 boys
The genitalia our adult size and shape. The parents of the genitalia be satisfy the criteria for one of the stages for the considerable time before the penis and scrotum are sufficiently developed to be classified as belonging to the next stage. The hair is distributed in an inverse triangle is it a female
Tanner stage 1 boys
The infantile stage that persists from birth until puberty begins. During this time the genitalia increases slightly it overall size but there is a little change in general. There is no true pubic hair
Tanner stage 4 boys
The length and girth of the penis has increased further and that glance have developed the scrotum is further enlarged in the scrotal skin has become darker. The hair is now a door in character but the surface Area is smaller than adults
Maturation
The level and process of maturing
Which of the following statements about health in adolescence is not true?
The new approach to adolescent health care is a return to traditional medicine.
Tanner stage 3 boys
The penis has increased in length. There has been further growth of the scrotum. The hair spreads over the pubic symphysis and is considered darker and coarser
Tanner stage 2 boys
The scrotum has begun to enlarge, and there is some reddening and change and texture of the scrotal skin. Sparse growth of lightly pigmented hair
Menarche
The time of first ministration
Sarah is a junior high student anticipating and preparing for puberty. She wants to know when puberty will start and how long it will take until she looks and is considered an adult. What would you tell her?
The timing of puberty, as well as the rate with which it occurs, is highly variable and is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors.
Changes in cognition/thinking
Thinking about possibilities, thinking about abstract concepts, metacognition/thinking about thinking, thinking in multiple dimensions, adolescent relativism
Tanner stages
To know when you have reached different levels of maturation
Pituitary
What the level is in the decision to make and send more
Dave knows that kids who drink and drive sometimes get killed, but he believes that he is somehow immune to having such a terrible thing happen to him. Dave's belief is an example of:
a personal fable.
Compared to childhood, reward seeking and sensation seeking during adolescence:
are higher during adolescence than childhood.
Adolescence
beginning with puberty and ending with young people making the transition into adult roles. Age tend to early 20s.Latin word for to grow into adulthood.
Which of the following characteristics is NOT typically associated with being an early-maturing girl?
being less popular, especially with boys
Which perspective identifies adolescence as beginning with the emergence of more advanced reasoning abilities and ends with the consolidation of advanced reasoning abilities?
cognitive
One discrepancy in the way that society treats adolescents is that courts have ruled that teenagers have the right to obtain ________; however, the courts have also upheld laws forbidding adolescence to obtain _____.
contraceptives; cigarettes
Dr. Goodrich believes that the passage into adulthood is a sudden change in which adult roles and statuses are abruptly assumed. This view is most closely associated with the:
discontinuous transition.
The theory stressing the simultaneous development of two different brain systems governing brain processes and regulating self-control and thinking abilities is called _______.
dual systems
According to the _______ perspective of Urie Bronfenbrenner, we cannot understand development without examining the environment in which it occurs.
ecological
Behavioral decision theory draws heavily on _____, and is a rational process in which individuals _____.
economics; calculate the costs and benefits
Which of the following statements suggests that rising levels of the protein leptin is an important signal that tells the body it is ready for puberty?
excessive thinness can delay the onset of puberty
Jeffrey Arnett, the psychologist who created the term emerging adulthood, believes that the developmental period between adolescence and adulthood (emerging adulthood):
exists in very few cultures.
Parent and teenager relationships are influenced by the ________ they have about each other.
expectations
Which term below allows individuals to suspend their beliefs about something in order to argue in the abstract?
hypothetical thinking
Dr. Brown argues that adolescents can solve problems better than younger children because they can store more information in memory and because they have more effective strategies. Dr. Brown's view is most consistent with which of the following perspectives?
information-processing perspective
Jake is 14 years old. He has become more interested in the aspects of friendships including openness, honesty, and loyalty rather than the sharing of activities and interests. This is a sign to Jake's parents that he has entered the developmental aspects of _______.
intimacy
According to Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, sports figures Babe Ruth, Michael Jordan, Kobe Bryant, and Michael Phelps are all considered above average in:
kinesthetic intelligence.
Studies have shown that prepubertal girls who expect menstruation to be uncomfortable report:
more severe menstrual symptoms than their peers.
What thought process helps adolescents appreciate the sarcasm and satire of The Big Bang Theory and The Simpsons?
multidimensional thinking
Which of the following is NOT a legitimate stage of adolescence?
premature
Today, adolescence has been redefined as a time of _____, rather than _____.
preparation; participation
The three areas of _________ problems that can take place for adolescents include drug and alcohol abuse, delinquency, and depression.
psychological
Which of the following female sex characteristics is usually the last to develop?
regular ovulation
Jesse is in the seventh grade at a school that has open classrooms with multiple teachers instructing their classes in one large area. Which of the following cognitive processes will help Jesse focus on his teacher?
selective attention
One group of theorists have taken their viewpoint to an extreme position, they say adolescence is completely a social invention and a reflection of the _______ circumstances in which we live.
social, political, and economical
Neurons are cells that carry information by transmitting electrical charges across the body. When the electrical charge travels through a neuron, it stimulates
the release of neurotransmitters.
Which of the following themes is generally not a universal element in the process of social redefinition?
the separation of adolescents experiencing menarche from elder members of the community
During the industrial revolution, child protectionists argued that:
young people needed to be kept away from the labor force for their own good.
According to Vygotsky, adolescents learn best when:
their lessons are within their zone of proximal development. a more experienced instructor is present. the instructor engages in scaffolding.